Module 5: Pharmaceutics

2. What are the important considerations in the choice of excipients?

I. Cross-contamination
II. Compatibility with the active drug
III. Effects on efficacy
IV. Cost of formulation
a. I, II, IV

b. II, III, IV

c. I, II, III

d. I, III, IV

3. What is RA 8203?

a. The Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972

b. Generics Act of 1988

c. Food, Drugs, Devices and Cosmetics Act

d. Special Law on Counterfeit Drugs

4. Which are the objectives of RA 10918?

I. Standardization and regulation of pharmacy education
II. Administration of licensure examination, registration and licensing of pharmacists
III. Supervision, control and regulation of pharmacy in the Philippines.
IV. Development and enhancement of professional competence of pharmacists through continuing professional
development, research, and other related activities.
a. I, II, III

b. I, III, IV

c. II, III, IV

d. I, II, III, IV

A suppository is a solid dosage form in which one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (API’s) are dispersed in a suitable
base and molded, or otherwise formed into a suitable shape for insertion into the rectal, vaginal or urethral body cavity.

5. Which of the following are true regarding rectal administration?

I. It is not often the first route of choice.

II. Relatively low cost and lack of technical difficulties make rectal administration attractive when compared to parenteral
therapy.
III. The advantage includes complete avoidance of the first-pass effect.
IV. The downside includes stigma of violating the patients’ dignity.
a. II, III, IV
b. I, II, IV
 c. I, III, IV
d. I, II, III

6. The advantages of rectal administration include which of the following:

I. Improved stability of drugs that are susceptible to gastric degradation
II. Ability to administer large doses of drugs compared to oral administration
III. Larger surface area for absorption than the small intestine
IV. Higher fluid content than in the small intestine
a. I, II
b. II, III
c. I, IV
d. II, IV
7. Which of the following are FALSE regarding suppositories?

I. Rectal suppositories are usually about 32mm long and are shaped like a bullet, torpedo or the little finger.

II. Vaginal suppositories or bougies are usually globular, oviform or cone-shaped.

III. Urethral suppositories or pessaries are slender, pencil-shaped, intended for insertion into the male or female urethra.

IV. Female urethral suppositories are twice the length and weight of male urethral suppositories.

a. I, II

b. II, III

c. I, IV

d. II, III, IV

8. Which of the following are CORRECT about suppository bases?

I. Suppository bases are chemically stable, non-irritating and non-sensitizing.

II. Cocoa butter exhibits marked polymorphism.

III. A glycerinated gelatin base is most frequently used in the preparation of rectal suppositories.

IV. Polyethylene glycol suppositories do NOT melt at body temperature.

a. I, II

b. III, IV

c. I, II, IV

d. II, III, IV

The expert selection of diluting agents has been an important factor in popularizing the “specialties” of manufacturing pharmacists.
There are three (3) groups of diluting agents based on their physical properties: aqueous diluting agents, hydroalcoholic diluting
agents and alcoholic diluting agents.

9. Select the pairs that are correctly matched:

I. Peppermint Water – Hydroalcoholic

II. Aromatic Elixir – Hydroalcoholic
III. Compound Cardamon Tincture – Alcoholic
IV. Simple Syrup – Aqueous
V. Orange Flower Water - Alcoholic
a. I, II, III
b. II, III, IV
c. I, IV, V
 d. I, V
10. Select the statements that best describe diluting agents for injections:

I. Diluting agents for injections maybe aqueous or non-aqueous.

II. Aqueous diluting agents include sterile water for injection, propylene glycol and dextrose.
III. Non-aqueous diluting agents include fatty oils of vegetable origin and fatty esters.
IV. Non-aqueous diluting agents are used to dissolve or dilute water-soluble substances.
V. Aqueous diluting agents are used to suspend water-soluble substances when it is desired to decrease the rate of
absorption and prolong the duration of action of the drug substances.
a. I, III
b. II, IV, V
c. IV, V
d. I, II
11. Which kind of water is purified by distillation or by reverse osmosis; contains no added substances; and intended for use as a
solvent for the preparation of parenteral solutions?

a. Water for Injection

b. Sterile Water for Injection
c. Purified Water
d. Bacteriostatic Water for Injection
12. How is a powder, composed of particles that all pass through a no. 80 sieve classified?

a. Coarse
b. Fine
c. Very Fine
d. Very Coarse
13. Which of the following is FALSE regarding transdermal patches?

a. Can be used as long as it is not dislodged

b. Can be used when bathing, swimming or showering
c. Can be cut into smaller sections for multiple use
d. Can be used only in areas with minimal hair
14. The following are examples of tinctures EXCEPT:

a. Lugol’s

b. Orange Peel

c. Belladonna

d. Green Soap

15. In patients with diarrhea, oral rehydration solutions are usually effective for mild volume depletion. These formulations consist
of:

a. PEG 3350, Na2SO4, NaHCO3, NaCl, KCl

b. Amino acid. Lipids, dextrose, electrolytes, multi-vitamins

c. Dextrose, Na+, Ca2+, Cl, HCO31-

d. Glucose, Na+, K+, Cl-, citrate

Emulsifying agents, stabilizers and thickeners for pharmaceutical systems maybe classified as:

I. Carbohydrate materials
II. Protein substances
 III. High molecular weight alcohols
IV. Finely divided solids
V. Wetting Agents
Select the emulsifier that match the descriptions.
16. These are made up of polyhydroxylated monomeric units that form hydrophilic colloids when added to water and, generally
produce o/w emulsions.

a. V
b. III
c. I
d. IV
17. These are dispersed solids, especially of freshly precipitated hydroxides of polyvalent metals that generally form o/w
emulsions when they are added to the aqueous phase, in systems where the aqueous phase has a greater volume.

a. I
b. II
c. IV
d. III
18. These are employed primarily as thickening agents and stabilizers for o/w emulsions of lotions and ointments that are used
externally.

a. V
b. I
c. III
d. II
19. These are amide-containing agents made up of monomeric units used to form o/w emulsions.
a. III
b. I
c. IV
d. II
20. These are molecules containing hydrophilic and lipophilic groups that maybe cationic, anionic and non-ionic.
a. IV
b. V
c. III
d. II

Ointments are intended for external application to the skin or mucous membrane. These may or may not be medicated. The
choice of ointment base depends on the clinical indication for the ointment. The different types of ointment bases are the
following:

I. Hydrocarbon bases
II. Absorption bases
III. Water absorbable bases
IV. Emulsifying bases
V. Vegetable bases
Match the ointment base to the following descriptions.
21. These contain three ester-bonded fatty acid groups to the hydroxyls of a glycerin molecule and may contain a small amount
of diesters and monoesters can also be present, commonly used in cosmetics.
a. I
b. IV
c. II
d. V
22. These bases are anhydrous and insoluble in water, used for their emollient effect and as an occlusive dressing. They cannot
absorb or contain water, greasy and not water washable.
a. III
b. IV
c. I
d. II
23. These are bases that either permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions to form water/oil emulsions or, water-in-oil
emulsions that permit incorporation of additional quantities of aqueous solutions.

a. I
b. V
c. III
d. II
24. These are greaseless bases that are water-washable, lipid-free and non-occlusive that contain purely water-soluble
components.

a. III
b. IV
c. I
d. II
25. Anhydrous bases designed to protect and soften extremely dry skin that can also be used to prepare water-in-oil emulsions
by adding small amounts of aqueous solution.
a. I
b. II
c. IV
d. III
Oral solutions are intended to provide systemic effects. The classes of oral liquid dosage forms include the following:
I. Linctus
II. Elixir
III. Oral emulsion
IV. Oral drop
V. Syrup
Identify the liquid dosage form being described.
26. An oral liquid that contains one or more active ingredients that are unstable in the water phase and is stabilized in oil-in-water
dispersions. Either or both phases may contain solids.
a. II
b. I
c. III
d. V
27. An oral liquid that is prepared to be administered in small quantities with the help of suitable measuring devices.

a. I

b. II

c. V

d. IV

28. A viscous oral liquid that contains one or more active ingredients in solution, the base generally containing large amount of
sucrose or sweetening agents. It may contain 95% ethanol as a preservative or as a solvent for flavors.

a. I

b. II

c. III

d. V

29. A viscous oral liquid that contains one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable base that generally contains a higher
concentration of sugar or other sugars.

a. III

b. II

c. I

d. V

30. A clear flavored liquid that containing one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable base that contains a high
proportion of sucrose and may also contain ethanol (95%) or a diluted ethanol.

a. I

b. III

c. II

d. V

The properties of colloids include the following:

I. Light scattering

II. Brownian movement

III. Electric properties

IV. Viscosity

V. Sedimentation

Match each colloidal property with its description.

31. The velocity of the particles increases with decreasing particle size, and increasing the viscosity of the medium, decreases,
and finally stops this erratic motion of particles.

a. II

b. IV

c. V

d. I

32. This property is used for determining the molecular weight of colloids.

a. I

b. V

c. II

d. IV
33. This colloidal property is affected by the shape of particles of the dispersed phase, and the relationship between this property
with shape, reflects the degree of solvation of the particles.

a. IV

b. III

c. I

d. V

34. The presence and magnitude, or absence of this on a colloidal particle is an important factor in the stability of colloidal
systems.

a. IV

b. III

c. V

d. II

Handlers of dangerous drugs (DD), dangerous drug preparations (DDP) and controlled chemicals used in the manufacture of
drug preparations are issued the following S-licenses:

I. S-1 V. S-5I

II. S-3 VI. S-5E

III. S-4 VII. S-5D

IV. S-5 VIII. S-6

Identify the S-license issued to the following handlers.

35. Wholesalers/distributors of DD or DDP or controlled chemicals used in the drug preparation/s and/or their preparation/s
a. I
b. III
c. VII
d. IV
36. Compounding or manufacture of DD or DDP and/or drug preparations containing controlled chemical/s
a. IV
b. VIII
c. VI
d. II
37. Retail of drug preparations containing controlled chemical/s
a. V
b. IV
c. I
d. VI
38. Importation of DD or DDP or controlled chemical/s used in the manufacture of drug preparations and/or their preparation/s.
a. V
b. VII
c. III
d. VI
39. Retail of DD or DDP or drug preparations containing controlled chemical/s
a. VI
b. II
 c. V
d. IV

Newtonian fluids obey Newton’s law of viscosity and the viscosity is independent of the shear rate while Non -Newtonian fluids
do not follow Newton’s law and, thus, their viscosity is not constant and is dependent on the shear rate.

I. Newtonian Fluid
II. Non-newtonian Fluid

Match the following liquids to their fluid characteristic:

40. Alcohol

a. I

b. II

c. I, II

d. None

41. Blood

a. II

b. I

c. I, II

d. None

42. Starch Suspensions

a. II

b. I

c. I, II

d. None

43. Mineral Oil

a. I

b. I, II

c. II

d. None

44. Ketchup

a. I, II

b. II

c. I

d. None

29.5 g of dried ferrous sulfate was dissolved in a sufficient amount of water to create a 1 molar solution with a density of 1.878
g/mL. The density of water is 1 g/mL while the molar mass of anhydrous ferrous sulphate is 151.91 g/mol.

45. How much water was used to prepare the solution?

a. 103.40 mL

b. 194.19 mL

c. 335.20 mL

d. 417.17 mL

46. What is the molality of the solution?

 a. 1.8781 m

b. 1.0000 m

c. 0.5793 m

d. 0.4655 m

47. What is the %w/w of the solution?

a. 8.09

b. 8.80

c. 7.07

d. 22.20

48. What is the %w/v of the solution?

a. 8.09

b. 15.19

c. 17.27

d. 22.20

49. How much does 1L of the solution weigh?

a. 1,000 g

b. 1,878 g

c. 1,000 mg

d. 1,878 mg

50. Which are the salient features of a Category B Drug Establishment?

I. It is under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist who visits the establishment on a regular basis but NOT on a 24-
hour basis.

II. ONLY OTC medicines are for sale, prescription drugs are NOT for sale in the establishment.

III. It is under the supervision of a duly licensed pharmacist on a regular and permanent basis.

IV. OTC and prescription drugs are available for sale in the establishment.

a. I, II

b. I, IV

c. II, III

d. III, IV

51. What law or issuance contains the requirements for Good Manufacturing Practice applied to premises, equipment, personnel,
products and warehouse?

a. FDA Advisory

b. FDA Memorandum Circular

c. RA 7432

d. Administrative Order from DOH

52. Which government agency certifies Medical Representatives or Professional Service Representatives?

I. Professional Regulatory Board of Pharmacy

II. Food and Drug Administration

III. Department of Labor and Employment

IV. Department of Trade and Industry

 a. IV

b. I

c. II

d. III

53. A sample of zinc oxide powder with a true density of 5.59 g/cm3 weighs 113 g and was found to have a bulk volume of 77.5
cm3 when placed in a 250-mL graduated cylinder. Calculate the total porosity.

a. 26%

b. 43%

c. 57%

d. 74%

To manufacture a drug substance into a final dosage form, will require pharmaceutical excipients. Listed below are the principal
categories of excipients:

I. Tablet anti-adherents V. Tablet glidants

II. Tablet binders VI. Tablet lubricants

III. Tablet diluents VII. Tablet opaquant

IV. Tablet disintegrants

Match the descriptions with the corresponding excipients.

54. These excipients reduces the friction between tablet surface and die wall to eject the tablet easily, improve the flow
characteristics of a powder mixture by aiding the flow of materials through smaller apertures in the tablet press and, reduce
sticking of powder/ granules to the punch faces and die wall.

a. V

b. I, VI

c. II, III, IV

d. I, V, VI

55. These excipients add the necessary bulk to a formulation to prepare tablets of the desired size for practicality in
compression.

a. VI

b. III

c. IV

d. VII

56. These excipients promote the adhesion of particles within the formulation and Imparts cohesiveness to powders forming
granules.

a. II

b. II, III, IV

c. I

d. I, V, VI

57. Which of the following statements about tablet excipients is INCORRECT?

I. Diluents usually make up a major portion of tablets.

II. Excess binder increases the disintegration rate of tablets.

III. Glidants enhance the flow of the material into the tablet dies.

IV. Excess lubricant may decrease the dissolution rate of drugs.

 a. I

b. II

c. III

d. IV

58. Arrange the following steps in wet granulation:

I. Initial dry mixing

II. Dry screening

III. Incorporation of binder

IV. Wet screening

V. Drying

VI. Compression

VII. Incorporation of lubricant

a. I, IV, III, V, II, VI, VII

b. I, IV, III, V, II, VII, VI

c. I, III, IV, V, II, VII, VI

d. I, III, IV, V, II, VI, VII

Common problems that afflict the tableting industry include, among others, the following:
I. Capping VI. Picking
II. Lamination VII. Mottling
III. Hardness VIII. Cracking
IV. Friability IX. Binding
V. Sticking
Identify the tablet defect being described.
59. This defect occurs as a split in the tablet anywhere except the top. It often happens due to over compression of the tablet.
a. IV
b. II
c. V
d. IX
60. This defect occurs when the granules of a formulation become stuck to the face of the press punch.
a. VIII
b. VII
c. V
d. IV
61. This occurs when the granules stick to the design embedded in the punch tip such as in the lettering or logo.
a. IX
b. I
c. VI
d. IV
62. The key to controlling this defect is maintaining the weight of the tablet.
a. IV
b. III
 c. VII
d. VI
63. This refers to the tendency of the tablet to chip, crumble, or break following compression.
a. II
b. VII
c. VIII
d. IV
Emulsifying agents or surface-active agents maybe categorized on the basis of their chemical make-up as to their hydrophile-
lipophile balance.
Select:
V – If all statements are correct.
W – If only 1 statement is correct.
X – If 2 statements are correct.
Y - If 3 statements are correct.
Z - If all statements are incorrect.
64. The HLB System

I. Each surface-active agent is assigned an HLB value which is indicative of the substances’ ionic nature.

II. HLB values range from 1-40.

III. Substances that are highly polar or hydrophilic have been assigned higher numbers.

IV. In using the HLB concept in the preparation of an emulsion, one selects emulsifying agents having higher or lower HLB
values as the oleaginous phase of the emulsion.

a. V

b. Z

c. X

d. Y

There are several defects that affect the tablet making process. Such problems can cause the company loss of production time
and sales. Some problems that affect the tableting industry is as follows:

I. Film cracking (Type I)

II. Film cracking (Type II)
III. Capping
IV. Rough coating
V. Delayed dissolution for intermediate release product
Match the defect with its description.

65. This defect is a result of partial spray drying or because of over wetting causing soft coating to rub.

a. I
b. IV
c. V
d. II
66. A fracture occurs at the top of the tablet and the top separates itself from the body of the solid tablet.
a. II
b. IV
c. III
 d. I
67. Coating cracks due to thermal expansion of tablet cores and lack of film flexibility due to over drying.

a. II

b. III

c. I

d. IV

68. This is often associated with exposure of tablet cores to coating process conditions rather than direct effects of the applied
tablet coating.

a. III
b. IV
c. V
d. I
69. Coating cracks due to core swelling caused by excessive moisture uptake into the tablet cores during application of coating.

a. IV
b. II
c. III
d. I
In order for molecules to exist in aggregates in gases, liquids and solids, intermolecular forces must exist. A knowledge of these
forces is important for understanding NOT only of the properties of these 3 states of matter, but also interfacial phenomena,
flocculation in suspensions, stabilization of emulsions, compaction of powders in capsules and compression of granules to form
tablets.

These are various types of intermolecular forces:

I. Van der Waals forces

II. Ion-dipole, ion-induced dipole forces
III. Hydrogen bonds
IV. Repulsive and attractive forces
V. Electrovalent forces
Match the intermolecular forces with their descriptions.

70. Keesom, Debye and London forces are the 3 types of this weak intermolecular forces

a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
71. These forces account in part for the solubility of ionic crystalline substances in water, and presumably are involved in the
formation of the iodide complex which accounts for the solubility of iodine in a solution of KI.

a. V
b. II
c. IV
d. III
72. Intermolecular forces that account for the unusual properties of water such as its high dielectric constant, abnormally low
vapour pressure and high boiling point.

a. IV

b. III
 c. V

d. I

73. Forces necessary for molecules to cohere and forces necessary to prevent molecules from interpenetrating and annihilating
one another.

a. IV

b. I

c. V

d. II

74. Weak electrostatic forces that bring about condensation of non-polar gas molecules, so as to form liquids and solids when
molecules are brought quite close to one another.

a. I

b. II

c. III

d. V

The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) differentiates drugs on the basis of their solubility and permeability. It
categorizes active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) into 4 classes:

I. BCS Class I

II. BCS Class II

III. BCS Class III

IV. BCS Class IV

Match the class type with its description:

75. Compounds that have high solubility and high permeability; are well-absorbed and absorption rate is usually higher than
excretion.

a. III
b. IV
c. I
d. II
The gas laws were developed in the late 1800s when scientists understood the relationship between pressure, volume, and
temperature for a sample of gas. These relationships would, in turn, be, approximately, valid for all the gases.

I. Gay-Lussac’s Law IV. Charles’s Law

II. Henry’s Law V. Boyle’s Law

III. Faraday’s Law VI. Ideal Gas Law

Match the corresponding descriptions to the gas law they pertain to:

76. It states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas when the volume is
kept constant.

a. I

b. V

c. IV

d. III

77. It states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure above the liquid.

a. IV

b. III
 c. II

d. I

78. It states that when the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in
direct proportion.

a. IV

b. II

c. VI

d. I

79. The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if
the temperature and amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed system

a. I

b. III

c. V

d. IV

80. A combination of laws that can be expressed empirically as: PV = nRT.

a. V

b. I

c. III

d. VI

A pharmacist’s knowledge of physical properties of drug molecules is important for product formulation and leads to a better
understanding of the inter-relationship between molecular structure and drug action. Some of the important physical properties of
molecules are the following:

I. Electromagnetic radiation IV. Circular dichroism

II. Refractive index V. Permanent dipole moment

III. Optical rotatory dispersion VI. Optical rotation

Match the physical properties with their descriptions.

81. This has a characteristic frequency, wavelength and wave number.

a. I

b. IV

c. V

d. III

82. This is a non-ionic phenomenon wherein the molecule as a whole has no net charge.

a. IV

b. V

c. II

d. I

83. It is the measurement of the angle of rotation as a function of the wavelength.

a. II

b. IV

c. III

d. VI
84. This is represented by the formula: n = sin i/sin r.

a. IV

b. III

c. II

d. V

85. This is an absorption spectroscopy method based on the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized light.

a. IV

b. V

c. II

d. VI

86. Which of the following pharmacopoeial terms should be used to describe the solubility of a substance if 8 mg of the solute
can be dissolved in 500 mL of water?

a. Slightly soluble

b. Soluble

c. Sparingly soluble

d. Practically insoluble

87. An example of a non-ionic surfactant:

a. Sodium lauryl sulfate

b. Cetylpyridinium chloride
c. Cocamidopropyl betaine
d. Sorbitan monopalmitate
88. In this method of emulsion preparation, the gum is mixed with the oil before the addition of water.

a. Continental method

b. English method

c. Forbes bottle method

d. In situ soap method

89. An equipment which can alternately combine and separate the tablet components as this equipment revolves. It is ideal for
the precise blending of dry-to-dry or dry-to-liquid materials with short processing times.

a. Twin shell blender

b. Planetary mixer

c. Horizontal ribbon blender

d. Continuous mixer

90. Flow problems encountered in hoppers used in the manufacture of solid dosage forms are the following EXCEPT:

a. Slugging

b. Bridging

c. Flooding

d. Rat holing

91. Which of the following parts of the tablet press is INCORRECTLY matched with its function?

a. Cam tracks – control the movement of the upper and lower punch

b. Hopper – holds the material for compression

 c. Feed shoe – compresses the material while within the die

d. Die – controls the size and shape of the tablet

Polymeric film coating, in the formal sense, is a process that has been used extensively by pharmaceutical companies for over half
a century. In spite of its relative longevity, it remains a complex process in which all technical issues and their impact are not always
fully appreciated with the result that potential problems continue to arise with all too frequent regularity.
Select:
V – If all statements are correct.
W – If only 1 statement is correct.
X – If 2 statements are correct.
Y - If 3 statements are correct.
Z - If all statements are incorrect.
92. Description of tablet defects
I. Blistering is the local detachment of film from the tablet substrate.
II. Blooming is when the coating becomes dull, possibly due to exposure to high temperatures.
III. Blushing is a haziness or appearance of white specks in the coat.

IV. A tablet may be said to have an appearance of “orange peel” on account of having a rough and non-glossy surface.

a. Z

b. W

c. V

d. X

There is no universal theory of emulsification because emulsions can be prepared using several different types of emulsifying
agent, each of which depends for its action on a different principle to achieve a stable product. The theories of emulsification are
as follows:

I. Interfacial film theory III. Surface tension theory

II. Oriental wedge theory IV. Viscosity theory

Match the theory with its description.

93. Proposes that the surfactant forms monomolecular layers around the droplets of the internal phase of the emulsion.

a. II

b. I

c. IV

d. III

94. The internal forces in a liquid drop promote association of the molecule of the substance resisting distortion of the drop into a
less spherical form.

a. IV
b. III
c. II
d. I
95. The emulsifying agent surrounds the droplets of the internal phase as a thin layer of film adsorbed on the surface of the
internal phase globules.
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
96. Test which measures the efficiency of membrane filters.
a. Bubble point test
b. Bacterial endotoxin test
c. Clarity test
d. DOP test
Sterilization of parenterals is important. Various methods of sterilization have different mechanisms of action as shown below:
I. DNA mutation IV. Physical separation
II. Alkylation V. Oxidation
III. Protein coagulation
Match the mechanism of action with the sterilization method.
97. Dry heat
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. V
98. Membrane filters
a. IV
b. III
c. II

d. I

99. Beta-propiolactone

a. V

b. II

c. III

d. IV

100. An owner of a drugstore is hoarding a prescription drug for hypertension because she has prior information that the price
will increase in a few months. Which law does the owner violates?

a. RA 9502

b. RA 9994

c. RA 9711

d. RA 6675

101. A famous beauty vlogger is advertising and selling Kojic Acid Soap and Whitening Toner under a popular trade name
named after a doctor, in her online shop. These products though were not issued certificates of product registration. Which law
does the advertiser and seller violates?

a. RA 9211

b. RA 10918

c. RA 9502

d. RA 9711