Development

[11] Studies
MODULE 5: Women in
Development

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOL
 MODULE 5: WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT
-select one of the women’s
organisations in Botswana
TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES and evaluate its role and
Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to: effectiveness;
Women in Development Develop an understanding -discuss the role of women in
and appreciation of the role traditional societies with -explain the role of women in
of women in development. reference to labour, food the formal and informal
production, arable farming, sectors of the economy;
animal husbandry and family
welfare; -account for the disparity in
the wealth distribution
-discuss the impact of between women and men in
traditional values, customs Botswana;
and practices, taboos and
myth on women’s position in -discuss women’s problems
society; in Botswana and suggest
possible solutions.
-assess the impact of
colonialism on the position of
women in society in relation
to education, land WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT
entitlement, wages, labour,
migratory labour and EXPLANATION OF CONCEPTS
commercial farming;

-discuss issues relating to Women-female adult person

emerging roles of women
such as equal access to jobs, Man –male adult person
new policies, women oriented
schemes and female headed
households; Sex –the state of being female or male

-assess the role played by Gender –being feminine or masculine

women in the politics of
Southern Africa with specific Gender Equality-giving females the same treatment as males in the society.
reference to pre-
independence and post-
independence eras; Gender Discrimination-unfair treatment of someone based on sex.

-account for the emergence

and development of the
lobbyist, educational, legal
and welfarist women’s
organisations;

-examine the role of women’s

organisations in the
prevention of HIV/AIDS and
other communicable diseases;

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

 THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES ASSIGNMENTS: Discuss at least three traditional practices, values, taboos and
myths that have reduced the status of women to that of servitude in the society.
 Childbearing, this was among the main role that a woman played.
THE IMPACT OF COLONIALISM ON WOMEN
 Family welfare, she cared for the children, the elderly and the sick.
 Education, Europeans believed that women’s place was in the kitchen,
 Domestic work, women had to fetch water and firewood, cook and feed and that they had weak brains, therefore educating them was not a priority.
the family members. They
were also expected to sweep the compound, wash clothes for every Consequently, they remained ignorant about family planning and
member of the family. reproductive health. Girls were only given specific training for domestic
work, especially in the homes of the colonizers.
 Community work, they were involved in community projects such as
ceremonies like funerals and weddings and religious activities.  Land Entitlement, land was a communal property in pre-colonial
societies. The introduction of the right to individual ownership of land by
 Agricultural production, women were involved in weeding, harvesting the colonizers was not extended to women.
and storing crops. They also raised small livestock like chickens.
This impoverished many as they could not carry out any activity on the
THE IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL BELIEFS ON WOMEN’S POSITION IN land without permission from their male counterparts.
THE SOCIETY  Migratory labour, when men went to work outside in the mines and
farms in South Africa, their wives were not allowed to join them.

Women thus remained at home and assumed the roles previously done by
men. In most cases, decisions and thus had to wait for their husbands.
Marriages also broke up.

 Commercial farming, generally there was low agricultural productivity

since the able bodied men were absent.

However, women needed cash to purchase what they needed, and

sometimes pay for school fees. This forced some women to sell the
surplus from their fields for cash. Shortage of food resulted in malnutrition
and people were prone to diseases.
Fig.1

Leadership, women are thought to be less intelligent than men, therefore, leadership
positions were reserved for men only.

Consequently, most laws oppressed women, for example, no women could own
property, unless through their husbands or the sons.

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

 THE ROLE PLAYED BY WOMEN IN POLITICS IN SOUTHERN THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE FORMAL AND INFORMAL SECTORS
AFRICA
Explain the importance of any three activities that women carried out to fight The formal and informal sector today forms pillars of the Botswana economy.
for independence in Southern Africa (BGCSE paper 2-2019)
During the struggles and negotiations for independence and liberation women Women in Botswana have greatly contributed to the development of the country’s
participated as leaders of women’s wing of their organisations. economy through the formal and informal sectors.
THE FORMAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY
 In South Africa, women like Winnie Madigizela Mandela and Mrs.
R. Sobukwa led other women opposing apartheid laws. They In the formal sector women work or do modern activities such as accounting,
instigated other women to stage demonstrations. teaching, nursing and other professions both in the private and government
departments.
 In Zimbabwe, women formed 25% of the cadres of the Zimbabwe
African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) Most of the women are, however, found in low paying jobs.
 Women also cooked, fed and provided medication to the male
freedom fighters. They also repair cars and ammunition. In instances where both the men and the women do the same job they get the same
pay.
After independence, women participated fully in the development of their new
nations since they now had voting rights. The only problem arising in most cases is that not many women occupy senior
positions.
Today women are decision makers in parliament, cabinet, government institutions The formal sector is the part of the county’s economy that is organised by the
government and large firms.
and Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs).
It consists of modern activities such industries, business and commercial activities
THE EMERGING ROLES OF WOMEN and government agencies.

Women’s status has improved. Laws have been passed to ensure that women are not THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FORMAL SECTOR THE ECONOMY
oppressed or discriminated against.
- The workplace is up-to-date and in most cases permanent.
- The private companies pay tax to the government and run according to the
 Female-headed households state laws.
 Equal access to jobs - Workers get regular wages and are protected by the country’s laws.
 Training - Workers have written contracts with their employees.
 Entrepreneur activities - Employees are free to belong to trade unions.
 Agriculture - The jobs often require skill and training.
- Production is usually done on a large scale basis.
- Employees receive regular wages or salaries.
ASSIGNMENTS: Discuss freedoms enjoyed by today’s women under the - Complex technology is often used.
following: women oriented schemes, access to jobs, new policies and female
headed households. ASSIGNMENT: Discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of the formal
sector.

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

 THE INFORMAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INFORMAL AND FORMAL SECTORS
OF THE ECONOMY
The majority of women are found in the informal sector of the economy.
Here they operate tuck-shops, brew and sell beer, mend clothes, design clothes and - Informal sector is unregistered whilst the formal sector is registered or
do other things. documented or the owners hold licence to do it.
The jobs the women do here do not need any complicated skills, and as such even - Informal sector is unprotected by the law whilst the formal sector is
those with no or very little education can do them. protected by the law.
- Informal sector has flexible working hours whilst the formal sector has
The problem with the informal sector is that profits may take long to be achieved,
fixed working hours.
and therefore, requires somebody who has the patience to wait. - Informal sector uses simple technology whilst formal sector uses complex
This sector of the economy is not organised by individuals, and not the government technology
nor registered companies. - Informal sector is done on small scale whilst the formal sector is done on a
It consists of small, locally owned workshops and home factories, fruits, vegetable, large scale
clothes and jewellery markets, selling of firewood etc. - Informal sector is done in temporary shelters or in the open whilst formal
sector has permanent buildings
CHARACTERISTICS - In informal sector, workers use natural talents while in the formal sector
people are trained for the work
 The people are usually self-employed or provide service on small basis for - In the informal sector, taxes to the government are unpaid or ignored but
others. in the formal sector tax is paid
- In the informal sector, there is lack of trade unions but in the formal sector
 The wages are not guaranteed. trade union exist
- Wages in the informal sector are unguaranteed or irregular but in the
 The jobs and workers do not belong to trade unions. formal sector wages are regular/ guaranteed.

ASSIGNMENT: Discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of the informal THE PROBLEMS FACED BY THE INFORMAL SECTOR
sector.
- Lack of capital/small gain/profit
THE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS OF THE INFORMAL - Lack of entrepreneurship skills
SECTOR - Lack of proper shelter for operation so production is disturbed by harsh
weather
- The registration of some jobs. - Little market/competition for the formal sector/ competition among
themselves
- They encourage skill acquisition training for all economic activities. - Lack of security so cases of theft are common
- Goods of poor quality due to poor technology
- They encourage the use of appropriate technology and the local resources. - Harassment by law officers
- Lack of credit worthiness
- They provide environmental education in order to reduce pollution of the - Lack of recognition by the government.
environment.

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

 WOMEN CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE THE REASONS FOR ECONOMIC DISPARITY BETWEEN WOMEN AND
INFORMAL SECTOR IN BOTSWANA MEN IN BOTSWANA

- Dominate specific important enterprises like catering, dressmaking, child Men in Botswana are wealthier than their women counterparts and occupy most high
care/ provide services posts. This is because of many reasons which include the following;

- They utilise their natural skills like cleaning, cooking, weaving/ traditional
 Men have had technical skills for a long time. When colonialists
skills/ use less business skills
introduced education, only boys were sent to school.
- They create jobs for other people/self-employment
 With training and education, men learnt about ways of accumulating
- They provide a market for producers of specific materials like cotton, money which they later invested in other areas.
wool, reeds for weaving/ increases market  The men have always owned property, for example, land and cattle which
they have inherited.
- They can develop into cottage industry, for example, making cakes at
home for supermarkets
 Many years of leadership have made men to be better decision-makers and
- They train themselves/ others/impart knowledge and skills to others has helped them use their money wisely.

- They form self -help groups THE PROBLEMS FACED BY WOMEN IN BOTSWANA

THE REASONS FOR THE RAPID GROWTH OF INFORMAL SECTOR IN Although there are efforts to economically empower women and to remove all forms
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES of discrimination against them and the girl-child, women and the girl-child still face
multiple problems.
- The informal sector requires little capital to start

- They utilises natural skills/traditional skills/uses less business skills These include the following:

- There is less requirements for registration and licensing/ less paper work  Violence against Women: Some men beat their partners as they wish.
Sometimes women are prevented from phoning or visiting relatives and
- There is high unemployment/ little expansion in the formal sector/creation friends by their partners.
of employment for the unskilled

- The goods are attractive for their traditional value, for example, arts and  Rape is on the increase. Studies by Women Against Rape (WAR) show
crafts. that at least five females are forced into sexual intercourse every day.

- Their operations can be done anywhere.  In rural areas, where the level of women literacy rate is low, men or
husbands deny their women or wives rights to acquire land, immovable
- The goods are mostly affordable.
property and even to advance their career opportunities in the commercial
- They Use simple and intermediate technology sector.
 Women’s social status is still relatively low because there are still some
cultural and traditional values which see women only as child-bearers.

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

  High teenage pregnancy causes great concern. In most cases these THE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS FACED BY WOMEN
pregnancies are unplanned and cause children to drop out of school.
Dropping out of school acts as a barrier to educational and career  There should be workshops to educate people on the importance of a life
advancement of women. free gender violence. Those who sexually abuse women should spend their
lives in prisons.
 Women’s health and survival is threatened by the spread of HIV/AIDS.
 They should be Standing Sub-Committees that review laws and assess
their gender implications. Laws that discriminate against women should be
 Female enrolment in vocational and technical institution lags far behind done away with.
that of men.

 There are still gender gaps in employment opportunities that still  The Private Sector, Government and Parastatal organisations should all
contribute to the disparity in income between men and women. make deliberate efforts to appoint women to decision making positions.

 Policies that support women’s participation in domestic and external trade

 There is unequal access by gender to production resources. Access to land should be developed and enforced.
may not be easy for some women even today.

 Female-headed families are on the increase. Women are sole  Women’s reproductive health and rights should be promoted. Pregnant
breadwinners, so they have to engage in income generating activities for women should be taken care of. Government should collaborate with
child survival and development. As a result there is little time to spend NGOs to promote safe delivery by setting up good ante and post-natal care
with children at home. Where women did not receive enough education services free of charge.
and training their chances for employment are limited and may suffer from  Education and skills development should be intensified. The education
poverty. system should be designed to create gender awareness from primary level.
 The number of women in the upper echelons of power is very limited.
 Research activities that will sensitise women on women on issues that
affect their status in society must be promoted.
 Women’s involvement in business is limited to small scale activities in the
informal sector mainly due to financial constraints.

 Formulate policies that protect women workers employed in rural and

urban informal sectors. Then there should be monitoring procedures to
ensure that such policies are followed.

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

 THE ROLE OF WOMEN’S ORGANISATIONS LOBBYIST ORGANISATIONS

Women’s organisations are Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) which were EMANG BASADI
established by women to help liberate them.
Emang Basadi is an organisation which was formed in 1986 and has its headquarters
in Gaborone.

It is a lobbyist organisation because it is advocating for the rights of women in

Botswana.

Lobbyist simply means to try to persuade the government or someone with political
power that a law or a situation should be changed or amended.

This organisation is, therefore, persuading the government of Botswana to change its
laws or constitution to suit or favour both sexes especially women.

THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF EMANG BASADI

Some of the major achievements of Emang Basadi include the following:

 Identifying women’s most urgent problems, increasing public awareness

of women’s issues and removing all barriers that hinder the advancement
of women.
That is, it identifies and removing laws that discriminate against women.

 In 1994 Emang Basadi launched a Polite Education Project. This was

contained in the women manifesto. Among other things the women’s
Fig.2
manifesto aims at;

i. Increasing the number of women in parliament and local government

to 25%.
ii. Reinsuring that political party platforms include women’s
commitments, issues and concerns.
iii. Educating women on the connection between voting and improving
their living conditions.

iv. Promoting awareness of women’s political stand under

representation in politics as well as informing them on the neglect of
their needs.

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EMANG BASADI LEGAL ORGANISATION

This organisation has proved its worth and effectiveness in a number of ways, some METLHAETSILE WOMEN’S INFORMATION CENTRE
of which are discussed below;
The Metlhaetsile Women’s Information Centre was founded in 1991 by small group
 Emang Basadi has managed to hold Voter Education Seminars to bring of Mochudi women.
the issues outlined in the Manifesto to community level.
THE OBJECTIVES OF METLHAETSILE WOMEN’S INFORMATION
 Before the 1994 elections, workshops were held to assist women CENTRE
candidates from all political parties. Women candidates were trained on
handling campaigns especially on public speaking, fundraising and  To provide women with education and training about their rights and
identifying key national and local issues. status under Botswana law.

 To provide legal assistance to less privileged women.

 Women’s issues have been included in the political manifesto of
Botswana’s political parties.
 To provide education and training to women about family planning,
HIV/AIDS prevention, sexual abuse and violence issues.
 Representation of women in parliament has gone up.

 To help women deal with the aftermath of rape, sexual abuse and other
 We now have women cabinet ministers.
forms of violence.
 The number of women councillors has increased.
 To develop a constituency of women at village level who will work with
the centre to lobby for the necessary legal reforms to improve the status of
women in Botswana.
 The number of women chiefs at House of Chiefs has increased.

 Women are increasingly assuming leadership positions in government and

private sector.
 To link up with other women’s group, both nationally and internationally,
that are committed to improving the status of women for the purposes of
sharing experiences and strategies, and providing support and information.

 To promote a greater understanding of human rights, culture of human

rights, which features women’s rights prominently?

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

 THE EFFECTIVENESS OR ACHIEVEMENTS OF METLHAETSILE THE EFFECTIVENESS OR ACHIEVEMENT OF BCW
WOMEN’S INFORMATION CENTRE
BCW has a number of outstanding achievements, among them are the following:
Metlhaetsile had outstanding achievements in the past.
 The Botswana Council of Women has established over 33 nursery schools
It made a breakthrough in issues of failed marriages that had ultimately led to all over Botswana. These schools provide Day Care and food for children
divorce as well as helping those women who were denied custody of their children while their mothers are at work.
during divorce hearings as children were traditionally seen as belonging to the man
and his family.  It successfully established a Goat Rearing Project in Ditlharapeng. This
generates some income for women especially those in rural areas.
Women who had cases and could not afford attorneys were provided with the
assistance they needed-hence justice was done as both parties were presented
whenever there was a need.  They offer six months courses on Dressmaking and fashion design. At
least 20 people trained every year in their headquarters in Gaborone.
Today, Metlhaetsile is faced with a mammoth task of providing legal representation
to women who are in need of legal aid-yet cannot afford to pay legal fees.  At least 20 people are trained on linen making (curtains, comforters, and
cushion making) in one-month courses.
This can be in matters relating to divorce or child maintenance as mentioned earlier
on.
WELFARIST ORGANISATION  BCW has trained people on hair dressing, for example, the correct use of
chemicals, plaiting and styling over the years.
BOTSWANA COUNCIL OF WOMEN (BCW)
 They have been the organisers of Miss Botswana contests over the years.
The Botswana Council of Women is a national non-governmental organisation that
was formed in 1965.
THE OBJECTIVES OF BCW
The objectives of BCW include to:
 Provide affordable nursery school services to enable parents to freely go to
work or be self- employed.
 Provide women and youth with development skills, training for income
generating activities and self-sufficiency for the alleviation of poverty.
 Encourage responsible citizenship, power sharing and equal economic
opportunities.
 Provide education on HIV/AIDS in order to empower women with the
ability to negotiate with their partners for safer sex.
 Encourage women to participate in self-help-projects.
 Facilitate the establishment of skills development centres in the villages.
 Advocate and lobby for the eradication of all forms of discrimination
against women and the girl child.

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

 BOTSWANA FAMILY WELFARE ASSOCIATION (BOFWA)
Women, through a number of organisations, try to teach people about this scourge.
BOFWA is a welfarist organisation affiliated with the International Planned They also support those infected, stigmatised and abused.
Parenthood Federation (IPPF), the second largest non-governmental organisation in
the world which provides support to family planning associations worldwide. 1. The Botswana Council of Women trains women trainers through
workshops to become peer educators on HIV/AIDS awareness and
THE ROLES OF BOFWA prevention.

BOFWA creates awareness and provides education in family planning for a better 2. The Young Vulnerable Women seeks to mitigate the spread of
understanding of population importance. HIV/AIDS and prevent teenage pregnancies.

Initially BOFWA’s focus was to help the youth. It engages in basic training on skill development and on the publication of
Youth Magazines that contains information on HIV/AIDS.
This approach appears necessary based on current statistics of teenage pregnancies
in our country.
Intensive family life education can only help uplift our teenage mothers to be 3. The Kagisano Society Women’s Shelter Project is voluntary non-profit
productive, healthy adults. making organisation that believes in the equality of mankind. It strives for
a violent free society.
Its role, however now endeavours to educate not only women but both sexes about
the use of contraceptives especially in these days of HIV/AIDS where having a child It aims to assist women and children who are survivors of domestic
can lead to high risks of being infected by the disease. violence by providing temporary accommodation.

BOFWA believes that knowledge about Family Planning and access to such services It pioneers community responses to gender crisis, sexual violence and
are fundamental human rights. HIV/AIDS.

It believes that the balance between the population of the world, its natural resources 4. The Botshabelo Rehabilitation Centre embarks on community
and productivity is necessary condition of human happiness, prosperity and peace. mobilization education and information on HIV/AIDS and sexual
violence.

THE ROLE OF WOMEN’S ORGANISATIONS IN THE PREVENTION OF It helps victims or survivors of sexual violence with user friendly clinical
HIV/AIDS AND OTHER COMMUNICABLE DISEASES intervention to reduce trauma.

Botswana is being crippled by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. If the war against It also empowers men to be fully involved in the fight against HIV/AIDS.
HIV/AIDS is to be won, women should be involved all the way.
The target groups are children, youth and women.
Gone are the days when women were viewed as just ‘transmitters’ of the HIV/AIDS
message. 5. Coping Centre for People with Aids (COCEPWA) has been founded by
a Motswana woman who has been living positively with HIV/AIDS for a
The entire nation must come together to fight against HIV/AIDS. number of years.

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

 It has been established mainly to support all those infected and affected
by AIDS and to offer one another the much needed support.
The membership is open to all, irrespective of gender.
Members of COCEPWA hold workshops and seminars to talk openly
about living positively with HIV/AIDS, and best to avoid the infection if
not part of the statistics already.

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

 Check Your Progress
17. Why are some development programmes directed especially towards women?
1. What is a female-headed household?

2. Describe three causes of female-headed households 18. Define colonialism.

3. Describe three problems faced by female-headed families 19. Describe three positive effects of colonialism on women.

4. What is the meaning of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome? 20. Define gender equality.

5. Describe three negative effects of HIV/AIDS on Botswana’s economic 21. Describe three roles played by women in the pre-independence politics of
development Southern Africa.

6. Describe three positive effects of HIV/AIDS on Botswana’s economic 22. State three reasons why educating women in important for the economic
development development of the country.

7. What is a Women’s Organization? 23. Suggest three ways by which governments of African countries can increase
school enrolment in girls.
8. Describe three problems / challenges that women’s organizations face in
Botswana 24. Study Fig.1, which shows selected types of women’s Non-Governmental
Organisations in Botswana.
9. State three roles played by women’s organizations in the fight against HIV/AIDS
in Botswana

10. Name one women’s organization in Botswana

11. Describe three activities that it performs to empower women

12. What is a myth?

13. Discuss three negative effects of traditional values, customs and practices,
taboos and myths on women’s position in society today

14. What is gender equality?

What is meant by equal rights for women?

15. Suggest three ways by which gender equality can be achieved

Suggest three ways by which equal rights for women can be achieved Fig.1

16. What is development for women?

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

(a)(i) State one example of each type of women’s Non-Governmental organisations -Selective locations (make them inaccessible)
shown in Fig.1 and describe its activities.
-Division among leaders/members/pull her down syndrome due political affiliation
Ideas such as
-Lack of continuity (when the leader dies all programmes stop)
- Welfarist Women’s Organisations- YWCA, BCW, WASBO, Kagisano
Women’s Shelter (b)(i) Describe problems that women in modern Botswana face.
YWCA: provision of day care centres to allow women to go to work/
school/ Ideas such as:
Kagisano Women’s Shelter- Provides counselling and shelter for abused
- Rape /sexual harassment
women
- Domestic violence, for example, emotional abuse and financial abuse
BCW: training of women on practical skills/gives information to
- Lowly paid jobs
women/conducts beauty contents/runs day care centres
- Lack of capital for investment
WASBO promotes participation of women in sports
- HIV and AIDS infection
- Lobbyist Women’s Organisation-Emang Basadi
- Low level of education/illiteracy
It focuses on influencing the government to remove or change policies or
- Cultural stereotypes
laws that are oppressive to women/ Advocates for women’s rights
- Single parenting/female headed households
- Legal Women’s Organisation- Women Against Rape
- Pull her down syndrome
It focuses on teaching women about the laws that protect themselves/how
- Teenage pregnancy
to defend themselves/ensure that perpetrators/rapists are charged.
(ii) Suggest solutions to each problem that women in modern Botswana face.
[1mark for example; 1 mark for description of activities of the example]
Ideas such as:
(ii) Suggest challenges that women’s organisations such as the ones shown in
Fig.1 face as they work to help women in Botswana. - Rape /sexual harassment
Law against victimising or blaming raped or sexually harassed
Ideas such as:
women/make laws that protect women
- Shortage of funds Harsh sentences for rapists/sexual offenders
Educate women to avoid situations where they can be raped/sexually
-Ignorance of women about their rights harassed
Educate women or girls to report incidents
-Shortage of skilled people/ dependence on volunteers/ lack of volunteers, for Educating men
example, bookkeepers Counselling rape victims

-Lack of support from the public - Domestic violence, for example, emotional abuse and financial abuse
Adjust Botswana laws to punish men who beat women
-lack of buildings for operations Educating men
Counselling rape victims and perpetrators
-lack of public awareness about the NGO/confusion about their
Provide safe houses/shelters for physically abused women
objectives/stereotyping

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

 Empower or train women to fight back, for example, teach women 25. Fig.2 shows some ministries in the cabinet of Botswana and the genders of
defensive strategies ministers and assistant ministers, between 2009 and 2014.

- Lowly paid jobs

Train/educate women (so that they get qualifications for better jobs)
Affirmative actions
Provide role models (of women in high posts) for girls)

- HIV and AIDS infection

Teach women to insist on the use of condoms during sexual encounters
Educate/encourage women to use female condoms
Educate women to insist on HIV and AIDS testing before sexual
encounters/marriages

- Low level of education/illiteracy

Adult literacy programmes/distance education

- Cultural stereotypes
Gender awareness workshops/ infusion of gender education in the
curriculum

- Single parenting/female headed households

Women oriented schemes [allow examples]
(a)(i) How many female ministers and assistant ministers were there in Botswana in
- Pull her down syndrome the period 2009-2014.
Encourage change of mindset
(ii) Calculate the percentage of male ministers and assistant ministers in Botswana in
- Teenage pregnancy the same period.
Avail contraceptives
[Rule: Allow two examples of education] (b) Give two reasons why there are few women in politics in Botswana.

[Solution should be linked to the problem] (c) Give three examples of traditional practices which disadvantaged women in the
past.

(d) Suggest three problems faced by women in the formal sector in Botswana.

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

26.Study Fig.3, which shows some traditional beliefs about women. (ii) Suggest the positive effects of colonialism on women in developing countries.

Ideas such as:

-Modern health care/family planning

-Paid employment

-Women became literate

-Improved technology

-Commercial farming/cash crops

-Reduction of abusive traditional practices (due to Christianity)

Fig.3 -Property ownership, for example, land in urban areas.

(a)(i) Describe the roles of women in a traditional society. (b)(i) Suggest how each traditional belief shown on Fig.3 may negatively affect the
position of women in Botswana.
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
-Domestic chores
-Eve was made out of Adam makes women inferior to men/ woman to be follower
-Gathering wild fruits of man

-Bearing/raising children -Women having smaller heads-women denied a chance to go to school/ girls in
school put into easy subjects/ women trained for low paying jobs.
-labour at community activities
-Women too busy being mothers- women denied high positions/women outside
-Caring for the old/sick/family welfare decision making or leadership/ few women in the formal sector/ women tied to the
home/ women dependent on men/women’s health at stake.
-Food production/arable agriculture/crop farming
-Women lose energy in bearing children- women discouraged from attaining high
-Taking care of small livestock education/ few role models for the girl child.

-Construct walls of mud hut/house (ii) Describe other problems faced by women in modern Botswana.

-Custodians of culture Ideas such as:

NB; write full sentences and giving examples were possible. -Rape/sexual harassment

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

-Domestic violence (a)(i) Describe the jobs that women do in the community, social and personal
services.
-Women highly exposed to HIV and AIDS
Community services
-High poverty rate/ Lack of funds/capital
- Counselling- where women advise people on how to cope with problems
-The burden of single parenting/female headed households of life (allow one example)
- Cleaning –where women pick litter or clean public areas or places, for
-Discrimination in the society/unequal job opportunities example, bus rank toilets
- Pasturing – where women attend to the spiritual needs of communities
-Gender biased inheritance practices
- Home based care- where women care for terminally ill patients
-Low literacy rate/lack of skills/unemployment Social services

-Heavy work load in the home especially after working outside the home - Lawyers – where women give legal advice/represent people in court
- Teaching –where women facilitate learning of students in schools/study
-Major decisions taken by men. circles
- Doctor –where women treat/ operate patients in hospitals
27. Study Fig. 4 which shows employment by industry and gender in Botswana, - Nursing- where women care/treat the sick people/patients in hospitals
2005-2006. ,clinics and homes.
- Lab technicians- where women test specimen form patients in hospitals
- Pharmacist-where women dispense medication in hospitals
- Social worker- care for the welfare of the disadvantaged
Personal services

- Trainer-where women train people for fitness

- Beautician- where women do facials, manicure and pedicure
- Hairstylist/dresser- where women plait, shave or style people’s hair
- Domestic worker- where women help or employed in home by cleaning,
cooking and taking care of children
[RULE: allow only 1 job per service. Allow 1mark for the job and 1mark for
description]

(ii) Suggest reasons why the percentage of women workers in the construction
industry is low.

Ideas such as:

- Women lack skills for construction/lack of training/lack of education

Fig.4 - Women shun it because it traditionally considered a male job/it has always
been viewed as man’s job

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE

 - There are very few role models for women in this industry
- Most women shun it because they cannot cope with the physical demand
of construction
- The owners of the construction industry shun employing women
(b)(i)Describe the activities of welfarist Non-Government Organisation in
Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- They provide health education

- They promote environmental conservation
- They train people on practical skills for self -employment
- They provide child care
- They provide shelter for the poor/victims of abuse
- They provide food for the poor
- They support back to school for the girl child
- They run non-formal schools
(ii) Suggest ways by which any three challenges met by Non-Governmental
Organisations can be addressed.

Ideas such as:

Challenges Solutions

 Misuse of funds – Books of accounts should be audited by an independent

auditor/accountant
 Duplication of activities- A coordinating body should be established to
vary activities
 Shortage of funds- Contribution/donation from government/massive
fundraising
 Corruption- monitoring by the coordinating body
[RULE: Award 1mark for challenge and another 1mark for solution]

MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Development Studies Notes MODULE FIVE