Electronics& Communication Engineering Analog Communications Lab

1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

a. Using hardware components

Aim: To study the operation of Amplitude modulator and to calculate the modulation index of
the Amplitude modulated wave.

Apparatus:

Sl.No Name Range Quantity

1. Bread board --- 1

2 C.R.O (0-20)MHz

3. Function generator (0-2)MHz 1

4. AM Trainer kit - 1

5. Regulated power (0-20)V 1

supply
6. Capacitors 0.1F 2

7. Connecting wires - As per requirement

8. BNC probes - As per requirement

9. Resistor 1

Theory: Amplitude Modulation is defined as a process in which the amplitude of the carrier
wave c (t) is varied linearly with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal m(t). The
standard form of amplitude modulated (AM) wave is defined by

Where Ka is a constant called the amplitude sensitivity of the modulator.

The demodulation circuit is used to recover the message signal from the incoming AM wave at
the receiver. An envelope detector is a simple and yet highly effective device that is well suited
for the demodulation of AM wave, for which the percentage modulation is less then 100%.

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Ideally, an envelope detector produces an output signal that follows the envelop of the input
signal wave form exactly; hence, the name. Same version of this circuit is used in almost all
commercial AM radio receivers.
The Modulation Index is defined as, m= (Emax+ Emin) /(Emax -E min)
Where Emax and E min are the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the modulated wave.

Modulator:

Demodulator:

Procedure:
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1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Using function generator, apply sine wave with frequency 1khz and amplitude 3Vp-p.
3. From another function generator, apply carrier signal with frequency 450khz and
amplitude 1Vp-p.
4. Using pot P1 , keep on balanced modulator perpendicular. Carrier null completely be
rotated clock wise or anti-clock wise , so as to unbalance the modulation and to obtain an
AM signal with out suppressed carrier across output, using pot P2 keep level fully in
clock wise direction
5. Connect two inputs of balanced modulator to CRO and detect modulating signal and
carrier signal
6. Move CRO probes from input to output of modulator where amplitude modulated is
detected. Note that the modulated signal envelop corresponds to waveform of modulating
signal. Vary amplitude of modulating signal and check the three following conditions
(a). Modulation index less than 100% (Shown in fig(c))
(b). Modulation index equal to 100% (Shown in fig(d))
(a). Modulation index greater than 100% (Shown in fig(e))
7. Apply AM signal as input to the demodulator signal and observe the demodulator output.
Sample Readings:

Modulation
S.No. EMax(V) EMin(V) Type of Modulation
index

1 Am<Ac 2 0.4 66.66% Under modulation

2 Am=Ac 2.4 0 100% Critical modulation
3 Am>Ac 3.4 -0.2 120% Over modulation

Model Waveforms:

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Viva:

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1.Define modulation?

2.Define Amplitude modulation?

3. Define under modulation, critical modulation & over modulation?

4. Define demodulation?

Result: The operation of Amplitude modulator & demodulator is verified and the modulation
index of the Amplitude modulated wave is calculated

1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION& DEMODULATION

b. Using MATLAB Simulink
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Aim : To generate the Amplitude Modulated Wave and observe the Waveforms using MATLAB
Simulink.
Apparatus:
1. Personal Computer
2. MATLAB Software with communication toolbox
Procedure :
1. Open MATLAB.
2. Open new model from MATLAB simulink.
3. Connect the blocks as per Block diagram from Simulink Library Browser.
4. Then go for start simulation key on the top of the screen.
5. To see the waveforms go for scope from the sinks of the library.
Algorithm For Modulation& Demodulation:
Step-1:Generate message signal& carrier signals
Step-2:Add some constant to the message signal
Step-3: For modulation ,give dc+message signal &carrier signal to the product modulator
Step-4: For demodulation, give output of product modulator to the LPF.
Block Diagram:

Source Block Parameters:

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Output:

Message Signal

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Carrier Signal

Amplitude Modulated Signal

Demodulated Signal

Result: Amplitude modulation& demodulation were verified using MATLAB simulink.

1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION

c. Using MATLAB

Aim : To generate the amplitude modulated wave and observe the waveforms using MATLAB.

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Apparatus:
1. Personal Computer
2. MATLAB Software with communication toolbox.
Procedure :
1. Open MATLAB.
2. Open new m-file.
3. Type the Program.
4. Save in the Current Directory.
5. Compile and run the program.
6. For the output waveform, see figure window.
Algorithm For Modulation:
Step-1:Initialize message signal& carrier signal amplitudes ,frequencies.
Step-2:Plot message signal &carrier signals
Step-3:Plot AM signal using standard equation.
Program :

clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=0:0.001:1;
am=input('amplitude of msg=');
ac=input('amplitude of carrier=');
fm=input('frequency msg=');
fc=input('frequency carrier=');
sm=am*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,sm);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('MESSAGE SIGNEL');
grid on;
sc=ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,sc);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('CARRIER SIGNEL');
grid on;
sam=(ac+sm).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,sam);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('AMPLITUDE MODULATED SIGNAL');
grid on;
r=sam.*sc;
subplot(4,1,4);
[b a]=butter(1,0.01);
mr=filter(b,a,r);
plot(t,mr);

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title('demodulated output');

Input:

For critical modulation:

Amplitude of msg=5
Amplitude of carrier=5
Frequency msg=1
Frequency carrier=10

For under modulation:

Amplitude of msg=2
Amplitude of carrier=5
Frequency msg=1
Frequency carrier=10

For over modulation:

Amplitude of msg=5
Amplitude of carrier=2
Frequency msg=1
Frequency carrier=10

Output:

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Result: Amplitude modulation is verified using MATLAB.

2. DSB-SC MODULATION & DEMODULATION

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a. Using hardware components

Aim: To generate DSB-SC modulation using ring modulator and to demodulate to obtain the
original message signal.

Apparatus:

1. DSBSC trainer kit

2. Patch cords

Theory: Balanced Modulator is essentially an Amplitude modulation with no carrier power at

output and is the heart of all the methods of single side band suppressed carrier modulation and
demodulation. Any circuit which can produce in its output the product of two separate input
signals can be used as a balance modulator. In balance modulation only sidebands are
transmitted while carrier is fully suppressed. When compared to the AM, in DSB the carrier is
suppressed and the lower side band and upper side bands are transmitted. The power
required to transmit the DSBSC signal less when compared with the conventional AM.
To demodulate the DSBSC signal the synchronous detector is used.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig: DSBSC modulator

Block diagram for DSBSC modulator and demodulator:

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Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the block diagram.

2. Apply the 1Khz message signal from the message source and 7.5Khz carrier from the carrier
source to the modulator. Keep message signal amplitude must be greater than carrier signal
amplitude

3. Connect the message signal on CH1 of CRO and connect the balanced modulator output on
the CH2 of the CRO.

4. Observe the balanced modulator output on the CRO and calculate the modulation index (),
which must be 1, and note down the amplitude of the balanced modulator output.

5. The balanced modulator output is same as that of perfect modulated waveform of the AM.

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6. Apply the DSB-SC signal to DSB-SC demodulator and observe the output and plot the output
on the graph sheet.

Model Waveforms:

Viva:

1.Drawbacks of AM signal?

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2.Define DSBSC modulation?

3.Define synchronous detector?

4.what are the drawbacks of DSBSC?

Result: DSB-SC modulation and demodulation is verified

2. DSB-SC MODULATION & DEMODULATION

b. Using MATLAB Simulink

Aim : To Generate the Double Sideband Supressed Carrier Wave and Observe the Waveforms
using MATLAB Simulink.

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Apparatus:
1.Personal Computer
2. MATLAB Software with communication toolbox
Procedure :
1. Open MATLAB.
2. Open new model from MATLAB simulink.
3. Connect the blocks as per Block diagram from Simulink Library Browser.
4. Then go for start simulation key on the top of the screen.
5. To see the waveforms go for scope from the sinks of the library.
Algorithm for Modulation& Demodulation:
Step-1:Generate message signal& carrier signals
Step-2: For modulation ,give message signal &carrier signal to the product modulator
Step-3: For demodulation, give output of product modulator to the LPF

Block Diagram :

Source Block Parameters:

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Output:

Message Signal

Carrier Signal

DSBSC Signal

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Demodulated Signal

Result: DSB-SC modulation& demodulation were using MATLAB simulink.

2. DSB-SC MODULATION

C. Using MATLAB

Aim : To generate the DSB-SC wave and observe the waveforms using MATLAB.
Apparatus:
1. Personal Computer
2. MATLAB Software with communication toolbox
Procedure :
1. Open MATLAB.
2. Open new m-file.
3. Type the Program.
4. Save in the Current Directory.
5. Compile and run the program.
6. For the output waveform, see figure window.
Algorithm :
Step-1:Initialize message signal& carrier signal amplitudes ,frequencies.
Step-2:Plot message signal &carrier signals
Step-3: Plot DSBSC signal using standard equation
Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=0:0.001:1;
am=input('amplitude of msg=');
ac=input('amplitude of carrier=');
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fm=input('frequency msg=');
fc=input('frequency carrier=');
sm=am*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,sm);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('MESSAGE SIGNEL');
grid on;
sc=ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,sc);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('CARRIER SIGNEL');
grid on;
sfm=sin(2*pi*fc*t).*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,sfm);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('DSBSC SIGNEL');
grid on;
r = s_t.*c_t;
[b a] = butter(1,0.01);
mr= filter(b,a,r);
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,mr);

DSB-SC OUTPUT:

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Result: DSB-SC modulation is verified using MATLAB.

3. DIODE DETECTOR CHARACTERISTICS

Aim: To determine experimentally the rectification characteristics of a diode detector used for
AM demodulation

Apparatus:

Sl.No Name Range Quantity

1. Bread board --- 1

1
2. Diode 0A81

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3. Function generator (0-1)MHz 1

4. Ammeter (0-500)A 1

5. Voltmeter (0-10)V 1

6. Regulated power supply (0-30)V 1

7. Capacitors 0.1F 1

8. Connecting wires --- As per requirement

9. Multimeter --- 2

Theory: The diode detector or the envelop detector consists of diode and RC filter circuit,
during positive half cycle of input signal,the diode is forward biased and the capacitor C charges
up rapidly to a peak value of the input signal. When the input signal falls below this value,the
diode becomes reverse biased and the capacitor discharges slowly. This discharging process
continues till the next positive half cycle. Thereafter the charging-discharging routine is
continued. The charging time constant RC must be short compared with the carrier time period.

The discharging time constant must be long enough to ensure that the capacitor
discharges slowly through load between positive peaks of carrier but not so long that capacitor
voltage will not discharge at minimum rate of change of modulating signal. The result is that
output of a detector is varied nearly the same as the envelope of an AM wave.

Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Using function generator , apply sinewave with frequency 1khz.
3. Increase the the DC supply voltage Edc to 10V to initially reverse bias the diode in diode
detector.
4. Now increase the function generator output voltage to 1Vrms. This audio voltage is used in
place of an unmodulated RF voltage to make the experiment easier.
5. Decrease Edc from 10V in steps of 1V and measure the current Idc flowing in through the
ammeter for each value of the DC voltage.
6. Bring the DC voltage Edc back to 10V. Repeat the experiment for the audio signal voltage
of 1.5Vrms, 2Vrms, 2.5Vrms
7. Plot the DC voltage Vs DC current.
Sample readings:

Erms=0.5V Erms=1V Erms=1.5V

Edc(V) Idc(A) Edc(V) Idc(A) Edc(V) Idc(A)
10 0 10 0 10 0
9 0 9 0 9 0
8.7 0 8 0 8 0
8 0 7 0 7 0
7 0 6 0 6 0
6 0 5 0 5 20
5 0 4 20 4 50
4 20 3 50 3.8 60
3 60 2.8 110 3.6 130
2.4 110 2.7 130 3.4 190

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2.2 180 2.6 170 3.2 290

2 260 2.4 280 3 400
1.9 300 2.3 400 2.9 450
1.7 430 2.2 460 2.8 490

Model Graph:

Viva:

1. Define AM demodulation?

2. Define diode detector?

3. Define charging and discharging time constants of envelope detector?

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Result: Rectification characteristics of a diode detector were verified

4.PRE-EMPHASIS & DE-EMPHASIS

a. Using hardware components

Aim: To determine the effect of both pre-emphasis & de-emphasis circuits using audio frequency
and plot the frequency response of the circuit.

Apparatus:

Sl.No Name Range Quantity

1. Bread board --- 1

2. Function generator (0-1)MHz 1

3. C.R.O (0-20)MHz 1

4. Resistor 10 k 1

5. Capacitor 0.1f 1

6. BNC probes --- 2

7. Single stand wires --- Asper

requirement

Theory: The noise has a effect on the higher modulating frequencies than on the lower ones.
Thus, if the higher frequencies where artificially boosted at the transmitter and correspondingly

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cut at the receiver, an improvement in noise immunity could be expected, thereby increasing the
SNR ratio. This boosting of the higher modulating frequencies at the transmitted is known as
pre-emphasis and the compensation at the receiver is called de-emphasis.

Circuit Diagram:

Pre-Emphasis

De-Emphasis

Procedure: Pre-Emphasis:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Apply 2V(p-p) sine wave signal with frequency of 1KHZ at the input of the circuit using a
function generator.
3. Vary the frequency of the input signal

4. For each value of the input signal note down the output and calculate the gain.
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5. Draw the graph between frequency Vs gain (Gain = 20 log (V0 / Vi ).

De-Emphasis:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Apply 2V(p-p) sine wave signal with frequency of 1KHZ at the input of the circuit using a
function generator.

3. Vary the frequency of the input signal

4. For each value of the input signal note down the output and calculate the gain.

5. Draw the graph between frequency Vs gain (Gain = 20 log (V0 / Vi ).

Sample readings:

Pre-Emphasis: Vi=2V(p-p)

S.No Frequency Output Voltage Gain In dB =

(Hz) (V) Gain= Vo/Vi 20log (Vo/Vi)

1 10 0.024 0.012 -38.45

2 20 0.024 0.012 -38.45
3 30 0.024 0.012 -38.45
4 50 0.024 0.012 -38.45
5 70 0.024 0.012 -38.45
6 100 0.02 0.01 -40.00
7 200 0.018 0.009 -40.90
8 300 0.014 0.007 -43.09
9 400 0.01 0.005 -46.02
10 500 0.01 0.005 -46.02
11 600 0.01 0.005 -46.02

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De-Emphasis: Vi=2V(p-p)

S.No Frequency Output Voltage Gain In dB =

(Hz) (V) Gain= Vo/Vi 20log (Vo/Vi)

1 20 0.012 0.006 -44.43

2 50 0.012 0.006 -44.43
3 80 0.012 0.006 -44.43
4 100 0.012 0.006 -44.43
5 200 0.02 0.01 -40.00
6 500 0.024 0.012 -38.42
7 1K 0.024 0.012 -38.42
8 3K 0.03 0.015 -36.48
9 5K 0.028 0.014 -37.08
10 10K 0.028 0.014 -37.08
11 50K 0.028 0.014 -37.08
12 100K 0.028 0.014 -37.08
13 500K 0.028 0.014 -37.08
14 1M 0.028 0.014 -37.08

Model Waveforms:

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Pre-Emphasis:

De-Emphasis:

Viva:

1.Define pre emphasis?

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2.Define De emphasis?

3.what are applications of pre emphasis circuit?

4. what are applications of de emphasis circuit?

Result: : Thus characteristics of pre-emphasis & de-emphasis circuits verified.

4.PRE-EMPHASIS & DE-EMPHASIS

c. Using MATLAB Simulink

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Aim: To verify the frequency response of pre-emphasis & de-emphasis circuit using MATLAB
simulink

Apparatus:

1.Personal Computer
2. MATLAB Software with communication toolbox
Procedure :
1.Open MATLAB.
2.Open new model from MATLAB simulink.
3.Connect the blocks as per block diagram from Simulink Library Browser.
4.Then go for start simulation key on the top of the screen.
5.To see the waveforms go for scope from the sinks of the library.
Algorithm For De-Emphasis:
Step-1: Design low pass filter
Step-2: Apply input and observe the output.
Block Diagram:

Source Block Parameters:

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Output:

Algorithm For Pre-Emphasis:

Step-1: Design High pass filter
Step-2: Apply input and observe the output
Block Diagram:

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Source Block Parameters:

Output:

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Result:Thus Preemphasis and De Emphasis is Verified using MATLAB simulink

4.PRE-EMPHASIS & DE-EMPHASIS

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c. Using MATLAB

Aim: To verify the frequency response of pre-emphasis & de-emphasis circuit using
MATLAB .Apparatus:

1. Personal Computer
2. MATLAB Software with communication toolbox
Algorithm For Pre Emphasis:
1.Initialize input signal ,cutoff frequency.
2.Define cutoff frequency.
3.Write matlab code for magnitude of the HPF
4.Plot magnitude of HPF.
MATLAB program for de emphasis:

clc;

close all;

clear all;

f=100:20:8000;

fh=900;

k=length(f);

for i=1:k;

m(i)=1/sqrt(1+(f(i)/fh)^2);

mag(i)=20*log10(m(i));

end;

figure;

semilogx(f,mag);

title('magnitude response of analog of low pass filter')

xlabel('frequency----->');

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ylabel('magnitude in db');

grid on;

Output waveform of frequency response of analog low pass filter:

Algorithm For Pre Emphasis:

1.Initialize input signal ,cutoff frequency.

2.Define cutoff frequency.
3.Write matlab code for magnitude of the HPF
4.Plot magnitude of HPF.

MATLAB program for Pre emphasis:

clc;

close all;

clear all;

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f=100:20:8000;

fl=400;

k=length(f);

for i=1:k;

m(i)=1/sqrt(1+(fl/f(i))^2);

mag(i)=20*log10(m(i));

end;

figure;

semilogx(f,mag);

title('magnitude response of analog of high pass filter');

xlabel('frequency----->');

ylabel('magnitude in db');

grid on;

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Output waveform of frequency response of analog high pass filter:

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Result:Thus Preemphasis and De Emphasis is Verified using MATLAB simulink.

5. FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION

a. Using hardware components

Aim: Generate frequency modulated signal and demodulate the frequency modulated signal
using FM detector.

Apparatus:

Sl.No Name Range Quantity

1. FM Trainer kit --- 1

2. C.R.O (0-20)MHz 1

3. Function generator (0-1)MHz 1

4. Patch cards --- As per requirement

Theory: The process, in which the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the; modulating signal, is called Frequency Modulation. The FM

signal is expressed as: Where Ac is

amplitude the carrier signal, fc is the carrier frequency fm is the modulation index of the FM
wave.

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Block Diagram:

Frequency Modulator:

Frequency demodulation using fosterseelay discriminator:

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Procedure:

1. Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit Act01 and switch on.

2. a. In Act01 keep the switch S1 in sine wave .

b. Using pot P2 keep the sine wave signal amplitude at 0.2V(p-p)

c. using pot P1 keep the sine wave signal frequency at 1Khz.

d.keep the switch S3 in 100Khz position.

e. Using pot P5 keep Vco1 amplitude at 2V(p-p).

f. Using pot P5 keep Vco1 amplitude at 2V(p-p).

g. Using pot P4 keep Vco1frequency at the centre.

3.connect the output of the function generator Act01 pot to the modulation input of Vco1

Modulation port.

4.Connect the oscilloscope to the output of the modulator port RF/FM out of

Vco1.then FM output will be obtained.

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5.From the obtained FM wave on oscilloscope evaluate Fmax&Fmin detecteing the periods
of the signal.

6. Determine frequency deviation =(fmax-fmin)/2

7.Give output (FM wave) to the input of fosterseelay discriminator to obtain

demodulated signal

Sample Readings:

S.No Signal Amplitude Frequency

1 Message Signal 2.1V 1KHz

2 Carrier signal 2.1V 1MHz

3 FM Signal

Model Waveforms:

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Viva:

1.Define frequency modulation?

2.Define phase modulation?

3.what are the generation techniques of frequency modulaed wave?

4.what are the demodulation techniques of frequency modulaed wave?

5.Give differences between NBFM&WBFM?

RESULT: Frequency modulation and demodulation is verified.

5.FREQUENCY MODULATION

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b. Using MATLAB Simulink

Aim: To generate the Frequency Modulated Wave and observe the Waveforms using MATLAB
Simulink.
Apparatus:
1. Personal Computer
2. MATLAB with communication tool box.
Procedure :
1. Open MATLAB.
2. Open new model from MATLAB simulink.
3. Connect the blocks as per block diagram from Simulink Library Browser.
4. Then go for start simulation key on the top of the screen.
5. To see the waveforms go for scope from the sinks of the library.
Algorithm for Modulation:
Step-1:Generate message & carrier(ramp) signals
Step-2: Connect blocks as per standard FM equation

Block Diagram:

Source Block Parameters:

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Output:

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Result: Frequency modulation is verified using matlab simulink

5.FREQUENCY MODULATION
c. Using MATLAB
Aim : To generate the frequency modulated wave and observe the waveforms using MATLAB.
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Apparatus:
1. Personal Computer
2. MATLAB with communication tool box.
Procedure :
1. Open MATLAB.
2. Open new m-file.
3. Type the Program.
4. Save in the Current Directory.
5. Compile and run the program.
6. For the output waveform, see figure window.
Algorithm:
Step-1:Initialize message signal& carrier signal amplitudes ,frequencies.
Step-2:Plot message signal &carrier signals
Step-3: Plot FM signal using standard equation
Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=0:0.001:1;
am=3;
ac=4;
fm=input('frequency msg=');
fc=input('frequency carrier=');
mi=input('modulation index=');
sm=am*cos(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,sm);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('MESSAGE SIGNEL');
grid on;
sc=ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,sc);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('CARRIER SIGNEL');
grid on;
sfm=cos(2*pi*fc*t+mi*sin(2*pi*fm*t));
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,sfm);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');

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title('FREQUENCY MODULATED SIGNAL');

grid on

Output:

Result: Frequency modulation is verified using matlab.

6. SAMPLING THEOREM VERIFICATION

a. Using Hardware Components

Aim: To verify sampling theorem?

Apparatus:

Sl.No Name Range/Type Quantity

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1. Transistor BC-107 1

2. Resistor 100K 1

10 K 1

22 K 3

3. Capacitor 0.01F 3

4. Dual trace CRO (0-20)MHz 1

5. Power Supply (0-30)V 1

6. Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1

7. Bread Board --- 1

8. Connecting wires --- As per requirement

Theory:

The sampling process is usually described in the time domain as such it is as operation
that is basic to digital signal processing and digital communications. Though use of the sampling
process an analog signal is converted into a corresponding sequence of samples that are usually
spaces uniformly in time clearly for such a procedure to have practical utility it is necessary that
we choose the sampling rate properly so that the sequence of samples uniquely defines the
original signal this is the senesce of the sampling theorem.

Consider an arbitrary signal x (t) of finite energy which is specified for all time suppose
that we sample the signal x (t) instantaneously and at a uniform rate, once every Ts seconds
consequently we obtain an infinite sequence of samples spaced ts seconds a part and denoted by
{x (nts)}. Ts are the sampling period and its reciprocal fs=1/Ts is the sampling rate. This ideal
form of sampling is called instantaneous sampling. Xs (t) = x(t)/t=nts=X(nts). Where Xs (t) is the
ideal sampled signal We may state the sampling theorem for strictly band limited signals of finite

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energy is two equivalent parts, which apply to the transmitter and receiver of a pulse modulation
system.

Time domain statement:

A band limited signal of finite energy and finite duration, which has no frequency
components higher than fm Hz is completely described by specifying the values of the signal at
instants of time serrated by 1/2fm, seconds.
Frequency domain statement:

A band-limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency components higher than f m
Hz, may be completely recovered form, knowledge of its samples taken at the rate of 2fm samples
per second. The sampling rate of 2fm samples per second for a signal bandwidth of fm Hz is called
the Nyquist rate and its reciprocal of 1/2fm is called the Nyquist interval. This equation provides
an interpolation formula for reconstructing the original signal x (t) from the sequence of samples
values x (n/2fm), with the sine function since (2fm) playing the role of an interpolation function
each sample is multiplied by a delayed version of the interpolation function and all resulting
waveforms are added to obtain x (t).

Circuit Diagram

Sampling:

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Reconstruction:

Procedure: -

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply message signal or modulating signal of frequency 1Khz frequency at the
collector of the transistor
3. Apply clock pulse or carrier signal to the base of the transistor.
4. Observe the sampled waveform at the emitter terminal of the transistor on CRO and
find the number of samples obtained.
5. Apply the natural sampled output as input of the demodulator
6. Observe the output of the demodulator across the output capacitor.
7. Plot the output waveform on graph.

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Model waveforms: -

Viva:

1.Define sampling theorem?

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2.Define nyquist rate of sampling, under sampling& over sampling?

3.Define aliasing effect?

4.Define reconstruction?

Result: Thus the sampling theorem is verified.

6. SAMPLING THEOREM
b. Using MATLAB Simulink

Aim : To verify sampling theorem using MATLAB Simulink.

Apparatus:
1. Personal Computer
2. MATLAB Commmunication tool box
Procedure :

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1. Open MATLAB.
2. Open new model from MATLAB simulink.
3. Connect the blocks as per block diagram from Simulink Library Browser.
4. Then go for start simulation key on the top of the screen.
5. To see the waveforms go for scope from the sinks of the library.
Algorithm for Modulation& Demodulation:
Step-1:Generate message signal& carrier pulse signals
Step-2: For sampling ,give message signal &carrier signal to the product modulator
Block Diagram :

Source Block Parameters:

Fs>2fm:

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Fs=2fm:

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Fs<2fm:

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Output:

For Fs>2fm:

Message Signal

Carrier Signal

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Sampled signal:

For Fs=2fm:

Message Signal

Carrier Signal

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Sampled signal:

Fs<2fm:

Message signal:

Carrier signal:

Sampledsignal:

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Result:Thus the sampling theorem is verified using MATLAB Simulink

6. SAMPLING THEOREM VERIFICATION

c. Using MATLAB

Aim : To verify the Sampling Theorm and observe the Waveforms using MATLAB.

Apparatus:
1.Personal Computer
2.MATLAB with communication tool box.
Procedure :
1.Open MATLAB.
2.Open new m-file.
3.Type the Program.
4.Save in the Current Directory.
5.Compile and run the program.
6.For the output waveform, see figure window.
Algorithm:
Step-1:Initialize message signal& carrier signal amplitudes ,frequencies.
Step-2:Plot message signal &carrier signals
Step-3: Plot FM signal using standard equation

Program:

clc;

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clear all;
close all;
t=-10:0.01:10;
T=8;
fm=1/T;
x=cos(2*pi*fm*t);
fs1=1*fm;
fs2=2*fm;
fs3=8*fm;
x=cos(2*pi*t*fm);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x);
xlabel('Time in seconds');
ylabel('x(t)');
title('Continuous time signal');
n1=-5:1:5;
xn1=cos(2*pi*n1*fm/fs1);
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n1,xn1);
hold on;
plot(n1,xn1);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('discrete time signal with fs<2fm');
n2=-5:1:5;
xn2=cos(2*pi*n2*fm/fs2);
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n2,xn2);
hold on;
plot(n2,xn2);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('discrete time signal with fs=2fm');
n3=-5:1:5;
xn3=cos(2*pi*n3*fm/fs3);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n3,xn3);
hold on;
plot(n3,xn3);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('discrete time signal with fs=2fm');

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Sampling Theorm Output Waveforms:

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Result: Thus the sampling theorem is verified using MATLAB .

7. PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION&DEMODULATION

a. Using hardware

Aim: To verify pulse amplitude modulation & demodulation?

Apparatus:

Sl.No Name Range/Type Quantity

1. Transistor BC-107 1

2. Resistor 100K 1

10 K 1

22 K 3

3. Capacitor 0.01F 3

4. Dual Trace CRO (0-20)MHz 1

5. Power Supply --- 1

6. Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1

7. Bread Board --- 1

8. Connecting wires --- As per requirment

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Theory:
Pulse modulation used to transmit the analog information, such as continuous data or
speech. It is a system in which continuous waveforms are sampled at regular intervals and each
sample is made proportional to the amplitude of the signal at that instant of the sampling. Pulse
modulation may be subdivided into analog and digital. The two types of analog pulse modulation
are pulse amplitude and pulse time modulation.
In PAM, the amplitudes of regularly spaced pulses are varied in proportion to the
corresponding sample values of a continuous message signal, the pulses can be of a rectangular
form or other appropriate shape .

Circuit Diagram:

Modulation:

Demodulation:

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Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply message signal or modulating signal of frequency 1KHZ frequency at the
collector of the transistor
3. Apply clock pulse or carrier signal to the base of the transistor.
4. Observe the pulse amplitude waveform at the emitter terminal of the transistor on
CRO
5. Apply the pulse amplitude modulated output as input of the demodulator
6. Observe the output of the demodulator across the output capacitor.
7. Plot the output waveform on graph.

Model Waveforms:

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Viva:

1.Define pulse modulation?

2.Define pulse amplitude modulation?

3.What are the generation techniques of PAM wave?

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4.What are the types of pulse modulation?

Results: Thus the Pulse amplitude modulation & demodulation is verified.

7.PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

b. Using MATLAB Simulink

Aim : To generate the pulse amplitude modulated wave and observe the waveforms using
MATLAB Simulink.
Apparatus:
1.Personal Computer
2.MATLAB with communication tool box.
Procedure :
1. Open MATLAB.
2. Open new model from MATLAB simulink.
3. Connect the blocks as per Block diagram from Simulink Library Browser.
4. Then go for start simulation key on the top of the screen.
5. To see the waveforms go for scope from the sinks of the library.

Block Diagram:

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Source block parameters:

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Output:

Message Signal

Carrier Signal

PAM signal:

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Result: Thus the Pulse amplitude modulation using MATLAB simulink is verified.

7.PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

c. Using MATLAB
Aim : To generate the Pulse Amplitude Modulated Wave and observe the Waveforms using
MATLAB.
Apparatus:
1.Personal Computer
2.MATLAB software with communication tool box.
Procedure :
1.Open MATLAB.
2.Open new m-file.
3.Type the Program.
4.Save in the Current Directory.
5.Compile and run the program.
6.For the output waveform, see figure window.

Program :
clc;
clear all;close all;
f = input('Enter the frequency = ');
t = 0:0.1:2;
x1 = stem(t);subplot(4,1,1);
stem(x1);
title('Impulse Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude ---->');

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xlabel('n ---->');
grid on;
x2 = sin(2*pi*f*t);subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,x2);
title('Sine Wave');
xlabel('Time ----->');
ylabel('Amplitude ----->');
grid on;
y=x1.*x2;
subplot(4,1,3);
stem(x1);
title('Impulse Signal');
stem(t,y);
title('Pulse Modulated Wave');
xlabel('Time ----->');
ylabel('Amplitude ----->');
grid on;
[b a]= butter(1,0.01);
mr=filter(b,a,y);
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,mr);
grid on;

INPUT:
'Enter the amplitude =5
'Enter the frequency =1
Output:

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RESULT: Pulse amplitude modulation is verified using MATLAB

8. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

a. Using Hardware

Aim: To study the pulse width modulation and demodulation techniques and to plot them

Apparatus:

Sl.No Name Range Quantity

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1. Bread board --- 1

2. Function generator (0-1)Mhz 2

3. C.R.O (0-20)Mhz 1

4. Integrated circuit IC555 1

5. Regulated power supply (0-20)V 1

6. Resistors 3.3k 1
1k 1

7. Capacitor 0.1f 1

8. Connecting wires --- As per

requirement

Theory: If the widths of the pulses are varying in accordance with the modulating signal it is
called pulse width modulation. In Pulse width modulation, the amplitude of the pulses is
constant.

Circuit Diagram:

Modulation:

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Demodulation:

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Then the modulated output is observed across the 3rd pin of IC555.
3. The output characteristics of a PWM signal is plotted on a graph.
4. PWM signal is applied as input to the demodulator circuit and output is observed.
5. Demodulated signal is also plotted on the graph

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Model Waveforms:

Result: Pulse width modulation and demodulation is verified.

8.PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

b. Using MATLAB Simulink

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Aim : To generate the pulse width Modulated Wave and observe the Waveforms using
MATLAB Simulink.
Apparatus:
1. Personal Computer
2. MATLAB software with communication tool box.
Procedure :
1. Open MATLAB.
2. Open new model from MATLAB simulink.
3. Connect the blocks as per Block diagram from Simulink Library Browser.
4. Then go for start simulation key on the top of the screen.
5 To see the waveforms go for scope from the sinks of the library.

Block Diagram:

Source block parameters:

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Output:

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Message Signal

Pulse Width Modulated Signal

Result: Pulse width modulation is verified using MATLAB simulink.

8. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

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c. Using MATLAB

Aim : To generate the Pulse Width Modulated Wave and observe the Waveforms using
MATLAB.
Apparatus:
1. Personal Computer
2. MATLAB software with communication tool box.
Procedure :
1. Open MATLAB.
2. Open new m-file.
3. Type the Program.
4. Save in the Current Directory.
5. Compile and run the program.
6. For the output waveform, see figure window.

Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=0:0.001:1;
s=sawtooth(2*pi*10*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,s);
xlabel(time);
ylabel(amplitude);
title(carrier pulse);
grid on;
m=sin(2*pi*1*t);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,m);
xlabel(time);
ylabel(amplitude);
title(msg pulse);
grid on;

n=length(s);
for i=1:n
if (m(i)>=s(i))
pwm(i)=1;
elseif (m(i)<=s(i))
pwm(i)=0;

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end
end
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,pwm);
xlabel(time);
ylabel(amplitude);
title('pwm wave');
axis([0 1 -2 2]);
grid on;

Output:

Result: Pulse width modulation is verified using MATLAB.

8.PULSE POSITION MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

a. Using hardware

Aim: To study and plot the pulse position modulation technique.

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Apparatus:

Sl.No Name Range Quantity

1. Bread board --- 1

2. Function generator (0-1)Mhz 2

2. C.R.O (0-20)Mhz 1

3. Integrated circuit IC555 1

4. Regulated power supply (0-20)V 1

5. Resistors 3.3k 1
10k 1
56 k 1
6. Capacitors 0.1f 2
0.01 f 1
0.001 f 1
7. Diode 1N4007 1
8. Connecting wires --- As per
requirement

Theory: PPM can be considered version of PDM in PDM, long pulses expend considerable
power during the pulse while bearing no additional information. If an arrangement is made so
that the unused power could be subtracted from the PDM, we get a more efficient pulse
modulation. In PPM the position of a pulse relative to its unmodulated time of occurrence is
varied in accordance with the message signal PPM may be obtained from PWM, in which the
position of PWM pulses are position modulated. Thus these pulses will have time displacement
proportional to the instantaneous value of the signal voltage. The simplest method of generation

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of PPM from PWM is to use a monostable multivibrator. It is to be designed in such away that it
triggers the trailing edges of a PWM signal. If a PWM signal is applied at the inputs, the output
will be obviously a pulse position modulated signal whose duration will be determined by the
timing circuit of multivibrator. For demodulation of PPM, first it converted into PWM with help
of flip-flop, and then it is demodulated.

Circuit Diagram:

Modulator:

Demodulator:

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Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Modulating signal is given to the 5th pin of IC555 and carrier signal of High
frequency is given to is given to the 2 nd pin of IC555 and switch ON the power
supply.
3. Then the PWM output is observed across the 3rd pin of IC555.
4. Then PWM output is applied to 3rd pin of second IC555 and PPM output is observed
at 3rd pin of second IC555.
5. The output characteristics of a PPM signal is plotted on a graph.
6. PPM signal is applied as input to the demodulator circuit and output is observed.
7. Demodulated signal is also plotted on the graph

Model Waveforms:

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Viva:

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1.Define pulse position modulation?

2.How to obtain PPM from PWM?

3.What are generation techniques of PPM?

4.What are applications of PPM?

Result: Pulse position modulation and demodulation is verified

8. PULSE POSITION MODULATION&DEMODULATION

b.Using MATLAB
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Aim : To generate the Pulse Position Modulated&demodulated wave and observe the
Waveforms using MATLAB.
Apparatus:
1. Personal Computer
2. MATLAB software with communcation tool box.
Procedure :
1. Open MATLAB.
2. Open new m-file.
3. Type the Program.
4. Save in the Current Directory.
5. Compile and run the program.
6. For the output waveform, see figure window.

Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
fc=50;
fs=1000;
f1=100;
t=0:1/fs:((2/f1)-(1/fs));
x1=0.4*cos(2*pi*f1*t)+0.5;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(x1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('message signal');
grid on;
y=modulate(x1,fc,fs,'ppm');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('ppm');
z=demod(y,fc,fs,'ppm');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(z);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('demodulated signal');
grid on;

Output:

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Result: Pulse position modulation is verified using MATLAB.

9.PHASE LOCKED LOOP

a.Using Hardware

Aim : To study and find the lock range and capture range of phase locked loop

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Apparatus:

Sl.No Name Range Quantity

1. Bread board --- 1

2. CRO (0-20)MHz 1

3. CRO Probes --- 3

4. Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1

5. Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V 1

6. Resistor 6.8k 1

7. Capacitors 0.01f 1
0.1f 1
1f 1

8. Intgrated circuits IC565 1

9. Connecting wires --- As per requirement

Theory :

The phase locked loop principle has been used in the applications such as FM tracking
filters, frequency synthesized transmitters, FM demodulators, FSK decoders and generation of
local oscillator frequencies in TV and FM tuners. This block diagram in its basic form contains
Phase detector, 2. Low pass filter 3. VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator). The function of phase

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detector is to compare the input signal fin and fout. The output of the phase detector is DC
voltage and is often referred as the error voltage.

The output signal of phase detector is fed to the input of low pass filter. Thefunction of
the low pass filter is to remove the high frequencies and it allows only low frequency signals. It
produces a DC level. The output of low pass filter is fed to the VCO. The VCO frequency is
compared with the input signal and adjusted until it is equal to the input frequencies. If no signal
is applied, the VCO starts to change until it equals the input frequency. And the PLL is said to be
in phase locked state.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit of PLL as shown in figure.

2. Measure the free running frequency f 0 of VCO at pin No. 4, with the input signal Vin set equal
to zero. Compare it with the calculated value fO=1.2 /4RT.CT

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. 3. Now apply the input signal of 1V(P-P) square wave at 1 KHz at pin No.2. connect one
channel of CRO and display this signal on the scope.

4. Gradually increase the input signal frequency till the PLL is locked to the input frequency.
This frequency f1 gives the lower end of capture range. Go on increasing the input frequency,
till the PLL tracks the input signal say to a frequency f 2, gives the upper end of the lock range. If
the frequency is increased further, the loop will get unlocked.

5. Now gradually decrease the input frequency till the PLL is again locked, this is the frequency
f3, the upper end of the capture range. Keep on decreasing the input frequency until the loop is
unlocked. This frequency f4 gives the lower end of lock range.

6. The lock range fL = f2 f4. Compare it with the calculated value of + 8f0/VCC .

7. The capture range is fC = f3 f1. Compare it with the calculated value of capture range. fC= +
[fL /((2)(3.6)(103)(1f))]1/2

Theoretical Calculations:

Free running frequency fO = 1.2 /4RT.CT = 1.2/(4* 6.2*103*0.1*10-6) = 441.6 Hz

The lock range fL = + 8f0/V , where V= VCC-(- VCC)

= +8*(441.6)/[12-(-12)] = + Hz

The capture range is fC= + [fL /((2)(3.6)(103)(1f))]1/2=

Sample readings:

Sl.No Parameters Theoretical Values Practical Value

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1 Free running frequency(f0) 441Hz 1.12KHz

2 Lock range(fl) 286.625Hz 930 Hz

3 Capture range (fc) 112.57Hz 220 Hz

\

Model Waveforms:

Capture range (fc) = f3 f1 Lock range(fl) = f2 f4

Viva:
1.Define free runnung frequecy?

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2.Define Lock range?

3.Define capture range?

Result: Lock range and capture range of phase locked loop are found.
9.PHASE LOCKED LOOP
b.Using MATLAB
Aim : To generate the Phased Locked Loop and observe the Waveforms using MATLAB.

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Apparatus:
1. Personal Computer
2. MATLAB with communication tool box.
Algorithm:
Step-1:Initialize PLL parameters
Step-2:Plot step response of 1st order closed loop transmittance
Step-3:Plot step response of 1st order closed loop error transmittance
Step-4: Plot step response of 1st order closed loop transmittance between VCO & input
Step-5:Plot step response of second order closed loop transmittance
Step-6:Plot step response of second order closed loop error transmittance
Step-7: Plot step response of second order closed loop transmittance between VCO & input
Procedure :
1. Open MATLAB.
2. Open new m-file.
3. Type the Program.
4. Save in the Current Directory.
5. Compile and run the program.
6. For the output waveform, see figure window.

Program:

close all
kv = 1;
kd = 1;
dt = 0.01
t = 0:dt:2
u = ones(1,length(t))
g11 = [tf([2*pi*kv*kd],[1 2*pi*kv*kd])] %its the transfer function given in the handout
[y11 t] = lsim(g11,u,t)
Subplot(3,2,1)
plot(t,y11)
xlabel('TIME IN SECONDS')
ylabel('AMPLITUDE')
title('STEP RESPONSE OF 1st ORDER CLOSED LOOP TRANSMITTANCE')
%STEP RESPONSE OF THE FIRST ORDER CLOSED LOOP ERROR TRANSMITTANCE
OF PLL
%ALL THE OTHER FACTORS H(S) etc ARE SAME HERE

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%THETAe/THETAi (same interp. as above)

g12 = [tf([1 0],[1 2*pi*kv*kd])] %error transmittance given in the handout
[y12 t] = lsim(g12,u,t)
Subplot(3,2,2)
plot(t,y12)
xlabel('TIME IN SECONDS')
ylabel('AMPLITUDE')
title('STEP RESPONSE OF 1st ORDER CLOSED LOOP ERROR TRANSMITTANCE')
%STEP RESPONSE OF THE FIRST ORDER CLOSED LOOP TRANSMITTANCE OF PLL
%BETWEEN VCO AND INPUT SIGNAL PHASE
%H(S) = 1;
%SYSTEM TYPE NUMBER = 1;
%V2/THETAi
g13 = [tf([1 0],[1 2*pi*kv*kd])] %vco voltage and input signal transmittance
[y13 t] = lsim(g13,u,t)
Subplot(3,2,3)
plot(t,y13)
xlabel('TIME IN SECONDS')
ylabel('AMPLITUDE')
title('STEP RESPONSE OF 1st ORDER CLOSED LOOP TRANSMITTANCE B/W VCO AND
INPUT PHASE')
%STEP RESPONSE OF THE SECOND ORDER CLOSED LOOP TRANSMITTANCE OF
PLL
%SYSTEM TYPE NUMBER = 2;
%THETAo/THETAi
a = 3.15
zeta = sqrt((pi*kv*kd)/(2*a))
omegan = sqrt(2*pi*kv*kd*a)
g21 = [tf([2*zeta*omegan omegan^2],[1 2*zeta*omegan omegan^2])]
[y21 t] = lsim(g21,u,t)
Subplt(3,2,4)
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plot(t,y21)
xlabel('TIME IN SECONDS')
ylabel('AMPLITUDE')
title('STEP RESPONSE OF SECOND ORDER CLOSED LOOP TRANSMITTANCE OF PLL')
%STEP RESPONSE OF THE SECOND ORDER CLOSED LOOP ERROR
TRANSMITTANCE OF PLL
%SYSTEM TYPE NUMBER = 2;
%THETAe/THETAi
g22 = [tf([1 0 0],[1 2*zeta*omegan omegan^2])]
[y22 t] = lsim(g22,u,t)
Subplot(3,2,5)
plot(t,y22)
xlabel('TIME IN SECONDS')
ylabel('AMPLITUDE')
title('STEP RESPONSE OF SECOND ORDER CLOSED LOOP ERROR TRANSMITTANCE
OF PLL')
%STEP RESPONSE OF THE SECOND ORDER CLOSED LOOP TRANSMITTANCE OF
PLL
%BETWEEN VCO AND INPUT SIGNAL PHASE
%SYSTEM TYPE NUMBER = 2;
%V2/THETAi

g23 = [tf([kd kd*a 0],[1 2*pi*kv*kd 2*pi*kv*kd*a])]

[y23 t] = lsim(g23,u,t)
Subplot(3,2,6)
plot(t,y23)
xlabel('TIME IN SECONDS')
ylabel('AMPLITUDE')
title('STEP RESPONSE OF SECOND ORDER CLOSED LOOP TRANSMITTANCE B/W
VCO AND INPUT PHASE')
Phase Locked Loop (Pll) Output:
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Result: Phase locked loop is verified using MATLAB.

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10. AGC CHARACTERISTICS

a.Using MATLAB Simulink

Aim: To study the principle of an Automatic Gain Control circuit and its performance
characteristics.
Apparatus:
1.Personal Computer
2.MATLAB communication tool box
Procedure :
1.Open MATLAB.
2.Open new model from MATLAB simulink.
3.Connect the blocks as per Block diagram from Simulink Library Browser.
4.Then go for start simulation key on the top of the screen.
5.To see the waveforms go for scope from the sinks of the library.
Algorithm:
1.Select input signal
2.Select lowpass filter ,multipler& comparator
Block Diagram:

Source Block Parameters:

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Output:

Viva:

1.Define AGC?

2.Give difference between delayed AGC & simple AGC?

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Result: Thus the characteristics of AGC is verified.

11.SPECTRUM ANALYZER

Using MATLAB

Aim: To verify the spectrum of AM and FM signals using spectrum analyzer.

Apparatus:
1. Personal computer.

2. MATLAB Software with communication toolbox

Algorithm:
Step-1:Initialize message signal& carrier signal amplitude& frequencies.
Step-2:Plot message signal &carrier signals
Step-3:Perform amplitude modulation& then converting into frequency domain.
Step-4: Perform DSBSC modulation& then converting into frequency domain.
Step-3: Perform SSBSC modulation& then converting into frequency domain.

Program:
%program of spectrum analyzer and analysis of am and fm signals
close all
clear all
clc
Fs = 100; %sampling frq
t = [0:2*Fs+1]'/Fs;
Fc = 10; % Carrier frequency
x = sin(2*pi*2*t); % message signal
Ac=1;
% compute spectra of am
xam=ammod(x,Fc,Fs,0,Ac);
zam = fft(xam);
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zam = abs(zam(1:length(zam)/2+1));
frqam = [0:length(zam)-1]*Fs/length(zam)/2;
Subplot(2,2,1)
Plot(frqam,zam)
title(spectrum of AM signal)
% compute spectra of dsbsc
ydouble = ammod(x,Fc,Fs,0,0);
zdouble = fft(ydouble);
zdouble = abs(zdouble(1:length(zdouble)/2+1));
frqdouble = [0:length(zdouble)-1]*Fs/length(zdouble)/2;
% compute spectra of ssb
ysingle = ssbmod(x,Fc,Fs,0,'upper');
zsingle = fft(ysingle);

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zsingle = abs(zsingle(1:length(zsingle)/2+1));
frqsingle = [0:length(zsingle)-1]*Fs/length(zsingle)/2;
Subplot(2,2,3)
Plot(frqsingle,zsingle);
title('Spectrum of ssb signal');
% spectrum of fm
xfm=fmmod(x,Fc,Fs,10);
zfm = fft(xfm);
zfm = abs(zfm(1:length(zfm)/2+1));
frqfm = [0:length(zfm)-1]*Fs/length(zfm)/2;
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(frqfm,zfm);
title('Spectrum of fm signal');

Output:

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Viva:

1.Define LSB?

2.Draw AM spectrum?

3.Draw FM spectrum?

Result: Thus AM&FM spectrum is verified.

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12.SSB Modulation

Using MATLAB Simulink

Aim: To verify the SSB modulation using MATLAB simulink.

Apparatus:
1. Personal Computer
2. MATLAB with communication tool box.
Procedure :
1. Open MATLAB.
2. Open new model from MATLAB simulink.
3. Connect the blocks as per Block diagram from Simulink Library Browser.
4. Then go for start simulation key on the top of the screen.
5. To see the waveforms go for scope from the sinks of the library.
Block Diagram:

Source Block Parameters:

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Output:

Message signal:

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Carrier signal:

DSBSC:

SSBSC:

Result: Characterstics of SSB verified using MATLAB Simulink.

12.SSB Modulation

Using MATLAB

Aim: To verify the SSB modulation using MATLAB.

Apparatus:
1. Personal computer.

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2. MATLAB Software with communication toolbox.

Algorithm:
Step-1:Initialize message signal& carrier signal amplitudes ,frequencies.
Step-2:Plot message signal &carrier signals
Step-3: Plot SSB signal using standard equation
Procedure :
1. Open MATLAB.
2. Open new m-file.
3. Type the Program.
4. Save in the Current Directory.
5. Compile and run the program.
6. For the output waveform, see figure window.

Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=0:0.001:1;
am=input('amplitude of msg=');
ac=input('amplitude of carrier=');
fm=input('frequency msg=');
fc=input('frequency carrier=');
sm=am*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,sm);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('MESSAGE SIGNEL');
grid on;
sc=ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,sc);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('CARRIER SIGNEL');
grid on;
ssb=sin(2*pi*(fc-fm)*t)
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,ssb);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('SSBSC SIGNEL');
grid on;
r = ssb.*sc;
subplot(4,1,4);
[b a] = butter(1,0.00001);
mr= filter(b,a,r);
plot(t,mr);
title('demodulated output');

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Input:

amplitude of msg=1

amplitude of carrier=3

frequency msg=10

frequency carrier=20

Output:

Viva:

1.Define SSB modulation?

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2.What are the drawbacks of DSBSC modulation?

3.What are the generation techniques of DSBSC modulation?

Result: SSB modulation using MATLAB is verified.

13. FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

& DE MULTIPLEXING
Using MATLAB

Aim: To study the frequency division Multiplexing and De multiplexing Techniques.

Apparatus:
1. Personal computer.
2. MTLAB Software with communication tool box.
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Algorithm:
Step-1:Generate two signals
Step-2:Write code for FDM
Step-3: Write code for Frequency division demultiplexing

Program:
close all
clear all
clc
Fs = 100; % sampling freq
t = [0:2*Fs+1]'/Fs;
x1 = sin(2*pi*2*t); % signal 1 signal
subplot(7,1,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel(time);
ylabel(Amplitude);
title(signal1);
z1 = fft(x1);
z1=abs(z1);
subplot(7,1,2);
plot(t,z1);
xlabel(Frequency);
ylabel(Magnitude);
title(Spectrum of signal1);
x2 = sin(2*pi*10*t); % signal 2 signal
subplot(7,1,3);
plot(t,x2);
xlabel(time);
ylabel(Amplitude);
title(Signal2);
z2 = fft(x2);
z2=abs(z2);
subplot(7,1,4);
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plot(t,z2);
xlabel(Frequency);
ylabel(Magnitude);
title(Spectrum of signal2);
% freqency multiplexing
z=z1+z2;
subplot(7,1,5);
plot(z);
xlabel(Frequency);
ylabel(Magnitude);
title(freqyency multiplexed signal);
%frequency demultiplexeg
f1=[ones(10,1); zeros(182,1);ones(10,1)];%applying filter for signal 1
dz1=z.*f1;
d1 = ifft(dz1);
subplot(7,1,6)
plot(t*100,d1);
title(Recovered signal1);
f2=[zeros(10,1); ones(182,1);zeros(10,1)];% applying filter for signal 2
dz2=z.*f2;
d2 = ifft(dz2);
subplot(7,1,7)
plot(t*100,d2);
title('recovered signal 2');xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');

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Output:

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Viva:

1.Define Multiplexing?

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2.Define frequncy division multiplexing?

3. .Define frequncy division multiplexing?

Result: Frequency division Multiplexing and De multiplexing Techniques is verified.

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