Analoa & Diaital Communications Lab

OUTPUT
CARRIEER
OUTPUT

TL084
1k AMPLIFIER
DEMODLATION
10

14TLO84
13
CARRIER
SIGNAL
GENERATOR
100pF

L.P
FLTER
& 50k TLO84
MODULATION DEMODULATOR
AM 13 )
1N4007
1.5k
1.5
k
3.3k 39k
Max
x
f4

+5v
AMPLITUDE TLOB4 5.1Vza2
TLO84 TLO84
100pF
470pFJ35V
DIAGR
PANE
0.33uF DETECTOR Min

10

1k
FT1501 7805
WP
AM
OUTPUT
kHz
TLOB342
OIp
AM
P4
100k
TLO84
+5V

100k
13
0.01uF
1470juF/35v]
GENERATOR

14 SUPPLY
B2k MODULATOR
AM
+5V
FUTURETECH
00k
P31 CA3086
SIGNAL
MODðLATING POWER
1.5k 7905
100k
1.5
k
13
4.5,6 39k
Max DC
12
tN4I48L REGULATED
100k
100k 5.1VZ2
P 10OK
0.01uF TLO84
AMin
5V
&
+5V +-
5
CARRIER
+5V INPUt
NPUT
 Analog & Digital Communications Lab

Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation

AIM:
1. To determine the percentage of modulation for different modulating signal voltages
and observe the Amplitude modulation in time domain and frequency domain.
Demodulation.
2. Torecover the original modulating signal from the Amplitude
MATERIALS USED:

Equipment Required:
1. AM modulator and demodulator trainer kit
1. CRO (cathode ray oscilloscope)
2. Spectrum Analyzer
Components Required:
1. Regulators: 7805 and 7905
2. IC CA3086 --1 NO
3. IC TLO84--- 2 NO

Block diagram
Circuit diagram

THEORY:
varied in accordance
Modulation is the process by which the characteristics of a carrier signal is
is the process of varying
with the instantaneous values of message signal. Amplitude modulation
of the message signal.
the amplitude of carrier signal in accordance with the instantaneous value

The modulation depends on modulation index parameter:

Modulation index ma=n
V

m,< lresults in under modulation

m, = Iresults in critical modulation

m,> Iresults in over modulation.

modulating signal provided
The envelope of modulating wave has same shape as baseband or
following requirements are satisfied:
Carrier frequencyf.)>>highest freq. component of message signal Cm)
Modulation index must be less than or equal to unity (m,< 1)
carrier
The Amplitude Modulated wave contains 3 spectral frequency components namely
frequency
frequency(f), Upper Sideband frequency component (f + fm), Lower Sideband

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 Analog & Digital Communications Lab

component ( f-fm). Hence Amplitude modulation is also called Double Sideband with Full
carrier transmission system (DSBFC). In AM, information is carried only in the two sidebands
and carrier does not contain any information.
Bandwidth is an important factor in communication system. If lesser is the bandwidth occupied
2fm:
by message signal, more channelscan be accommodated. The bandwidth of AM wave is
Practically, AM wave is generated using square law modulator or switching modulator using
CA3086 IC.
from AM
The process of detection provides a means of recovering the modulating Signal
modulated signal. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The Envelope detector
an
circuit is employed to extract the original transmitted message signal. Since the envelope of
phase,
AM wave has the same shape as the message, independent of the carrier frequency and
demodulation can be accomplished by extracting the envelope.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the AM demonstration board by connecting the power card.
amplitude
2. Observe the modulating signal and set the frequencyfn equal to 5 kHz and
Am isvariable from 0-8v peak topeak.
and keep the carrier
3. Observe the carrier signal and set the frequency f. to 100 kHz
amplitude Ac fixed and greater than the modulating signal amplitude.
modulator and observe
4. Apply both modulating signal and carrier signal to the AM
the AM output.
modulated signal Vmax and
5. Note down maximum and minimum amplitudes of the
Vmin and calculate the modulation index.
Vmax - Vmin
ma =
Vmax t min
different amplitude modulated
6. By varying the message signal amplitude, observe
signals and calculate the mnodulation index.
demodulator input. Observe the
7. Apply Amplitude Modulated signal to the
demodulated signal and measure amplitude and frequency of the recovered message
signal.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SIGNAL GENERATOR

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 Analog & Digital Communications Lab

R12 1.6kohm

R16 MODULATING
D4 1.6kohm C7001uF OUT PUT
0.01uF

6.1 V 6.1 V
6
TLO84
TLO84
30lkohR11
1kohn R14
6.1kohm 0.iuf

R13
MIN MAX

Figure 1.1. Modulating Signal Generator

R10

B 13kohm
H R71kohm C100pF
s00pF
13 -H
5.1 V 6.1V CARRER
TLO84 OUTPUT
TLO84
14
39kobm RO 12
10
Tkohm
470pf
2.2kohrn

MIN MAX

Figure 1.2. Carrier Signal Generator

MODULATOR - DE MODULATOR

10
 Analog & Digital Communications Lab

100K OK 100K

100K 100K
S68K 13
400K

14 AMOUTPUT
456
CARRER UP 100K
2
13 37 10 14
47%
MOOAn
NO NPUT SATK

Figure 1.3. Amplitude Modulator

ohm

DAT9 00m 3
10
AM input B
TLO84

output

detector Low Pass Pilter amplfier

Figure 1.4. Amplitude Demodulator

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS:

11
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 Analog &Digital Communications Lab
I. Connect the modulated AM output to the spectrum
the amplitude spectrum. Analyzer Input to observe
2. Set the center
frequency to the
3. Note down upper and lower carrier frequency f;
4. sideband frequencies.
Calculate AM bandwidth.

OBSERVATIONS:
Ve[1"m(t|

AM Wave

Modulation index
Modulating or message signal frequency fm =
Vmax-Vmin
Carrier signal frequency fe = m, =
VmartVmin
Upper Sideband frequency (fe + fn) = Vmax= V% + Vm

Lower Sideband frequency ( fe-fm) = Vmin= Ve-Vm

|
Message Carrier Modulation AM Wave AM Wave
index min. Modulation index Type of
S.N signal signal max.
Vmax-Vmin
Amplitude Amplitude (Theoretical) amplitude amplitude m, Modulation
V..min Vmax+Vmin
Vm m, Vmax

12
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 Analog & Digital Communications Lab

Calculations:

Theoretical Bandwidth B= 2fm

Practical Bandwidth B [USB LSB]
= fe +fn) -(fe- fn)]

Figure 1.5. Message signal

V

AAAAA
Figure 1.6. Carrier signal

13

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 Communications Lab
Analog & Digital

Message Wave Envolope

Carrier Wave
ma < 1 50 % Modulation
AnsolittE
1s

100 % Modulation
ma =1
Asnplituke

150 % Modulation

Aolttute

Modulated waveforms
Figure 1.7.

ANALYSIS:

PRECAUTIONS:

properly without any loose

connections.
1. The circuit should be connected message
carrier frequency must be higher than the frequency of
2. The frequency of
signal.

14

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 Analog &Digital Communications Lab
RESULT:

VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. What is amplitude modulation?

2. HoW much percentage of total power is used for the generation of carrier signal in
amplitude modulation?
3. What are the disadvantages of amplitude modulation?
4. In which modulation, the phase reversal occur in AM systems?
modulation?
5. How many sidebands are there in amplitude
6. What is the need of modulation?
7. What are the applications of AM?
modulation?
8. What are the effects of over
modulation?
9. How to avoid over
10.Define multiplexing.

ACTIVITY:
modulating signal.
Amplitude modulation for the square wave
Check signal.
modulation for the Triangular wave modulating
Check Amplitude
MATLAB PROGRAM
different modulation index.
Wave for
Amplitude Modulated modulation m, > 1.
To Generate modulation m,= 1. Over
1.Critical
Under modulation m, <
% clear screen
clc;
frequency fc = 100KHz
fo=100000: %carrier signal
frequency fm = 1KHz
% message signal
fm=1000;
frequency fs = 1MHz
fs=1000000; % Sampling
amplitude Ac= 8Vp-p
% message signal
Am=8;
Am = 10Vp-p
%carrier signal amplitude
Ac=10;
ma<l, under modulation
ma = Am/Ac:
% modulation index
of cycles
t-0:1/fs:(1/fim-1/fs); %to generate number
in Hz to radians
%to convert frequency
wm=2*pi*fim*t;
wc-2*pi*fc*t; 15

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 Analog & Digital Communications Lab

Ct=Ac*cos(wc); % carrier signal

Mt=Am* cos(wm); % message signal
AMwav=(Ac+Mt).*cos(wc); %Amplitude Modulated wave
y=demud(AMwav,fc, fs); % recovered original message signal

subplot(411);
plot(Mt);
title('message signal')
subplot(412);
plot(Ct);title('carrier signal')

subplot(4 13);
plot(AMwav); title(Amplitude Modulated signal')
subplot(414);
plot(y);title('demodulated signal)