Laboratory Report Cover Sheet

SRM Institute of Science and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
18ECC205J ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Fifth
Semester, 2021-22 (odd semester)

Name :Swagata Mandal

Register No. :RA1911004010652
Day / Session : AN
Venue : Google meet
Title of Experiment : AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
Date of Conduction :13/7/2021
Date of Submission :25/7/2021

Particulars Max. Marks Marks Obtained

Pre-lab questions 05
In-lab experiment 10
Post-lab questions 10
Record Submission 05
Total 30

REPORT VERIFICATION

Date :

Staff Name : Aarthy S

Signature :
 1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

1.1 Objective

To construct an amplitude modulator circuit using transistor with V c=50mv, Vm=8v to satisfy
under modulation condition and generate amplitude modulated signal. Calculate the modulation
index and also demodulate using envelope detector and reconstruct the modulating signal.
Simulate Amplitude Modulation (AM) wave in time domain using SCILAB.

1.2 Hardware Required

S.No Equipment/Component name Specifications/Value Quantity

1 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0 – 20MHz) 1
2 Audio Frequency Oscillator (0-2) MHz 2
3 Regulated power supply (0 -30V), 1A 1

4 Resistors 1.5K Ω 2
10 K Ω 3
20 K Ω 1
100 K Ω 2
5 Capacitors 0.1 µf 1
0.01 µf 1
0.001 µf 3
22 µf 1
6 Semiconductor Device(Transistor) BC108 1
7 Semiconductor Device( Diode) OA79 1

1.3 Theory
Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics of a carrier signal is
varied in accordance with a modulating signal. The base band signal is referred to as the
modulating signal and the output of the modulation process is called as the modulation
signal.
AM Modulation Circuit Diagram

Specifications

R1 = R2 = R5 = 10KΩ; R3 = 1.5KΩ; R4 = 20KΩ; C1 = 0.01µF; C2 = 0.001µF;

C3 = 0.1 µf; Vc = 50mV; fc = 500KHZ; Vm = 8V; fm = 1KHZ; VCC = 30V

Fig. 1.1 AM Modulator Circuit

1.3.1 Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which amplitude of the carrier wave is
varied in accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating signal. The envelope of the
modulating wave has the same shape as the base band signal provided the following two
requirements are satisfied

1. The carrier frequency fc must be much greater then the highest frequency components fm
of the message signal m (t)

i.e. fc >>fm
 2. The modulation index must be less than unity. If the modulation index is greater than
unity, the carrier wave becomes over modulated.

1.3.2 Amplitude Demodulation

The process of detection provides a means of recovering the modulating Signal from
modulating signal. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The envelope detector
circuit is employed to separate the carrier wave and eliminate the side bands. Since the envelope
of an AM wave has the same shape as the message, independent of the carrier frequency and
phase, demodulation can be accomplished by extracting envelope.

An increased time constant RC results in a marginal output follows the modulation

envelope. A further increase in time constant the discharge curve become horizontal if the rate of
modulation envelope during negative half cycle of the modulation voltage is faster than the rate
of voltage RC combination ,the output fails to follow the modulation resulting distorted output is
called as diagonal clipping : this will occur even high modulation index.
The depth of modulation at the detector output greater than unity and circuit impedance is
less than circuit load (Rl>Zm) results in clipping of negative peaks of modulating signal. It is
called “negative clipping “

AM Demodulation Circuit Diagram

Specifications

C1=0.001μf, C2=22 μf, C3=0.001μf, R1=100KΩ and R2=100KΩ.

Fig. 1.2 AM Demodulator Circuit

1.4 Pre Lab Questions

1. Define Modulation.

2. Why Modulation is necessary for communication system.

3. What is Baseband signal?

4. Differentiate analog and Digital Modulation.

5. Define Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation?

1.5 Lab Procedure

1.5.1 Amplitude Modulation

1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit.

2. The power supply is connected to the collector of the transistor.

3. Set the input signal fm as 1 KHz and 8 volt sinusoidal signal in AFO

4. Set the carrier signal fc as 500 KHz and 50 millivolt sinusoidal signal in AFO

5. The Amplitude Modulated Output is taken from the collector of the Transistor.

6. Note down Emax and Emin from the Output waveform.

7. Calculate modulation index using the formula.

Modulation index m =

8. Plot the input signals and obtained AM output waveforms in the graph sheet

1.5.2 Amplitude Demodulation

1. The circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. The amplitude modulated signal from AM generator is given as input to the demodulator
circuit.

3. The demodulated output is observed on the CRO

4. Plot the obtained AM demodulated output waveforms in the graph sheet

1.6.1 Model graph

Fig. 1.3 Amplitude Modulation waveforms

Fig. 1.4 AM Demodulated Waveform

1.7. VIRTUAL LAB

1.7.1 Equipment / Apparatus

SCILAB Software 6.0.2

1.7.2 Exercise

With the following data, use SCILAB to generate and display an Amplitude Modulation signal.

Carrier frequency fc = 5 kHz

Amplitude Carrier frequency = Ac = 9 V
Sampling time = 100 ms
Modulating frequency =500 Hz
Amplitude Modulating Signal Vm = 4.5 V

Solution

// generate carrier signal

fc = 5000;
Ac = 9;
t = linspace(0,10*(10^(-3)),500);
Vc = Ac*sin(((2*%pi)*fc)*t);
subplot(411)
plot(t,Vc)

// generate modulating signal

fm = 500;
Am = 4.5;
Vm = Am*sin(((2*%pi)*fm)*t);
subplot(412)
plot(t,Vm)

// generate modulation signal with index modulation m = 0.5

m = Am/Ac;
Vt = (Ac*(1+m*sin(((2*%pi)*fm)*t))) .*sin(((2*%pi)*fc)*t);
subplot(413)
plot(t,Vt)
Code-
 1.7.3 Observation - Software

Signal name Amplitude Frequency Time period

Modulating signal 4.5V 500Hz 2ms

Carrier signal 9V 5KHz 0.2ms

Modulated signal 9V 5KHz 0.2ms

Demodulated signal NA NA NA

Emax=Ac+Am=9+4.5=13.5
Emin=Ac-Am=9-4.5=4.5
Amod=Emax-Emin=13.5-4.5=9

Post Lab Questions

1. What will happen, if modulation index is greater than 100%?

2. What happens to AM signal if ma<1 & ma=1?

3. Use SCILAB to produce AM wave with the following specification

Modulating Wave Sinusodal

Modulation Frequency 1kHz
Carrier frequency 20kHz
Percentage Modulation 75%
Lab Result

Thus the amplitude modulation and demodulation were performed and the modulation
index for various modulating voltage were calculated and simulated using ScilaB