CN#10 FORMULATING EVALUATIVE STATEMENTS

EXPLICIT INFORMATION- Clearly Stated (Direct)

EXAMPLE: I Love You
IMPLICIT INFORMATION- Implied, suggested (Indirect)
EXAMPLE: I think of you every day

Claim is the main argument and is the main thesis statement. It asserts facts based on one’s
understanding about a particular topic or issue.

The claim is the position being taken in the argument – the thesis.

● A claim is the main argument of an essay. It is probably the single most

important part of an academic paper. The complexity, effectiveness, and quality
of the entire paper hinges on the claim.
● A claim persuades, argues, convinces, proves, or provocatively suggests
something to a reader who may or may not initially agree with you.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CLAIM

1. A claim should be argumentative and debatable. (Example: men are better in math than
women.)
2. A claim should be specific and focused.
3. A claim should be interesting and engaging.
4. A claim should be logical. It should result from reasonable weighing of support provided.

Three types of claims:

Claims of fact - attempt to establish that something is or is not the case.

Claims of value - attempt to establish the overall worth, merit, or importance of
something.
Claims of policy - attempt to establish, reinforce, or change a course of action.

Counterclaim is the opposite of the claim. It is a statement that contradicts one’s claim and is
usually proven and supported by both reasons and evidence.

Counterclaim sometimes called the “counterargument”.

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CONTEXT
 The time or period the text was written
 What circumstances produced the text?
  Issues the text tackles o deals with

INTERTEXTUALITY/INTERTEXT

INTER - means used to form meaning between or among groups of people, things or places.
TEXT - the written words in a book or a magazine.

ACCORDING TO JULIA KRISTEV - A literary work is not simply the product of a single author, but of its
relationship to other texts and to the structures of language itself. (THERE ARE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG
TEXTS.)
Example:
Pinocchio and Honesto
Taylor swift’s song “Love story” makes intertextual references to Romeo and Juliet and The Scarlet
Letter; “Cause you were Romeo, I was a scarlet letter And my daddy said stay away from Juliet”

INTERTEXT – it refers to the development of a texts’ meaning through another text. It shows
interconnection between similar or related works of literature in terms of language, images, characters,
themes, or subject/topic.

HYPERTEXT
2 TYPES OF READING

 LINEAR TEXT – There is only one reading path, which is decided by the author. Ex. All printed
material.
 NON-LINEAR TEXT- There are multiple reading paths, they are determined by the reader.

HYPERTEXT-

 Hyper(excessive)
 is something beyond text more than simple, plain or ordinary text.
 according to Nelson (1987) described hypertext as a series of chunks connected by links that
offer readers different pathways.
 When you type a word and attach a link to that word so that upon clicking on the word, the
reader is sent to the site attached.
 Hypertext is non linear documents by clicking on hot spots in the text. The readers
immediately transported to related material in the document.

Note:
Hypertext - text only
Hypermedia - not just a text but also images, sounds. Animation or videos.
Multimedia - linking images, sounds, and text.

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FORMULATING EVALUATIVE STATEMENTS

 Assertion is a stylistic approach or technique involving a strong declaration, a forceful or
confident and positive statement regarding a belief or a fact. Often, it is without proof or
any support.

Assertion is an honest and appropriate expression of one’s feelings, opinions, and needs.

A way to convince a critical reader to accept the writer’s claim is to formulate assertions.
Assertions, as defined by Tiongson (2016), are

― declarative sentences that claim something is true about something else.

These sentences may either be statements of truths or opinions. There are four common types
of assertion enumerated by Tiongson.
Tiongson’s Types of Assertion

Statement of Fact - This is a statement that can be proven objectively by direct

experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research.

2. Statement of Opinion - Opinions are based on facts, but are difficult to objectively verify
because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness.

3. Statement of Convention - A convention is a way in which something is done, similar to

traditions and norms. Conventions depend on historical precedent, laws, rules, usage, and
customs.

4. Statement of Preference - Preferences are based on personal choice; therefore, they are
subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked.

- Discuss also words or phrases that give clue when you are identifying statement of fact,
opinion, preference or convention.
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Counterclaim is the opposite of the claim. It is a statement that contradicts one’s claim and is
usually proven and supported by both reasons and evidence.

Counterclaim sometimes called the “counterargument”.

Arguments are claims backed by reasons that are supported by evidence.

Argumentation is a social process of two or more people making arguments, responding to

one another not simply restating the same claims and reasons, and modifying or defending their
positions accordingly.

The purpose of an argument is to convince and persuade.

4 Elements in an Argument
Claim - main argument
Counterclaim - opposite of claim/negating the claim.
Reason - tells why a claim is made
Evidence - the facts or research to support the claim and reason.
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Textual Evidence - refers to any proof of an argument, a claim, a counterclaim, a

contention, or an assertion cited in the text leading to a conclusion.

Textual evidence is defined as the details given by the author in order to support his/her claims.
It reveals the position of the writer and makes the reading more interesting

Why do you need to determine textual evidence?

● Evidence I required both in writing and daily conversations.

● To evaluate the authors argument

Different Ways to Present Textual Evidence in Writings

1. Paraphrasing - Restatement of a text using your own words.

2. Summarizing - Stating the text in a shorter way without missing the relevant details to
support the idea.
3. Referencing - Mentioning a specific section in the text.
4. Quoting - Directly restating a part of the text

EVIDENCE – DECISION – The need to answer questions after reading texts and sharing our
ideas enables us to review to what we have read and derive evidence from it to prove that we
are not merely manufacturing our thoughts.

WHAT CAN YOU INCLUDE IN EVIDENCE?

a. Facts and Statistics

b. Opinion from Experts
c. Personal Anecdotes

3 IMPORTANT WAYS OF GENERATING TEXTUAL EVIDENCE :

a. Quotation – getting the information from the text word-for-word

b. Paraphrasing – rephrasing in your own words. Not copying word-for-word.
c. Summarizing – shortening the text by just stating the main idea of the text.

STEPS IN MAKING TEXTUAL EVIDENCE:

- Point
- Evidence
- Explanation
- Link

ACADEMIC WRITINGS – A style practiced or used by teachers and students as they produced
educational materials.

PROFESSIONAL WRITINGS – Professional Writings or Business Writings is a style used in a

workplace.

Academic writing is used in most cases to teach someone how to write or to teach them how
to expand their writing. While professional writing already taking you have learned and
applying it to real life scenarios.

Book Review / Article Review - a formal paper that works to describe, analyze, and
evaluate, a particular sources as well as to provide detailed evidence to support this analysis,
and evaluation.
- It explains how the book compares to other works similar topics or illuminates the contribution
the book makes to our understanding of a historical topic.

BOOK REPORT – analyzing a book, personal opinion.

BOOK REVIEW – tends to focus on summarizing the work that you read. Asking you to move
beyond personal likes and dislikes.

1. A review will offer a concise plot summary of the book

2. A book review will offer an evaluation of the work.
3. A book review will offer a recommendation for the audience.

EXPECTATIONS OF THE READERS:

1. A review will offer a concise plot summary of the book

2. A book review will offer an evaluation of the work.
3. A book review will offer a recommendation for the audience.
ARTICLE CRITIQUE – an assignment that requires a student to critically read a research article
and reflect upon it. The key task is to identify the strong and weak sides of the piece and
assess how well the author interprets its sources.

ARTICLE CRITIQUE:

- Is there evidence of bias or a conflict of interest?

- Is the article timely and relevant or is it outdated?
- Did the author/s ground their research in theory and previous literature?

PROJECT PROPOSAL – A project

proposal is the initial framework for
establishing the concept of the project
and includes what you want to accomplish,
an explanation of objectives, and plans for
achieving them. Also called as Concept Paper.
- A proposal contains proposed solution to an identified problem. Writing a proposal entails
audience analysis simply because you as a writer must identify your best argument strategy in
order to win over the approval readers.

TYPES OF PROJECT PROPOSAL:

Internal Project – If you write a proposal to someone within your organization (a business,
government agency, etc.), It is an internal proposal.

External Project – It responds to a specific request from someone who is not within the
company. (Independent organization or individual)

BASIC PROJECT PROPOSAL OUTLINE:

SECTION 1: Project Information – This section intends to provide a high level picture of the
project as well as convey the most critical project details. (Includes Name of the Organization,
Project Title, Project Start and End Date, Duration)

SECTION 2: Project Summary – The goal of this section is to present the reasons for doing
this project as well as stating all of the objectives.
Project Objectives use this section of the proposal to explicitly list the goals that the project is
trying to achieve.

SECTION 3: Project Methodology – the project methodology of a proposal is where you detail
for how the objectives mentioned in the previous section will be achieved.

To start, outline the methodology being used, the population being addressed, and
establish the process for reaching your objectives.

SECTION 4: Project Contsection – This section is dedicated to estimating the overall cost of
the proposed project.

SECTION 5: Project Conclusion – Intends to be a brief review of all the points already
discussed. This is also the final moment to prove you have adequately researched all solutions
and your proposed method is the best.

SECTION 6: Appendix – This section is dedicated to any additional chart, graphs, images, or
reports, that were cited in the proposal.

POSITION PAPER – A position paper presents an arguable opinion about an issue. The
goal of a position paper is to convince the audience that your opinion is valid and worth listening
to. Ideas that you are considering need to be carefully examined in choosing a topic, developing
your argument, and organizing your paper.

POSITION PAPER:
- Presents a strong opinion about an issue
- Revolves around an arguable topic
- Offers well researched evidence supporting your arguments
- Provides counterarguments and refutes them
- Convinces the audience to take your position
1. INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH:
I. Hook the reader with Stats, Numbers, or Facts
II. Introduce the Issue
III. Include a Thesis Statement presenting your central idea and stand on the problem.
2. COUNTER ARGUMENT(S)
I. Presents counterclaim
II. Offer evidences that backs up counteraguments
III. Refute the counter arguments using examples
3. ARGUMENTS :
I. Introduce the first point
a. Strong Opinion
b. Supporting examples
II. Assert the second poiny
a. Strong opinion
b. Supporting examples
III. State the third point
a. Strong opinion
b. Supporting examples

4. CONCLUSION PARAGRAPH
I. Restate your main claim
II. Offer a course of action

PROFESSIONAL WRITING – professional writing is any type of written communication

done specifically in a professional but non-academic context; it is often applied in business
and technical writing.

- Main purpose is to inform and persuade

- Uses business English and a more professional tone
- Professional writing addresses a particular need, follows a standard structure and format,
conveys business and technical content to specific audience.
- It is also objective, unemotional, accurate, concise, and straightforward.
- In terms of mechanics, bars the use of emoticon, contractions, and unnecessary exclamation
point.
- It does not require great number of citations; few relevant ones may be sufficient.
PROFESSIONAL WRITING:
MEMO – It is a kind of professional writing that serves as the internal means of communication
of a company. It is usually a brief message sent to the concerned personnel to inform them
about any new information, such as a change in policy or procedure.
BUSINESS LETTER – This is a correspondence between companies and individuals like
applicants, customers, or clients. It is written in formal language and style and usually on
stationery that includes the official letterhead of a company. Also, it has explicit purpose.
RESUME – This brief document contains information of the skills and professional
background person seeking a job. It includes a person’s educational attainment and work
experience. It encourage an employer to invite the applicant to an interview.
FUNCTIONS OF RESUME:
- It informs the employer of the skills that you can bring to the company
- It shows how qualified you are for the job.
- If functions as persuasive document which allows you to proceed to the next stage of the
recruitment process, which is the interview.