REVIEWER IN READING AND WRITING SKILLS QUARTER 4

HYPERTEXT

Hypertext is a non-linear way to present information and is usually

accomplished using “links”.

Hypertext is the foundation of the World Wide Web enabling users to click on
the link to obtain more information on a subsequent page on the same site
or from a website anywhere in the world.

INTERTEXT

Intertextuality refers to the phenomenon of one text referencing, quoting, or

alluding to another text. It is the interplay and interconnectedness between
different texts, where the meaning of one text is shaped or influenced by its
relationship with other texts.

An author or poet may use references directly or indirectly. They might use a
reference to create additional layers of meaning or make a point or place
their work within a particular framework.

A writer could also use a reference to create humour, highlight an inspiration

or even create a reinterpretation of an existing work.

PASTISCHE – It describes a work done in the style or a combination of styles

from a certain movement or era. It is a work of literature that imitates or
borrows from another literary work, usually one that is more well-known.
Unlike parody, pastiche is intended as a celebration and/or homage.

 It intends to pay tribute and give respect to a particular work.

CALQUE - It is a word for word, direct translation from one language to

another that may or may not change the meaning slightly. These are always
obligatory or optional.

CRITICAL READING AND REASONING

 Critical reading is a more active way of reading. It is a deeper and

more complex engagement with a text. It is a process of analyzing,
interpreting, and, sometimes, evaluating. When we read critically, we
use our critical thinking skills to question both the text and our own
reading of it.

REASONING

 Reasoning is an act of giving statements for justification and

explanation. It is the ability of someone to defend something by giving
out reasons justifying a stand based on prior and existing knowledge
and experiences needed to arrive at a decision. Critical reading
involves presenting a reasoned argument that evaluates and analyses
what you have read.
  It is the process of expressing ideas and opinions as well as justifying a
stand based on prior and existing knowledge and experiences needed
to arrive at a decision.

TECHNIQUES IN DEVELOPING REASONING

 Dare to read every day. Citing relevant ideas of experts and authorities
in reading materials helps strengthen one’s stance on an issue.

 Learn to focus on the main ideas (explicit or implied) and support

details mentioned in the argument.

 Examine the pros and cons of your argument/ resolution. This will help
you weave the flow of your thoughts.

 Organize your thoughts. Arrange ideas either in chronological order or

by emphasis to specific or vice versa.
 Note points for improvement. After having justified an issue, recheck
your stand based on your power to convince the reader/audience.
Moreover, make practice a habit, so that you become conscious of
becoming better every time you reason out.
 When you analyze a text, you want your readers to know what the
author says rather than merely your interpretation of the author's
ideas. This means that you quote, paraphrase, and/or summarize the
author's words to support your points.

 Implicit refers to something that is suggested or implied but not ever

clearly said

 Explicit means communicating directly in a clear and exact way

CHARACTERISTICS OF A CRITICAL READER

 A critical reader...

 does not believe everything he reads

 questions everything which doesn’t make sense to him

 questions some things even though they do make sense to him.

 rereads when he thinks he may have missed something.

 consider the type of material he is reading before deciding how much

weight to give to it

 admits that the effect on him of what the author says may be caused
more by the author’s style of writing than by the facts presented

 analyzes arguments

 discounts arguments based on faulty reasoning

EVALUATIVE STATEMENT AND TEXTUAL EVIDENCE

 It is a statement that states one's sound judgment about something

through writing which is supported by reasons and evidence.
 It also presents the strengths and weaknesses of something based on a
set of criteria that needs to be factual, substantial, and unbiased.
 Evaluative statements can be used to show opinions, judgments, and
points of view in a clear concise manner.
  An evaluative statement is one that makes a statement about what is
good or bad, or right or wrong, or what ought or ought not to be done.

HOW TO WRITE AN EVALUATIVE STATEMENT?

 When you are formulating your opinion on a matter, it is vital that you
have all the knowledge to hand in before you decide. This means
researching the topic in detail and being able to adjust any thoughts of
any preconceived ideas that you may have.
 It is also vital to understand the difference between fact and opinion
when you are conducting research. Understand that a writer’s phrases
affect your view, so understand the content of what you are reading
before you make your mind up.
 You need to look at arguments from both sides or from a different
angle before you start to form your own well-developed and open-
minded conclusion.
 When writing your evaluative statement, keep in mind your target
audience. Ensuring you know your audience’s demographics is key to
being able to help you gain what you need from them.

ASSERTION

 Assertions are declarative sentences that give one’s belief about

something else as if it is true though it may not be.
 It is expressed as an argument. Usually, these assertions contain
languages that express evaluation such as useful, significant,
important, insightful, detailed, up-to-date, comprehensive, practical,
impressive, etc.
 Asserting is the act of claiming that something is the case. We make
assertions to share information, coordinate our actions, defend
arguments, and communicate our beliefs and desires.
 An assertion is a sentence or phrase that conveys an opinion, belief, or
idea. It is used to make an argument or to support a claim within a
text. Assertions are often used to introduce topics, express opinions,
and draw conclusions. They are also used to connect ideas, create
structure, and explain relationships between facts and evidence.

 TYPES OF ASSERTION
 Opinion assertions – these are statements about a particular topic that
convey an opinion.
 Factual assertions – these are statements that present information that
is believed to be true.
 Analytical assertions – these are statements that analyze data and
evidence to draw conclusions.
 Value assertions – these are statements that reflect a person’s beliefs
or values.

 COUNTERCLAIM
 Counterclaim is the opposing point of view to one’s thesis and is also
known as the counterargument. The counterclaim is always
accompanied by a refutation, sometimes referred to as a rebuttal.

 TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
 Textual evidence is verified text that has been collected from the
original source or document that supports a thesis or an argument

 Common Methods in Incorporating Textual Evidence into Your

Text
 Quotation - is anything from a word to several sentences taken word-
for-word from the original source and enclosed in quotation marks
 Paraphrase - is rephrasing in your own voice and sentence structure of
one portion of the original source and is about the same length as the
original sentence or sentences you are paraphrasing
 Summary - is shorter than the original source and gives the text’s
central idea in your own words

 REVIEW ALSO THE FOLLOWING:

 a. Book Review or Article Critique

 b. Literature Review

 c. Research Report

 d. Project Proposal

POSITION PAPER

 is a composition that highlights an opinion of an author or specified

entity about an issue. As a debate, it presents one side of an arguable
opinion and persuades the readers or audience that the author has a
well-founded knowledge about the issue.

 In writing the Position Paper, your goal as a writer is not only to state
and defend your position on the issue but also to show how your
stance relates to other positions.

 AFTER CHOOSING THE ARGUMENT TO TAKE, YOU MUST

PRESENT RELEVANT SUPPORTING EVIDENCE LIKE:

 1. Factual knowledge, which is valid and verifiable information

 2. Statistical inferences, which are conclusions drawn from data

gathered

 3. Informed opinions, which are based on knowledge of facts and

carefully considered principle, and rely on evidence instead of limited
personal experience

 4. Personal testimony, which are personal or first-hand experience of

the writer or knowledgeable party

 COMPONENTS OF A POSITION PAPER

1. Introduction- identifies the issue that will be discussed and states the
author’s position on that issue.

A. Introduce your topic with background information

B. Build up your thesis statement which asserts your position
• Fast food restaurants are bad for our health.
• Fast food packages should contain warning labels.
 2. Body - contains the central argument and can be further broken up
into sections:

A. Possible objections to your position (counter argument)

• Whose job is it to determine which restaurants are bad?

• Such labels would affect the profits of major corporations.

B. A discussion of both sides of the issue, which addresses and refutes

arguments that contradict the author’s position (your argument)

• It would be difficult and expensive for any entity to determine which

restaurants should adhere to the policy.

• Nobody wants to see the government overstepping its boundaries.

C. Explain that your position is still the best one, despite the strength of

counter arguments. This is where you can work to discredit some of the
counterarguments and support your own.

• Restaurants might improve the standards of food if warning labels were

put into place.

• The role of the government is to keep citizens safe.

3. Conclusion– restating the key points and when applicable, suggest

resolution to the issue (Thoughtco 2020).

A. restate your position

B. Provide Plan of Action

BOOK REVIEW – It describes and evaluates a work of fiction or nonfiction

and offers the book’s overall purpose, structure, and style of narration to
the unknown readers.

RESEARCH REPORT – It provides the key question that the researcher is

attempting to answer and a review of any literature that is relevant.

PARTS OF RESEARCH REPORT

 The IMRaD structure for a research paper, an acronym

for Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion, is a
common and effective way to organize scientific and academic
writing, ensuring clarity and comprehensiveness.

Project Proposal - a document that outlines a proposed project,

detailing its objectives, scope, approach, and expected outcomes, aiming
to persuade stakeholders to approve and fund the project. It follows
IMRaD format.

Related Studies – It contains various citations and collection of

resources.

Research Instrument – considered as the most important section. IT

allws readers to evaluate the quality of research. Provides the details by
which another researcher may replicate and validate the findings.
 A. RESUMÉ

 A resumé is a one-page summary of your credentials, skills, work, and

school experiences.

 It is a document commonly used in the hiring process. It includes

information about your background and qualifications and should
communicate the most important, relevant information about you to
employers in a clear, easy-to-read format.

 The goal is to quickly communicate why you are uniquely qualified for
the position based on your skills and experiences.

 HOW TO CREATE A PROFESSIONAL RESUMÉ

 1. Start by choosing the right resumé format

 A “format” is the style and order in which you display information on

your resume. There are three commonly used resumé formats you can
choose from depending on which is right for you: chronological (or
reverse-chronological), functional, or a combination.

 1.1. A chronological resume format places the professional history

section first and is a good option if you have a rich professional work
history with no gaps in employment.
1.2. The functional resume format emphasizes the skills section and
is a good option if you are switching industries or have some gaps in
your work history.

Skills

Process Streamlining

Created customer service email scripts used across the company to

interact with customers. Single-handedly created a customer service
representative training manual, reducing the onboarding process from
8 to 6 weeks. Reduced average customer representative call time by
90 seconds with intuitive online training.

Complete Resolution

Answered an average of 50+ calls per day from unsatisfied customers

related to delays in shipment, order mistakes, and lost orders.
Achieving 97% average customer satisfaction rating, surpassing team
goal by 12%.

Service-based Selling

Consistently exceeded application targets by 10%+ with innovative up-

selling techniques. Pioneer development of improved system for
following up with unsatisfied customers, reducing customer churn by
6%.
 1.3. The combination resume format is a good option if you have
some professional experience, where both skills and work history are
equally important.

2. Include your name and contact information

 Your resume should begin with your name and contact information,
including your email address and phone number.

 You have a choice about whether to include your mailing address. Your
name should be highly visible at the top of your resume with a bold or
larger font than the rest of the document, but no more than a 14-point
size. You might also include a link to your online portfolio if you are
applying for creative positions, for example.

 3. Add a resume summary or objective

 After your contact information, you have the option to include either a
resume summary or objective statement.

 An objective statement quickly explains your career goals and is a

good choice for those with limited professional experience, such as
recent college or high school graduates.
 4. List your soft and hard skills

 Take a moment to consider which skills make you a great fit for the job.
Review the job description and highlight keywords that you have
proven success within the past. Consider both hard and soft skills, as
well as transferable skills you can use when changing careers or
industries.

 Create a skills section with the keywords that are relevant to the
employer. List any required skills like certifications or licenses first.

 5. List your professional history with keywords

 Write your professional history section in reverse-chronological order.

Start with your most recent job and provide a short description,
including the company name, time period in which you were employed,
your job title and a few key achievements during your time at the
company.
 You might also include relevant learnings or growth opportunities you
experienced while employed there.
 When listing your professional history, you should keep a few best
practices in mind:
 Use numbers to measure your impact, when possible. Including specific
numerical achievements can help employers understand your direct
potential value to their company.
 Example: “Developed new process for requesting supplies, reducing
fulfillment time by 10%.”

 Use keywords from the job description. Similar to your skills section,
you should also include information from the job description in your job
history bullets. For example, if the job description mentions the
importance of meeting sales quotas, you could include information
about how you’ve met or exceeded quotas in past roles.
 Example: “Achieved goal of reaching 250% annual sales quota,
winning sales MVP two quarters in a row.”

 Be brief. Employers have mere seconds to review your resume, so you

should keep your descriptions as concise and relevant as possible. Try
removing filler words like “and” and “the.” You should also list key
achievements instead of multiple lines describing your role.
 Use action verbs. Make a stronger impact by using action verbs to
describe your professional achievements. Some examples include
“developed,” “saved,” “drove” and “managed.”

 6. Include an education section

 An education section will be especially valuable if you have limited
work experience (such as recent college or high school graduates) or if
you are transferring to a new industry.
 You can include information such as:

1. Relevant coursework
2. Grade point average (if above 3.5)
3. Participation in clubs or organizations
4. Leadership positions held
5. Awards, achievements or certifications
 If you have certifications or licenses that are relevant to the job
description, you can include them in this section as well. To save
 space, you can leave off any credentials that are not directly related
to the requirements of this job.
 . Consider adding optional sections
 If you have significant white space on your resume, consider adding
an achievement or interest section. This can help supplement a
shorter resume, especially for those with limited work and
educational experience. Make sure the achievements and interests
you list support your career goals and are relevant to potential
employers

8. FORMAT YOUR RESUME

While the layout of your resume is important, you should also take
time to pay attention to formatting details like font style, font size,
margins and spacing. Formatting your resume can make it look
clean, professional and improve readability. This is key when
attempting to keep an employer’s attention.
Here are a few key tips that can help make your resume look
polished:

 Make your font between 10- and 12-point size.

 Select a font that is clean and easy to read like Arial or Helvetica;
avoid stylized fonts.
 Make sure your margins are 1 to 1.5 inches.
 Make your name and section headers bold or slightly bigger in font
size (no more than 14 points).
 Use bullet points when listing several different pieces of
information, like under your education and professional history
sections.
 If your resume is more than one page, review for ways to
consolidate or shorten each section by removing filler words or
extraneous information. Two pages may be acceptable if you are
applying for high-level positions or industries like health care or
academia.

10. Tailor your resume for each position

 It’s important to revise your resume to tailor it to each position you

apply for. For each job, adjust the keywords in the skills section so that
it’s a great fit for what the employer needs. You should also change
what you emphasize in the professional history and educational
experiences sections depending on what’s listed in the job description.

BUSINESS LETTER

 In business, a letter is simply any type of correspondence sent

between two parties.

 There are different types of business letters including College

Admission Letter and Employment Application Letter.

 College Admission Letter is also known as the "letter of intent". It is

a brief discussion of your intention to be admitted on a specific course
in college.

 Employment Application Letter is widely known as a "cover letter".

It is used to introduce yourself to a prospective employer. You write this
to demonstrate your interest in the company, sell your services and
 qualifications in written form, and show that you are fit for a job
position. It is usually submitted with a resume.

PARTS BUSINESS LETTER

1. Letterhead or Heading

 Most professional business correspondence is printed on a letterhead

template. A letterhead contains the company name, address and
contact information.
 An individual may also create a letterhead that contains his name and
personal contact information. While some individuals may choose not
to create a formal letterhead, it is always necessary to include a
header with the sender’s information.
2. Date

 Simply put, the date is the day the letter is sent. The most commonly
used date format is: August 6, 2018. Do not abbreviate the month and
always include all four digits of the year.

3. Inside Address

 This is the address of the recipient. If applicable, the first line in the
address block should include the recipient’s name and title, and the
second line should state the recipient’s company or business. The third
and fourth lines are designated for the actual address.

4. Greetings or Salutation

 Different circumstances determine which salutation or greeting is most

appropriate. Use “Dear” when the recipient’s name or title is known.
Examples include “Dear Mr. Doe” or “Dear Sales Director.” When the
name or title is unknown, use “To Whom It May Concern.” Always
punctuate the salutation of a business letter with a colon (:) instead of
a comma.

5. Body

 The body is the longest part of a letter and is usually divided into three
subcategories: introduction, main content and summary.

 The introductory paragraph states the purpose of the letter.

 The main content conveys all necessary detailed information and has
no set length requirements.

 The last paragraph summarizes the information provided, restates the

letter intent and offers either instructions or an inquiry regarding
follow-up correspondence

6. Complimentary Close

 The complimentary close is a word or short phrase that basically

means “goodbye.” “Sincerely yours” is the most common closing
remark. Others include “cordially,” “best wishes,” and “best regards.”

 The complimentary close can vary in degrees of formality and is

dependent upon the relationship between the sender and recipient.

7. Signature
  In letters that are sent via email, the signature is simply the sender’s
name and title typed immediately below the complimentary close.
When a letter is mailed, faxed or hand-delivered, however, there
should be a large enough space below the closing and above the typed
name and title for the sender to provide her with her written signature.

BUSINESS LETTER FORMATS

1. Block Format

The most common layout of a business letter is known as block format.

Using this format, the entire letter is left justified and single spaced except
for a double space between paragraphs.

2. Modified Block

 Another widely utilized format is known as modified block format. In

this type, the body of the letter and the sender's and recipient's
addresses are left justified and single-space. However, for the date and
closing, tab to the center point and begin to type.

3. Semi-Block

 The final, and least used, style is semi-block. It is much like the
modified block style except that each paragraph is indented instead of
left justified.