Force & Laws of Motion 1

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Name :_____________
Class: IX

BAWEJA STUDYCENTRE

STUDY MATERIAL : SCIENCE

BOOKLET-06
PHYSICS
FORCE
Prepared by:
Shalini Baweja
(NOT FOR SALE) MSc. BEd.

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Force & Laws of Motion 2

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Force & Laws of Motion 3
Q1. Define force.
A force is an influence which tends to set a stationary body in motion or which
tends to change the speed and direction of a moving body or which tends to
change the shape of a body. Force is a vector quantity.
Q2. Define S.I. unit of force.
The S.I. unit of force is Newton(N). A Newton is that force which when acts on a
body of mass 1kg produces an acceleration of 1m/s2 in it.
Q3. What do you mean by balanced force?
If the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is zero, the forces are called
balanced forces.
 Though balanced forces cannot produce motion in a stationary body or
stop a moving body they can change the shape of the body
Q4. What do you mean by unbalanced force?
If the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is not zero, the forces are called
unbalanced. Unbalanced forces can move a stationary body or they can stop a
moving body.
Q5. State Newton’s First Law Of Motion
A body at rest remain at rest, and a body in motion will continue in motion in a
straight line with a uniform speed, unless it is compelled by an external force
Q6. Define inertia.
Inertia is that property of a body due to which it resists a change in its state of
rest or of uniform motion.
 Mass is the measure of the inertia of a body. Greater the mass, greater
will be the inertia i.e heavier objects have more inertia than lighter objects.
Q7. Give reasons:
(i) When a bus starts suddenly, the passengers fall backward.
Due to their inertia, passengers tend to remain in their state of rest even when
the bus has started moving

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Force & Laws of Motion 4
(ii) When a running car or bus stops suddenly, the passengers are jerked
forward
Due to inertia the passengers tend to remain in their state of motion even though
the car or bus has come to rest.(That is why seat belts are provided so that
passengers may not thrown forward violently when a fast running car is
suddenly braked.)
(iii) When the bus turns a corner sharply, we tend to fall sideways because
of our inertia or tendency to continue moving in a straight line.
(iii) It is dangerous to jump out of a running bus
The jumping man who is moving with the high speed of the bus, would tends to
remain in motion due to his inertia even on falling to the ground and get hurt due
to the resistance offered by the ground.
(iv) When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes out
When the carpet is beaten with a stick, the carpet comes in motion but due to
inertia the dust particles tend to remain at rest. As a result, the dust particles fall
off.
(v) A javelin throw is marked foul if the athlete crosses over the line
marked for the throw.
Athlete often fails to stop themselves before that line due the inertia of the
motion.
(vi) When we shake a wet piece of cloth water drops come out
On shaking, cloth comes in motion but due to inertia, water drops tend to remain
at rest. As a result, water drops come out.
(vii) Some of the leaves may get detached from a tree if we vigorously shake
its branch.
This happens due to inertia of leaves because when we shake the branches they
displace from their position, while due to inertia leaves try to retain their
position. As a result they get jerk and got detached.
(viii) In oil tankers some space is left at the top while filling

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Force & Laws of Motion 5
When tanker starts or stops, due to inertia oil splashes inside the tanker. That’s
why in oil tankers some space is left at the top while filling them to avoid spilling
of the oil
Q8. State and explain Newton’s Second Law of Motion.
The second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an
object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of
force.
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF SECOND LAW OF MOTION
Suppose an object of mass, m is moving along a straight line with an initial velocity, u. It is
uniformly accelerated to velocity, v in time, t by the application of a constant force, F throughout the
time, t. The initial and final momentum of the object will be, p1 = mu and p2 = mv respectively.
The change in momentum = p2 – p1 = mv – mu = .
F ∝ Rate of change of momentum
F∝
F∝m
F=km a
k is a constant of proportionality and k = 1
So, F = m a
Q9. How does acceleration vary with force and mass?
F
Acceleration, a = i.e. the acceleration produced in a body is directly
m

proportional to the force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass of

the body.
If the mass of a body is doubled, its acceleration will be halved and if the mass is
halved then acceleration will get doubled provided the force remains the same.
Q10. Define momentum.
The momentum of a body is defined as the product of its mass and velocity.
Momentum = mass  velocity
p= m v
Momentum is a vector quantity. The S.I. unit of momentum is kg m/sec.
Q11. Why does a batsman often ducks to a bouncer?
Though s cricket ball is not heavy, but when thrown with a high speed, it acquires
a very high momentum and sometimes hurts the batsman. That’s why a batsman
often ducks to a bouncer.
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Force & Laws of Motion 6
Q12. Give reason: A car or truck may not be running at a high speed, may
hurt the person coming in its way.
A car or truck may not be running at a high speed but because of its high mass, it
has a very high momentum which may hurt the person coming in its way.
EXERCISE 01
Q1.Calculate the force required to impart to a car a velocity of 30m/s in 10
seconds. The mass of the car is 1500kg.

Q2. What is the acceleration produced by a force of 12N exerted on an

object of mass 3kg?

Q3. What force would be needed to produce an acceleration of 4m/s2 in a

ball of mass 6kg?

Q4. A truck starts from rest and rolls down a hill with constant acceleration.
It travels a distance of 400 m in 20 sec. Find the force acting on it if its mass
is 7 metric tones.

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Force & Laws of Motion 7
Q13. State Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Whenever one body exerts a force on another body, the second body exerts an
equal and opposite force on the first body. In other words To every action there
is an equal and opposite reaction.
Illustration of Newton’s Third Law of Motion:
Q14. How do we walk?
When we walk on the ground, then our foot pushes the ground backward and , in
turn, the ground pushes our foot forward. The forward reaction exerted by the
ground on our foot makes us walk forward.
(ii). If the ground is slippery or if there is all ice, it becomes very difficult to
walk .Why?
On the slippery ground or ice, the friction force is much less and we cannot exert
a backward action force on slippery ground or ice which could produce a forward
reaction force on us.
(iii) Why does a Gun Recoil?
When a bullet is fired from a gun, the force sending bullet forward is equal to the
force sending the gun backward. But due to high mass of the gun, it moves only a
little distance backward and gives a backward jerk or kick to the shoulder of the
gunman. The gun is said to have recoiled.
(iv)Launching of Rockets into the space: Jet aero planes and rockets utilize the
principle of action and reaction. In rockets, the hot gases produced by the rapid
burning of fuel rush out of a jet at the bottom of the rocket at a very high speed.
The equal and opposite reaction force of the downward going gases pushes the
rocket upward with a great speed.
(v) Give reason: While sailing, an oarsman pushes the water backward with
the oars.
The water exerts equal and opposite push on the boat which makes the boat
move forward.

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Force & Laws of Motion 8
(vi) Give reason: When a man jumps out of a boat to the bank of the river,
the boat moves backward, away from him.
This is due to the fact that to step out of the boat, the man presses the boat with
his foot in the backward direction in turn, boat exerts an equal reaction force on
the man in the forward direction. Since the boat is floating on water and not
fixed, it moves backward due to the action force exerted by man.
(vii) Why does a cricket player lower his hand while catching ball?
When a cricket player lowers his hand while catching ball, he takes a longer time
to stop the ball. As a result, the acceleration of the ball becomes comparatively
small. And due to small acceleration, the player has to apply smaller force to stop
the ball and in turn, ball also exerts small force on the hands of the player. So no
injury is caused to the hands of the player.
Q1. A truck starts from rest and rolls down a hill with a constant
acceleration. It travels a distance of 400m in 20 s. Find its acceleration. Find
the force acting on it if its mass is 7 metric tons (1 Metric ton = 1000 kg).
Ans. u = 0,
s = 400m,
t = 20 s
m = 7000 kg
1
s = ut  at 2
2
1
400 = 0  20  a  (20) 2
2

a = 2 ms 2
Force = m  a = 7000 kg  2 ms-2 =14,000 N.
Q2. A stone of 1 kg is thrown with a velocity of 20 ms-1 across the frozen
surface of a lake and comes to rest after traveling a distance of 50 m. What
is the force of friction between the stone and the ice?
u = 20 m/s
v = 0
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Force & Laws of Motion 9
s = 50 m
m = 1 kg
v2 – u 2 = 2as
(0)2 – (20)2 = 2  a  50
or -400 = 100 a
400
a =    4 ms  2
100

Force of friction, F = ma = 1  -4 = -4 N.

Q3. A 8000 kg engine pulls a train of 5 wagons, each of 2000 kg, along a
horizontal track. If the engine exerts a force of 40,000 N, if the track offers a
friction force of 5,000 N, then calculate :(a) the net accelerating force (b) the
acceleration of the train, and (c)the force of wagon 1 on wagon 2.
Mass of engine, m1 = 8000 kg
Mass of each wagon, m2 = 2000 kg
Number of wagons, n = 5
Total mass of 5 wagons, m = 2000 kg  5 = 10,000 kg
Force exerted by engine, F1 = 40,000 N
Friction force of the track, F2 = 5000 N
(i) Net accelerating force, F = F1 – F2 = 40,000 – 5000 = 35,000 N
F 35,000 N 1
(ii) Acceleration of the train, a = = 10,000 kg  3.5 ms
m

(iii) Force of wagon 1 on wagon 2 = mass of 4 wagons  acceleration of the train

= 8000  3.5 =28,000 N.
Q4. An automobile vehicles has a mass of 1500 kg. What must be the force
between the vehicle and road if the vehicle is to be stopped with a negative
acceleration of 1.7 ms-2?
m = 15000 kg
a = 1.7 ms-2
F =m  a = 1500  1.7= -2550 N

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Force & Laws of Motion 10
Q5. An object of mass 100 kg is accelerated uniformly from a velocity of 5
ms-1 to 8 ms-1 in 6s. Calculate the initial and final momentum of the object.
Also find the magnitude of the force exerted on the object.
m = 100kg
u = 5 ms-1
v = 8 ms-1
t = 6s
Initial momentum = mu = 100  5 = 500 kg ms-1
Final momentum = mv = 100  8 = 800 kg ms-1
v u 85
a =  = 0.5 ms-2
t 6

F = m  a = 100  0.5 = 50 N.
Q6. How much momentum will a dumb-bell of mass 10 kg transfer to the
floor if it falls from a height of 80 cm ? Take its downward acceleration to be
10 ms-2.
Mass of dumb-bell, m = 10 kg
Height, h = 80 cm = 0.8 m
g = 10 ms-2 ,
u = 0
v2 – u 2 = 2gs
Or v2 – (0)2 = 2  10  0.8
v2 = 16
v = 4 ms-1
Momentum, P = mv = 10  4 = 40 kg m/s.
Q7. Derive Newton's First Law of Motion from Newton's Second Law of
Motion equation
Ans. Second Law: The body moves (accelerates) when a force is applied to it
i.e F = ma  a = F / m
When there is no force acting on the body (F = 0), then the body won't move or
would remain in motion with constant velocity (won't accelerate in both cases:
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Force & Laws of Motion 11
a = 0) because a = F / m and F =0  a = 0
So we can state the first law: A body will remain at rest or constant velocity
unless a force acts upon it.
Q8. Why is first law of motion also called law of inertia?
Ans Every body in the universe opposes the force which tends to change its state
of rest or of uniform motion. This property inertia is a direct consequence of First
law of motion. As heavy bodies due to greater inertia requires forces of large
magnitude and bodies of small masses require small forces.
By the above explanation of inertia we conclude that the state of rest or motion
does not change by its self unless an external force acts upon it, which is
according to the First law of motion. Thus the First law of motion is also called
Law of Inertia.

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