HYPOTHESIS

- an assumption or conjecture about a

population parameter which may or may not
be true.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
- a decision-making process for evaluating
claims about a population.
- testing an assumption
NULL HYPOTHESIS
- Denoted by 𝐻𝑜
- It is the initial claim.
- The hypothesis to be tested.
- It shows no significant difference, no changes,
nothing happened or no relationship between two
parameters.
- 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 𝑘, 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≤ 𝑘, 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≥ 𝑘
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
- Denoted by 𝐻𝑎 or 𝐻1
- It is contrary to the null hypothesis.
- This statement will be true once the null
hypothesis is rejected.
- It shows that there is significant difference, an
effect, change or a relationship between two
parameters.
- 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝑘, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 𝑘, 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 𝑘
Key words:
• Null Hypothesis (=, ≤, ≥)
= equal to, the same as, not changed from, is
≤ at most, less than or equal
≥ at least, greater than or equal

• Alternative hypothesis (≠, >, <)

≠ not equal, different from, changed from, not the
same as
> greater than, above, increased
< less than, below, decreased
Writing Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Parameter symbol
Hypothesis label
Value to be tested
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 𝑘
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝑘

Type of Test
(Direction)
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 𝑘 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≤ 𝑘 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≥ 𝑘
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝑘 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 𝑘 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 𝑘
Example 1: The average age of tricycle drivers in
Manaoag is 35 years.
𝐻𝑜 : The average age of tricycle drivers in Manaoag is
35 years.
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 35

𝐻𝑎 : The average age of tricycle drivers in Manaoag is

not 35 years.
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 35
Example 2: The teachers in the school believes that
80% of students will complete high school. A student
researcher disagrees and decides to conduct a test.
𝐻𝑜 : 80% of students will complete high school
𝐻𝑜 : ρ = 0.80

𝐻𝑎 : Not 80% of students will complete high school

𝐻𝑎 : ρ ≠ 0.80
Example 3: We want to test if it takes less than 60
minutes to answer the quarterly test in Calculus, on
average.
𝐻𝑜 : It takes 60 minutes or more to answer the quarterly
test in Calculus
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≥ 60
𝐻𝑎 : It takes less than 60 minutes to answer the quarterly
test in Calculus
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 60
Example 4: Last year, the mean number of ladies’ bags
produced by ABC Company was 2,500 each day. This year, the
manager claims that there is an increase in the number of
bags.
𝐻𝑜 : The mean number of ladies’ bags produced by ABC
Company was 2,500 each day
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 2500
𝐻𝑎 : The mean number of ladies’ bags produced by ABC
Company is more than 2,500 each day
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 2500
Example 5: A union spokesperson says that 75% of union
members will support a strike if basic demands are not met. A
negotiator believes the true percentage is lower and runs a test.
𝐻𝑜 : 75% of union members will support a strike if basic
demands are not met
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜌 = 0.75

𝐻𝑎 : Less than 75% of union members will support a strike if

basic demands are not met
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜌 < 0.75
Example 6: A social worker wants to test whether the average
Body Mass Index (BMI) of the students under the feeding
program is different from 33 kg.
𝐻𝑜 : The average Body Mass Index (BMI) of the students under
the feeding program is 33 kg.
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 33

𝐻𝑎 : The average Body Mass Index (BMI) of the students under

the feeding program is different from 33 kg.
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 33
ACTIVITY: Express the null hypothesis and the
alternative hypothesis in sentence and notation form
in the following scenarios.
1. The mean annual income of workers who are
college graduates is greater than Php 100,000 a
year.
2. The head of the SHS Department claims that the
mean height of senior high school students is 163
cm.
3. The percentage of women who watches sports on
TV is not 40% as claimed by a researcher.
4. The researchers want to test if PSU students take
more than four years to graduate from high school,
on average.
5. It claimed that 15% of the adult Filipino are in favor
of death penalty. A sociologist believes that the
percentage is lesser and conducts a test.
6. The mathematics teacher claims that the mean IQ of
Statistics students is different from 110.
7. The enrollment in high school this school year
decreases by 10%.
8. According to a study done last year, the average
monthly expenses for cellphone loads of high school
students was Php 350. A Statistics student believed
that this amount has increased since January of this
year.
9. It is claimed that the percentage of viewers tuned to
Channel 7’s new noontime show is 30%.
10. The principal of the school claims that the mean age
of the teachers is 45 years.
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
✓ The level of significance denoted by alpha (𝛼) or refers to
the degree of significance in which we accept or reject the
null hypothesis.
✓ 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting a
hypothesis.
✓ The significance level α is also the probability of making
the wrong decision when the null hypothesis is true

1%, 5%, or 10%

TYPE OF TEST
▪ One-tailed test
✓ A one-tailed test is directional. Depending on how
the alternative hypothesis is stated, the rejection
region is on the left or right tail of the curve. The
rejection region is on the right if the hypothesis
contains the greater than symbol (>). The
rejection region is on the left if the hypothesis
contains the less than symbol (<).
▪ One-tailed test

Since 𝐻𝑎 uses the greater Since 𝐻𝑎 uses the less than

than symbol (>), one-tailed symbol (<), one-tailed test to
test to the right is used (right- the left is used (left-tailed
tailed test). test).
𝛼 = 0.01
𝛼 = 0.05
𝛼 = 0.10
TYPE OF TEST
▪ Two-tailed test
✓ A two-tailed test is non-directional. The rejection
region is split evenly between the two tails on both
sides of the curve. It is a two-tailed test if the
alternative hypothesis contains the inequality
symbol (≠).
▪ Two-tailed test
𝛼
= 0.005
2
𝛼
= 0.025
2
𝛼
Since 𝐻𝑎 uses the not equal = 0.05
2
symbol ( ≠ ), two-tailed test is
used.
1. The mean height of Grade 12 students is less than 66
inches. Left-tailed
2. The standard deviation of their height is not equal to 5
inches. Two-tailed
3. Male Grade 7 and Grade 12 students differ in height on
average. Two-tailed
4. The proportion of senior male students’ height is
significantly higher than that of senior female students.
Right-tailed
5. The average grade of Grade 11 students in Statistics is
lower than their average grade in Calculus Left-tailed
Determine the value of the significance level based on the
alternative hypothesis.
In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population
were not married. Test at 5% significance level if the current
percentage of unmarried couple is different from 34%.
Two-tailed
𝜶
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓
𝟐
Determine the value of the significance level based on the
alternative hypothesis.
A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of
rechargeable batteries. The said additive will extend on
average the battery’s lifespan to 48 months. Test the
hypothesis at 0.01 level of significance that the average
lifespan is higher than 48 months.
One-tailed
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
REJECTION REGION
▪ The rejection region (or critical region) is the set of all
test statistic values that lead to the null hypothesis
being rejected.
▪ The non-rejection region (or acceptance region) is
the set of all test statistic values that lead to failure of
rejecting the null hypothesis.
▪ The critical value is a point (boundary) that separates
the two regions and determines if the null hypothesis
would be rejected. If the test-statistic or computed
value falls in the rejection region null hypothesis is
rejected. Otherwise, it will lead to failure in rejecting
the null hypothesis.
Example: What is the critical value when the test is
two-tailed, the level of significance is 0.05, the variance
is known, and 𝑛 = 35?

Solution: If the test is two-tailed, divide the level of

significance by 2 and then subtract the quotient from
0.5. Since the variance is known and 𝑛 > 30, use the
Areas under the Normal Curve Table.

At 5% level of significance, the critical value is

± 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔
Example: What is the critical value when the test is
two-tailed, the level of significance is 0.05, the variance
is unknown, and 𝑛 = 20?
Solution: If the variance is unknown and 𝑛 < 30, use
the Table of t-Critical Values. There is a need to find the
degrees of freedom. Because the test is two-tailed with
𝛼 = 0.05, refer to the column indicating an area of 0.05
in two-tails.

At 5% level of significance, the critical value is

± 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟑
TYPE OF ERRORS
▪ Type I error
✓ Committed when the researcher rejects a null
hypothesis when in fact it is true.
✓ The probability of committing Type I error is also
called the level of significance.
✓ Alpha 𝛼 is used to denote the probability of Type I
error.
TYPE OF ERRORS
▪ Type II error
✓ Committed when the researcher fails to reject a
null hypothesis that is false.
✓ Beta 𝛽 is used to represent the probability of Type
II error.
TYPE OF ERRORS
The null The null
Decision hypothesis is hypothesis is
true false
Reject the null
Type I error Correct Decision
hypothesis
Do not reject the
Correct Decision Type II error
null hypothesis
EXAMPLE:
If Maria finds out that her null hypothesis is …
1. true and she fails to reject it, then she commits a
correct decision
__________.
2. true and she rejects it, then she commits a
Type I error
__________.
3. false and she fails to reject it, then she commits a
Type II error .
__________
4. false and she rejects it, then she commits a
correct decision
__________.
EXAMPLE:
Mark is starting his own food cart business and he is choosing
cities where he will run his business. He wants to survey
residents and test at 5% level of significance whether or not
the demand is high enough to support his business before he
applies for the necessary permits to operate in his selected
city. He will only choose a city if there is strong evidence that
the demand there is high enough.

𝐻𝑜 : the demand is high enough to support his business

EXAMPLE:
𝐻𝑜 : the demand is high enough to support his business
▪ What would be the consequence of a Type I error in this
setting? He doesn't choose a city where demand is actually
high enough
▪ What would be the consequence of a Type II error in this
setting? He chooses a city where demand isn't actually high
enough
▪ What is the probability of Type I error? 0.05 or 5%