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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

QUARTER 4

MODULE 9 – WEEK 1
MELCs: M11/12SP-IVa-1, M11/12SP-IVa-
3

Into the Educated Guess!

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PART I. INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION

A. Introduction
Welcome to the Statistics and Probability for Senior High School
SelfLearning Module (SLM) on Testing Hypothesis! This module was
created to provide you with engaging and meaningful guided and
independent learning opportunities at your own pace and time. This SLM
will guide you through the various terminologies and concepts related to
hypothesis testing, as well as their application in real-world scenarios.
You will also learn how to identify the parameter to be tested in a
statistical hypothesis.

B. Pretest
Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer
from the options provided. On your answer sheet, write the letter of the
correct answer.
1. It refers to the average value of a group of numbers and is the most
common measure of central tendency.
A. Median C. Mean
 B. Standard Deviation D. Mode
2. Which of the following is NOT an example of a population?
A. all schools in Pangasinan II
B. total number of grade 11 students in a certain high school
C. all self-learning modules distributed
D. 10 randomly selected teachers
3. Which of the following describes an alternative hypothesis in a left-

A. 𝐻𝑎 < 75 C. 𝐻𝑎 = 75
tailed test?

B. 𝐻𝑎 > 75 D. 𝐻𝑎 ≠ 75
4. It is the probability of committing an incorrect decision about the
null hypothesis.
A. Level of hypothesis C. Level of acceptance
B. Level of significance D. Level of error

A. 𝐻o is true; reject 𝐻o. C. 𝐻o is true; fail to reject

5. Which of the following is a Type I error?

𝐻o.
B. 𝐻o is false; reject 𝐻o. D. 𝐻o is false; fail to reject 𝐻o.
6. When is a Type II error committed?
A. We reject a null hypothesis that is false.
B. We reject a null hypothesis that is true.
C. We fail to reject a null hypothesis that is false.
D. We fail to reject a null hypothesis that is true.
7. If the computed value is 2.015 and the critical value is 1.833, which

A. It lies in the rejection region, we failed to reject 𝐻𝑜.

of the following statements could be true?

B. It lies in the rejection region, 𝐻𝑜 must be rejected.

C. It lies in the non-rejection region, we failed to reject 𝐻𝑜.
D. It lies in the non-rejection region, 𝐻𝑜 must be rejected.

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8. Which of the following statements is the most accurate description
of a parameter?
A. It describes the researcher. C. It describes the sample.
B. It describes the hypothesis. D. It describes the population.
9. A researcher estimates that the average height of buildings in a city
is at least 215 meters. Based on the given data, which is the
parameter? A. at least 215 meters C. buildings in the large city
B. the researcher D. average height of the building
10. A random sample of 102 bottles of ethyl alcohol showed an
average content of 100 mL. It is known that the population standard
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 deviation of the contents is 6.5 mL. In this problem, translate the

A. 𝜎 = 102 C. 𝜎 = 6.5
parameter into symbols.

B. µ = 100 D. µ = 6.5

C. Presentation/Discussion
MELC M11/12SP-IVa-1: Illustrates (a) null hypothesis; (b)
alternative hypothesis; (c) level of significance; (d) rejection
region; and (e) types of errors in hypothesis testing.

One of the important things a researcher should do is making

assumptions about the population. These assumptions which may or may
not be true are called statistical hypotheses.

Hypothesis testing is a statistical method applied in making decisions

using experimental data. Hypothesis testing is basically testing an
assumption that we make about a population.

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation, assertion, or assumption about a

population parameter or about the distribution of a random variable.

• The null hypothesis, denoted by 𝐻o, states that there is no

The Null and Alternative Hypothesis

significant difference between population parameter and the value

• The alternative hypothesis, denoted by 𝐻𝑎, states that there is a

being claimed. It is the hypothesis to be tested.

significant difference between population parameter and the value

being claimed. This statement will be true once the null hypothesis is
rejected.

Illustrative Examples (The Null and Alternative Hypothesis)

1. The school record claims that the mean grade of the incoming Grade
11 students in Mathematics is 89. Ma’am Santos wants to find out if the
claim is true. She tests if there is a significant difference between the
incoming Grade 11 students mean grade and the mean grade of
students in her class.

Let 𝜇 be the population mean score and 𝑥̅ be the mean score of

𝐻o: There is no significant difference between the incoming Grade 11

students in her class.

students mean grade and the mean grade of students in her class or 𝜇
= x̅. 𝐻𝑎: There is a significant difference between the incoming Grade
 or 𝜇
11 students mean grade and the mean grade of students in her class
.

2. The Rural Health Unit of a certain municipality in Pangasinan II claims

that the mean number of people getting vaccinated in their
municipality is 85 per day. A student researcher who wants to find out
whether this is true counted the number of people getting vaccinated

𝐻o: The mean number of people getting vaccinated in a certain

each day for a period of one week.

municipality is 85 per day or 𝜇 = 85.

𝐻𝑎: The mean number of people getting vaccinated in a certain
municipality is not 85 per day or 𝜇 .

• The level of significance denoted by alpha or 𝛂 refers to the degree

Level of Significance

of significance in which we accept or reject the null hypothesis.

• The most commonly used values for alpha are 0.01 (1%), 0.05 (5%)
and
0.10 (10%).
• 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting a hypothesis.
• The significance level α is also the probability of making the wrong
decision when the null hypothesis is true.

Illustrative Example (Level of Significance)

1. Elisa proves that there has been no significant change in the average
number of enrollees in the 21 sections over the last three years by
using a 5% level of significance.
Explanation: It means that the null hypothesis (Ho) has a 5% chance of
being rejected when it is true.

�= 0.05 is the area within the

rejection
� regi
on of a normal curve.

One-Tailed Test vs. Two-Tailed Test (Test of Hypothesis)

• One-tailed test
Aone-tailed test is directional. Depending on how the alternative
hypothesis is stated, the rejection region is on the left or right tail
of the curve. The rejection region is on the right if the hypothesis
contains the greater than symbol (>). The rejection region is on
the left if the hypothesis contains the less than symbol (<).
• Two-tailed test
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 Atwo-tailed test is non-directional. The rejection region is split
evenly between the two tails on both sides of the curve. It is a
two-tailed test

Illustrative Examples (One-Tailed Test vs. Two-Tailed Test)

1. The average number of internet users this year in a certain high school

In the above situation, let 𝜇0 be the average number of internet users

is greater than last year.

𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 𝜇0
last year.

𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 𝜇0
Since 𝐻𝑎 uses the greater than
symbol (>), one-tailed test to
the right is used (right-tailed
test).

However, if the average number of internet users this year in a certain

𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 𝜇0
high school is less than last year, then you will have:

𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 < 𝜇0

Since 𝐻𝑎 uses the less than symbol (<), one-tailed test to the left is
used (left-tailed test).

On the other hand, if the average number of internet users this year in
a certain high school is not the
same as last year, then you will

𝐻 : 𝜇 = 𝜇0
have:

𝐻 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0
𝑜
𝑎

Since 𝐻𝑎 uses the not equal symbol (≠), two-tailed test is used.
Rejection Region
• The rejection region (or critical region) is the set of all test
statistic values that lead to the null hypothesis being rejected.
• The non-rejection region (or acceptance region) is the set of all
test statistic values that lead to failure of rejecting the null
hypothesis.
• The critical value is a point (boundary) that separates the two
regions and determines if the null hypothesis would be rejected. If
the teststatistic or computed value falls in the rejection region null
hypothesis is rejected. Otherwise, it will lead to failure in rejecting
the null hypothesis.

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Illustrative Example (Rejection Region)
1. According to a study conducted by Grade 11 students, ₱200 is the
average monthly expense for cell phone loads of senior high school

has increased since January of this year. At 0.05 level of significance,

students in Pangasinan. A Statistics student claims that this amount

a. 𝐻𝑜: The average monthly expense for cell phone loads of senior
the computed value is 1.961. Answer what are asked.

high school students in Pangasinan is 200 or 𝜇 = 200

𝐻𝑎: The average monthly expense for cell phone loads of senior
high school students in Pangasinan is greater than 200 or 𝜇 > 200
b. Test of Hypothesis: One-tailed test
c. Level of significance: 0.05
d. Sketch the curve:

e. Decision: The computed value

falls on the non-rejection region. Therefore, we fail to reject the
null hypothesis.

Types of Errors

hypothesis when in fact it is true. Alpha 𝛼 is used to denote the

• The Type I error is committed when the researcher rejects a null

probability of Type I error.

null hypothesis that is false. Beta 𝛽 is used to denote the probability

• The Type II error is committed when the researcher fails to reject a

of Type II error.
To
summarize,
Decision True State of Nature
The null hypothesis is The null hypothesis is
true. false.
Reject the null
Type I error Correct Decision
hypothesis
Do not reject the null
Correct Decision Type II error
hypothesis

Illustrative Examples (Types of Errors)

1. The enrolling committee wants to see if Senior High School students
prefer to learn through online distance learning. In this scenario, what
would be the consequence of a:
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 a. Type I error?
The enrolling committee concluded that Senior High School
students do not prefer online distance learning, but they did.
b. Type II error?
The enrolling committee concluded that Senior High School
students prefer online distance learning, but the students didn’t.
MELC M11/12SP-IVa-3: Identifies the parameter to be tested
given a real-life problem.
Any numerical quantity that characterizes a population or some of its
aspects is referred to as a parameter. This means that the parameter
provides information about the entire population. It also represents the
true value that would be obtained if a population was used instead of a
sample. The term statistic refers to the numerical measure calculated
from the sample. A statistic is a known number and a variable that varies
depending on the population segment. There are two common
parameters used to characterize a normal distribution, the mean (𝜇) and
the standard deviation (𝜎). Different types of normal distribution can be
obtained by varying these two parameters.

To identify the parameters to be tested:

• Look for mean/average, standard deviation, variance, and proportion
of population in the problem.
• Determine the value for the given parameter and then convert it to
symbols for hypothesis testing.

Illustrative Examples (Identifying Parameters To be Tested)

1. According to the COVID-19 Global Tracker, the average number of
COVID cases in the Philippines each day is 17,326.
Parameter: average number of COVID cases in the Philippines each day

Symbol: 𝜇 = 17,326
is 17,326

2. A teacher researcher reported that the average allowance of STEM

allowance of 170. At 𝛼 = 0.05 test, it was the claimed that the students
students is Php 200. A sample of 30 STEM students has mean

had allowance of Php 200. Identify the parameter to be tested.

Symbol: 𝜇 = 200
Parameter: average allowance of STEM students is Php 200

3. According to a research, it was found out that children spent a

standard deviation of at least 15.4 hours per week in social media.
Supposed you conducted your own research, you found out that a
sample of 150 children spent a standard deviation of 12.2 hours per
week in social media.

Symbol: 𝜎 ≥ 15.4
Parameter: standard deviation of 15.4 hours per week

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PART II. ACTIVITIES
Activity I. Modified True or False
Directions: Write the TRUE if the statement is correct; if it is not,
underline the word or statement that is incorrect and write the correct
answer in the space provided.
________1. The most commonly used values of alpha are 0.01, 0.05 and
0.10. ________2. A Type I error is committed when the researcher fails to
reject a null hypothesis that is false.
________3. In a one-tailed test, if the alternative hypothesis contains the
less than symbol, then the rejection region is on the right tail.
________4. If the researcher rejects a false null hypothesis, he has made
the correct decision.
________5. If the computed value falls in the rejection region, the
alternative hypothesis is rejected.

Activity II. What are asked?

Directions: Read the problem and answer what are asked.
1. Last year, the mean number of rims of bond papers produced by the
Aliguas Paper Company was 5000 each day. This year, the
supervisor claimed that there is an increase in the numbers of rims
produced. A teacher researcher who wants to find out whether the
claim is true counted the rims of paper produced each day for one

+3.94 while the critical value is at +3.86. At 𝛼 = 0.05, is there

month, and his computation resulted to the computed value of

paper produced is more than 5000? a. 𝐻𝑜:

enough evidence to conclude that the mean number of rims of bond

𝐻𝑎:
b. Test of Hypothesis:
c. Level of significance:
d. Sketch the curve:
e. Decision:

Activity III. My Parameter

Directions: Identify the parameters to be tested in the following real-life
situations. Express it in notation/symbol form.
1. A study shows that the mean survival rate for a COVID positive
patient who was vaccinated is at 95%.
2. Mrs. Garcia claims that the standard deviation of scores of her
students in Statistics and Probability test is 3. The standard
deviation of score of the 37 randomly selected students is 5.

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 3. A certain high school needs to have new photocopy machines for
faster reproduction of self-learning module. The seller claims that
the average price of photocopy machines is Php 40,000. The buyer
suspected that the claim is incorrect and found that random sample
of 10 similar photocopy machines has the mean price of ₱36,000.00.
At α=0.05, is there enough evidence to reject the seller’s claim?
PART III. SUMMATIVE EVALUATION

A. Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer
from the options provided. On your answer sheet, write the letter of the
correct answer.
1. Which of the following is a null hypothesis?
A. The mean number of COVID cases in a certain municipality each
day is greater than 12.
B. The mean number of COVID cases in a certain municipality each
day is less than 12.
C. The mean number of COVID cases in a certain municipality each
day is equal to 12.
D. The mean number of COVID cases in a certain municipality each
day is not equal to 12.
2. What does a 5% level of significance mean?
A. It means that the null hypothesis has a 5% chance of being
rejected when it is true.
B. It means that the null hypothesis has a 5% chance of being
rejected when it is false.
C. It means that the alternative hypothesis has a 5% chance of being
rejected when it is true.
D. It means that the alternative hypothesis has a 5% chance of being
rejected when it is false.
3. Which of the following is the correct alternative hypothesis for a

A. 𝜇 > 𝜇0 C. 𝜇 = 𝜇0
lefttailed test?

B. 𝜇 < 𝜇0 D. 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0
4. Looking at the figure to the right, which are the correct null and

A. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 𝜇0; 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0 B. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇

alternative hypothesis?

≠ 𝜇0; 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 = 𝜇0 C. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 > 𝜇0; 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇

< 𝜇0
D. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 < 𝜇0; 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 𝜇0
5. When the computed value falls on the non-rejection region, what is
the correct decision to make?
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 A. Fail to reject null hypothesis C. Reject null hypothesis
B. Fail to reject alternative hypothesis D. Undecided
6. When is a Type I error committed?
A. We fail to reject a null hypothesis that is true.
B. We fail to reject a null hypothesis that is false.
C. We reject a null hypothesis that is true.
D. We reject a null hypothesis that is false.

7. Due to colds and cough that Mr. Dela Cruz is experiencing, he

decided to have an RT-PCR test to know if he is infected by the
corona virus. Which of the following could be a consequence of a
Type II error on the results?
A. The test result says that Mr. Dela Cruz has COVID, but he actually
doesn’t.
B. The test result says that Mr. Dela Cruz has COVID, and he actually
does.
C. The test result says that Mr. Dela Cruz doesn’t have COVID, and
he actually doesn’t.
D. The test result says that Mr. Dela Cruz doesn’t have COVID, but he
actually does.
8. According to the Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council, three
municipalities in Pangasinan II is under MECQ because the recorded
mean number of COVID cases each day is at least 15. Based on the
data, what is the parameter?
A. at least 15
B. three municipalities in Pangasinan II
C. mean number of COVID cases each day
D. Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council
9. On the last seven (7) days, the Philippines recorded an average
COVID deaths of 161. In this problem, translate the parameter into
symbols.

B. 𝜎 = 7 D. 𝜎 = 161
A. µ = 7 C. µ = 161

10. According to Mrs. De Guzman’s observations, it was said that

students spent a standard deviation of 3 days to finish one self-
learning module. Mrs. Reyes conducted her own observation and
sees that a random sample of 50 students spent a standard
deviation of 4.5 days to finish one self-learning module. Based on
the problem, what is the parameter to be tested?
A. Mrs. De Guzman’s observations C. a random sample of 50
students
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 B. a standard deviation of 3 days D. a standard deviation of 4.5
days

B. Problem Solving
Directions: Read the problem and answer what are asked.
1. The Rural Health Unit of a certain municipality in Pangasinan II
claims that the mean number of senior citizens getting vaccinated in
their municipality is 20 per day. A researcher who wants to find out

vaccinated each day for a period of two weeks. At 𝛼 = 0.01, the

whether this is true counted the number of senior citizens getting

value/s is at ±2.576. a. 𝐻𝑜:

results came back with a computed value of ±1.311 while the critical

𝐻𝑎:
b. Test of Hypothesis:
c. Level of significance:
d. Sketch the curve:
e. Decision

References:

Albacea, Zita, Mark John Ayaay, Imelda Demesa, and Isidro David. Teaching
Guide for Senior High School: Statistics and Probability. Quezon City:
Commission on Higher Education, 2016.
Caraan, Avelino. Introduction to Statistics & Probability. Mandaluyong City:
Jose Rizal University Press, 2011.
Chan Shio, Christian Paul, and Maria Angeli Reyes. Statistics and
Probability for Senior High School. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc., 2017.
Mercado, Jesus P., and Fernando B. Orines. Next Century Mathemati

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