Quarter 4-Module 1: Hypothesis Testing

Lesson 1: Understanding Hypothesis Testing

What is hypothesis?
In the field of research, a hypothesis is a statement that we are trying to prove or disprove. It is an assumption
that is made based on some evidence. This is the initial point of any investigation that translates the research
questions into predictions. It includes components like variables, population and the relation between the
variables.
Example:

Research Question: “Does substance A affect the appetite of rats?”

Hypothesis: “Rats that receive an injection of substance A will consume significantly more food than
rats that do not receive the injection.”

Hypothesis Testing
- is a decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population based on the characteristics
of a sample allegedly coming from that population.
- The decision is to whether the characteristic is acceptable or not.
Two Opposing Hypotheses (one is a negation of the other)
1. null hypothesis (H0) is a statement that there is no difference between a population parameter (mean or
proportion) and a specific value, or between two parameters.
- makes use of the symbol (=), (≥) or (≤) depending on the alternative hypothesis.
2. alternative hypothesis (H1) is a statement that there is a difference between a parameter and a specific
value, or between two parameters.
- makes use of the symbol (≠) for non-directional two-tailed test, greater than (>) for right-tailed test and
less than (<) for left-tailed test, depending on the claim.
If one is true, the other must be false. It is usually the null hypothesis that is subjected to the rigor of a
statistical test.
Alternative Null Hypothesis
Formulating Hypotheses Hypothesis (H1) (H0)
examples: examples:
non-directional (two-tailed test) µ ≠ 10 µ = 10
left-tailed test(one-tailed) µ < 20 µ ≥ 20
right-tailed test (one-tailed) µ > 15 µ ≤ 15
➢ In hypothesis testing, the common significant levels (α) used are 0.10, 0.05 and 0.01 with the
corresponding confidence levels of 90%, 95% and 99% respectively.
➢ The rejection region (also called critical region) refers to the area where the value of the test
statistic lies for which we will reject the null hypothesis. It may be on the left, or right, or both
depending on the alternative hypothesis.
REMEMBER THESE!
➢ If H1 makes use of “<” , “decrease” , “smaller” , “below” , it suggests a directional left-tailed test
(meaning the rejection region is on the left tail of the normal curve).
➢ If H1 makes use of “>” , “increase” , “larger” , “above” , it suggests a directional right-tailed test (meaning
the rejection region is on the right tail of the normal curve).
➢ If H1 makes use of “≠”, it suggests a non-directional test also called two-tailed, meaning the rejection
region is on both the left tail and the right tail of the normal curve.

Examples: Formulate (A) null hypothesis (H0), its (B) alternative hypothesis (H1) and (C) identify the significance
level and (D) identify the rejection region for each of the following. Write them in symbols.
1. A researcher claims at 95% confidence that the average TV viewing time of all five-year old children is more
than 4 hours daily.
A. H0: The average TV viewing time is less than or equal to 4 hours daily.
H0 : µ ≤ 4 (It is the opposite of the alternative hypothesis.)
B. H1: The average TV viewing time is more than 4 hours daily.
H1 : µ > 4 (As stated in the claim.)
C. significance level at 0.05 (because the confidence level is 95%)
D. right-tailed (as evidenced by the H1: µ > 4)

2. A college librarian claims that an average of 20 story books are borrowed daily. At 99% confidence level, test
the claim.
A. H0: The average number of story books borrowed daily is 20.
H0: µ = 20 (It is the opposite of the alternative hypothesis.)
B. H1: The average number of story books borrowed daily is not 20.
H1: µ ≠ 20 (Since claim has no direction, it simply states 20 story books.)
C. significance level at 0.01 (because the confidence level is 99%)
D. two-tailed (as evidenced by the H1: µ ≠ 20)

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 Lesson 1: EXERCISE

Directions: Formulate (A) alternative hypothesis (H1) and its (B) null hypothesis (H0), (C) identify the significance level and (D) identify
the rejection region for each of the following. Write them in symbols.
1. At 90% confidence, the principal said that the mean performance of all grade 11 learners of the school in the NAT is above 85.
2. The Mayor announced with 0.01 alpha that the average number of recovered COVID-19 cases is less than 5 people in a day.
3. The average age of all the identified senior citizens in an area is 65 years. Test the claim at 95% confidence.
4. The health worker claimed at 0.10 significance level that the residents drink more than 8 glasses of water in a day.

Quarter 4-Module 1: Hypothesis Testing

Lesson 2: Type I Error and Type II Error

Four Possible Outcomes in Decision Making
Decisions about the null hypothesis

Do not reject H0
Reject H0
(Accept H0)

Ho is true. Type I Error (α) Correct Decision

Reality
Ho is false. Correct Decision Type II Error (β)

There are four possible outcomes in Decision Making:

A. If the null hypothesis is true and rejected, it is a Type I Error.
B. If the null hypothesis is true and accepted, it is a correct decision.
C. If the null hypothesis is false and rejected, it is a correct decision.
D. If the null hypothesis is false and accepted, it is a Type II Error.

In an ideal situation, there is no error when we accept the true null hypothesis and reject the false
null hypothesis.

There are risks in making decisions about the hypothesis.

The probability of committing:
1. Type I Error is denoted by the α (alpha), also known as the level of significance
2. Type II Error is denoted by the β (beta).

Examples: Classify a decision as to Type I or Type II error.

1. A 20-year-old girl insists that she is a teenager.
• Type I Error. The girl is rejecting the truth.
2. The boy who stole the money was judged innocent.
• Type II Error. The falsehood was accepted.

Lesson 2: EXERCISE

Directions: Classify a decision as to Correct, Type I or Type II error.

1. May cannot accept her score and she insists that it is 35. When the teacher rechecked her
paper, it was actually 25.
2. The 65-year-old man claimed that he is a senior citizen.
3. The DSWD is giving cash assistance to poor families. The DSWD give the cash to a rich family
pretending to be poor.
4. The health personnel believed that Bryan was COVID-free, so he was sent home. When the result
came, Bryan was actually asymptomatic.

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Quarter 4-Module 1: Hypothesis Testing

Lesson 3: Population Mean and Population Proportion

Parameters are descriptive measures taken from the population.

The parameters to be tested could either be the population mean (µ) as to the average behavior
of the population, or the population proportion (ρ) as to the percentage of the population that
exhibits the behavior.

Examples: Given the real-life problems, (A) identify the parameter to be tested and state (B) the null
hypothesis and (C) the alternative hypothesis.
1. A school claims that the students’ average allowance is 20 pesos per day.
A. population mean (µ)
B. H0: µ = 20
C. H1: µ ≠ 20
2. 15 out of 20 students love the proposed new school uniform.
A. population proportion (ρ)
B. H0: ρ = 75% (since 15 ÷ 20 is 75%)
C. H1: ρ ≠ 75%

Lesson 3: EXERCISE
Directions: Given the real-life problems, (A) identify the parameter to be tested and state (B) the
alternative hypothesis and (C) the null hypothesis.
1. Angel claimed that her average score for the 5 summative tests is 35.
2. The mayor claimed that 98% of the COVID-19 patients have fully recovered.
3. Seven out of 10 middle-class families are against the Social Amelioration Program.
4. A company offers an average starting salary of P10,000 monthly.

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 MODULE 1: ASSESSMENT

Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write the CAPITAL LETTER of your
answer in the answer sheet provided.

1. The decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population based on the characteristics
of a sample is called ________________.
A. mean B. hypothesis testing C. proportion D. statistic

2. When the confidence level is at 99%, the significant levels (α) is ____________.
A. 0.01 B. 0.99 C. 0.10 D. 1

3. Which of the following would be an appropriate null hypothesis?

A. The mean of a population is equal to 50.
B. The mean of a sample is equal to 50.
C. The mean of a population is greater than 50.
D. The mean of a population is less than 50.

4. Which of the following would be an appropriate alternative hypothesis?

A. The population proportion is less than 0.45.
B. The sample proportion is less than 0.45.
C. The population proportion is not less than 0.45.
C. The sample proportion is not less than 0.45.

5. A Type II error is committed when the null hypothesis is _____________.

A. rejected when it is true C. rejected when it is false
B. not rejected when it is true D. not rejected when it is false

6. What will result if we conclude that the mean (µ) > 47 when its true value is 52?
A. Type I error B. Type II error C. an error D. a good decision

7. If we reject the null hypothesis when it is false, then we have committed _____________.
A. a Type II error B. a Type I error C. an error D. a good decision

8. A study claims at 95% confidence that students send an average of 500 messages daily. The
significance level (α) of the test is ________________ while the rejection region is in the
________________.
A. 95%; left and right (two tailed) C. .5; left and right (two tailed)
B. .05; left and right (two tailed) C. .05; right tailed

9. Sheila knows for sure that Mike is a liar, but she keeps on believing in him.
Sheila has committed _______________.
A. a Type II error B. a Type I error C. no error D. a good decision

10. John insists that Precious is his girlfriend when Precious does not even know him. John has
committed _______________.
A. a Type II error B. a Type I error C. no error D. a good decision

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