AUSIR: Autonomous Irrigation System

A Developmental Research

Presented to

Calbayog City National High School

Calbayog City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For Science, Technology, and Engineering Program

Advincula, Ymika Ayanna Niedo, Cyd Laurence

Candaza, Amiel Seth Roño, Gwayneth Alexa
De Los Santos, Arsen Jan Suello, Shyra Mae
Labian, Santina Zeo Tonog, Shawn Philip
Mendoza, Lyzza Mae Ventures, Reese Jaycelle

March 2024
 AUSIR: Autonomous Irrigation System

A Developmental Research

Presented to

Calbayog City National High School

Calbayog City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For Science, Technology, and Engineering Program

Advincula, Ymika Ayanna Niedo, Cyd Laurence

Candaza, Amiel Seth Roño, Gwayneth Alexa
De Los Santos, Arsen Jan Suello, Shyra Mae
Labian, Santina Zeo Tonog, Shawn Philip
Mendoza, Lyzza Mae Ventures, Reese Jaycelle

March 2024

i
 APPROVAL SHEET

The research titled, “AUSIR: Autonomous Irrigation System”, prepared and

submitted by Ymika Ayanna B. Advincula, Amiel Seth P. Candaza, Arsen Jan G.
De Los Santos, Santina Zeo R. Labian, Lyzza Mae F. Mendoza, Cyd Laurence O.
Niedo, Gwayneth Alexa D. Roño, Shyra Mae C. Suello, Shawn Philip A. Tonog,
Reese Jaycelle C. Ventures in partial fulfillment of the Basic Education Curriculum
of Junior High School, Science Technology, and Engineering Program for School Year
2023-2024 has been examined and recommended for ACCEPTANCE AND
APPROVAL.

LAZARO R. BINAY JR.

Chairman

MILA MAY N. ABARRO LADY SYDNEY S. TARRAYO

Member Member

GERARDO M. ROXAS
Chairman

ROSA JEAN T. GONZAGA

Research Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with the grade of .
LAZARO R. BINAY JR.
Chairman

MILA MAY N. ABARRO LADY SYDNEY S. TARRAYO

Member Member

GERARDO M. ROXAS
Chairman

ROSA JEAN T. GONZAGA

Research Adviser

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

Basic Education Curriculum, Junior High School Program, STE
Department.

MILANER R. OYO-A
School Principal

II
 Acknowledgment

This study's development has been a crucial and critical task that would not have

been accomplished without the help and support of others. The researchers wish to

express their heartfelt gratitude to the following individuals for their contributions to

the study's completion:

To Ms. Rosa Jean T. Gonzaga for generously contributing her time, knowledge,

and guidance to the creation of the whole study, manuscript, and the product. As well

as monitoring and keeping us in track of our progression.

To Mr. Lazaro R. Binay for generously contributing his time and knowledge

to the idea and creation of the product and the recommendations he accorded to

establish the betterment of the product.

To the Professional Workers who shared their expertise in developing the

product, heartfelt appreciation from the researchers. Your dedication and assistance

have been invaluable in shaping this studies and product’s outcome.

To the Parents of the Researchers for their unwavering support, financial

assistance, and provision of resources, the researchers express heartfelt gratitude. Thank

you for making this endeavor possible.

Above all, our Almighty God for providing his everlasting offerings, strength,

and intelligence that enabled this research to be possible and achievable.

III
 Abstract

In response to the escalating challenges of sustainable agriculture, particularly

in water-scarce regions, this research introduces the AUSIR: Autonomous Irrigation

System, a pioneering solution aimed at enhancing irrigation efficiency. The Philippines,

heavily reliant on agriculture, faces significant obstacles such as drought, water scarcity,

and manual irrigation inefficiencies. These challenges necessitate innovative

approaches to ensure agricultural sustainability and food security. AUSIR integrates

four key sensors: soil moisture, humidity, temperature, and air quality to deliver precise

irrigation autonomously. In this study, the researchers investigated the product’s

accuracy in monitoring rice plants and its impact on crop growth and health compared

to traditional methods. The researchers employed a developmental and mixed-method

design to evaluate AUSIR's performance. Key findings indicate that AUSIR

significantly improves rice yield quality and quantity, offering a transformative

approach to irrigation that conserves water and reduces labor. The researcher also made

use of the quantitative approach on the data collected from the experiments on the

effectiveness of the product. Results showed that the product performed differently

from manual irrigation processes by producing 2.65 more better rice quality and 1.7

more rice yielded. AUSIR also yielded 9 out of 9 rice seeds than the 4 out of 9 from

manual irrigation processes. AUSIR also proved it’s accuracy by gaining a total average

of 15.3 seconds in monitoring the temperature and humidity of the surrounding

atmosphere, and soil moisture of the rice plants.

IV
 Table of Contents

Contents Page

Title Page I

Approval Sheet II

Acknowledgment III

Abstract IV

Table of Contents V

List of Tables VI

List of Figures VII

List of Appendices IX

Introduction 1

Statement of the Problem 4

Significance 5

Materials and Methods 7

Research Design 7

Time and Locale of the Study 8

Research Instrumentation 8

Data Gathering Procedure 9

Product Development 10

Materials 10

Methods 10

Testing of the Product 14

Materials 14

V
 Methods 14

Data Analysis 14

Results 16

Discussions 18

Summary of Findings 20

Conclusion 21

Recommendations 22

References 23

VI
 List of Tables

Table No. Page

1 Accuracy of the Autonomous Irrigation System 16

2 Comparison of the Manual Irrigation Processes and AUSIR 16

3 Comparison of the Manual Irrigation Processes and AUSIR 16

VII
 List of Figures

Table No. Page

1 Front View Design of the AUSIR 12

2 Side View Design of the AUSIR 12

3 Schematic Diagram of the AUSIR’s Circuitry 13

4 Autonomous Irrigation System 13

5 AUSIR’s Response Accuracy 18

6 Manual Irrigation Processes 18

7 Autonomous Irrigation System 19

VIII
 List of Appendices

Table No. Page

A Sample Data Collection Sheets 24

B Accomplished Data Collection Sheets 26

C Sensors Used 28

IX
 Introduction

In the heart of a rapidly evolving agricultural landscape, where the need for

sustainable practices grows more urgent with each passing day, the pursuit of

innovation has never been more critical. Picture vast expanses of farmland, stretching

out under the relentless sun, where traditional irrigation methods struggle to keep pace

with the demands of modern farming. Here, the inefficiencies of manual watering not

only drain precious resources but also jeopardize crop yields and livelihoods. This

pressing challenge calls for a transformative solution—an autonomous irrigation

system. Imagine a network of sensors and solar-powered motors working in harmony,

seamlessly delivering the precise amount of water needed, exactly when and where it's

required. Such a system promises not just to conserve water and energy but to

revolutionize agricultural productivity, paving the way for a future where technology

and sustainability thrive side by side. This research delves into the intricacies of crafting

such a system, aiming to turn this vision into a tangible reality.

Achieving sustainable development faces a key challenge: 3.2 billion people

live in agricultural areas with high to very high-water shortages or scarcity, of whom

1.2 billion people – roughly one-sixth of the world’s population – live in severely water-

constrained agricultural areas. As demand rises, freshwater becomes increasingly

scarce. Subsequently, about one out of six people on the planet face severe water

shortages or scarcity in agriculture, with about 15 percent of the rural population being

at risk. Around 520 million of such people live in Southern Asia, and about 460 million

live in Eastern and South-eastern Asia. In Central Asia and in Northern Africa and

Western Asia, about one-fifth of the population live in agricultural areas with very high-

water shortages or scarcity. In Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, Northern

America and Oceania, only 1–4 percent live in extremely water-constrained areas. In

1
sub-Saharan Africa, only about 5 percent of the population live in affected areas. There,

most areas are rainfed, suggesting that water constraints are driven by severe drought

or lack of irrigation.

The Philippines' primary industry are agriculture. The majority of Filipinos still

reside in rural regions and rely on agriculture for their livelihood. Fishing and

agriculture together make up a significant portion of the Philippine economy. In 2016,

9% of the gross domestic product was derived from agriculture. One-third of the 29.81

million hectares of total land area, or around 9.7 million hectares, are utilized for

agriculture. The Philippines faces numerous natural disasters, but one of its biggest

issues is drought. Global warming has intensified stronger El Niño and created severe

droughts that significantly influenced agriculture, hindered crop yield, placed a severe

hardship on farmers' lives, endangered food security, and increased animal diseases and

crop pests (PAGASA, n.d.). The majority of Filipinos rely on agriculture as their

primary source of income, and it significantly affects the national economy. Irrigation

becomes difficult in arid regions or when there is insufficient rainfall (Auburn, 2020).

Therefore, automation is needed for a happy yield. Currently, farmers in the Philippines

irrigate their land manually at regular intervals using conventional irrigation

techniques. The manual execution of agricultural routines demands a great deal of care

and attention. It is difficult to complete the necessary tasks accurately and efficiently.

Poor quality, uneven magnification, and decreased crop yield could be the end results

of this.

The most common problems faced by farmers in Samar, Philippines include low

production in white corn, rising cost of farm inputs, limited farm mechanization and

shortage of farm laborers, and weather conditions affecting harvest volume, absence of

2
water source for efficient farming irrigation, unavailability of advanced farming

technologies, high cost of farming inputs, climatic changes, and insufficient water

supply.

Consequently, urgent action is indeed needed to make water use in agriculture

more sustainable and equitable. Improved water management strategies for sustainable

agricultural practices will be a crucial component to reduce vulnerability to climate

variability and attain potential yields in agriculture for improved food security and

livelihoods. Therefore, the researchers developed the Autonomous Irrigation System,

or AUSIR to maximize the use of water resources in agriculture. Improving irrigation

efficiency in agriculture is thus critical for the survival of sustainable agricultural

production.

3
 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to develop an autonomous irrigation system that offers four

sensors for more accurate and efficient results in agricultural production of crops.

Moreover, this study was conducted and tested at Brgy. Hamorawon, Calbayog City,

Samar from School Year: 2023 – 2024.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following research questions:

A. What is the accuracy of the AUSIR: Autonomous Irrigation System in

monitoring the condition of rice fields in terms of:

1.1 Soil Moisture;

1.2 Humidity Level; and

1.3 Temperature?

B. How does the AUSIR: Autonomous Irrigation System impact the growth and

health of rice crops to manual irrigation practices in terms of;

2.1 Rice Yield;

2.2 Size, and

2.3 Color?

4
 Significance
The study’s findings are beneficial to farmers, communities, future researchers,

and energy security.

Farmers. AUSIR presents a transformative opportunity to revolutionize rice

cultivation practices for farmers. By increasing efficiency and productivity, AUSIR has

the potential to significantly improve farm incomes. Additionally, the technology's

ability to optimize water usage translates to reduced operational costs and a minimized

environmental footprint. AUSIR can also directly contribute to enhanced food security

within rice-dependent communities by promoting higher crop yields. These combined

benefits empower farmers to achieve greater financial stability, contribute to a more

sustainable agricultural ecosystem, and ensure the long-term viability of their

communities' food security.

Communities. The increased efficiency and productivity enabled by AUSIR

translates into a greater economic benefit for communities. Farmers can earn higher

incomes, leading to improved living standards and increased economic activity within

the agricultural sector. AUSIR contributes directly to food security within communities

heavily reliant on rice production by enhancing rice yields and promoting water use.

By promoting efficient water use and reducing reliance on traditional irrigation

practices, AUSIR contributes to environmental sustainability, protecting water

resources and mitigating negative impacts on local ecosystems. This is particularly

important in regions facing water scarcity and environmental degradation.

Energy Security. While this study focuses on agriculture, its findings have

broader implications for energy security. By demonstrating the effectiveness of AUSIR

in optimizing water use and improving crop yields, it contributes to the development of

sustainable agricultural practices that rely less on energy-intensive inputs. This is

5
crucial for promoting energy efficiency and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The

study’s findings can also inform the development of renewable energy technologies for

agricultural applications. Researchers can identify opportunities for integrating

renewable energy sources like solar power, further reducing reliance on fossil fuels, by

understanding the energy demands of AUSIR and other precision agriculture

technologies.

Future Researchers. The findings of this study will significantly contribute to

the growing body of knowledge about sustainable rice cultivation practices. This data

will inform future research on optimizing AUSIR technology and exploring its potential

applications in various agricultural settings. By identifying both the strengths and

weaknesses of AUSIR, this study will guide researchers in developing more efficient

and robust autonomous irrigation systems for the future. This will lead to continuous

improvement and innovation in agricultural technology, promoting sustainability and

efficient in food production.

6
 Materials and Methods

This section presents the methods and procedures that were employed in the

conduct of the study. This chapter includes the research design, time and locale of the

study, instrumentation, validation of instrumentation, data gathering procedure, product

development, testing of the product, and data analysis.

Research Design

This study will utilize a developmental research design. Developmental

research design is defined as the systematic study of creating, implementing, and

assessing instructional programs, procedures, and products that must meet the criteria

of internal consistency and effectiveness. It involves producing knowledge with the

ultimate goal of enhancing the processes of instructional design, development, and

evaluation. It is based on either situation-specific problem solving or generalized

inquiry techniques (Seels & Richey, 1994). Thus, this study employed the said research

design to develop and test the AUSIR: Autonomous Integrated Irrigation System.

Moreover, the researchers will also use a mixed-method research design to

further evaluate the collected data during the conduct of the study. As stated by Creswell

& Manzoor (2020), mixed method research is a combined approach in which qualitative

information obtained from research participants’ explanations is used to support and

enhance statistical information derived from quantitative measurements, in simple

terms, it involves the collection or analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data in

a study. This approach is essential as it reinforces and improves the reliability of the

study, as well as provides a better understanding of the collected data.

7
Time and Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted at the rooftop on one of the researchers' homes in

Brgy. Hamorawon, Calbayog City throughout the years 2023-2024. Due to continuous

climate change affecting the growth of livestock in the city, the researchers agreed that

this area is ideal for the investigation. This system will integrate soil moisture,

humidity, and temperature monitoring for crops requiring irrigation, ensuring optimal

water management by precisely supplying water, thereby enhancing crop growth and

productivity while conserving water resources. The locale is also well-equipped with

all necessary facilities, including free high-speed internet, and can accommodate all the

researchers.

Research Instrumentation

This study utilized data collection sheets to examine the following variables:

Temperature, Humidity, Soil Moisture, Rice Yield, Size of Rice Grain and Color. In

line with this, a data collection sheet is a systematic tool for collecting and analyzing

data in research. It may also be characterized as a worksheet that assists the researcher

in gathering, processing, and making sense of information from multiple data resources

(Formplus, 2020). The instrumentation is divided into (2) major parts:

Part I. Temperature, Humidity, Soil Moisture. The temperature, humidity,

and soil moisture were evaluated through natural conditions to test the accuracy of the

AUSIR in terms of the signals sent by the sensor and the system’s response to the signal.

The data gathered from the said variables during the testing was recorded in a table.

8
 Part II. Rice Yield, Size and Color of Rice Grain. The rice yield, size and color

of the rice grain were evaluated to determine whether the AUSIR has a significant

difference to the manual irrigation processes. The data gathered from the mentioned

variables were recorded in a table.

Validation of Instrumentation

For the validity of the instrument utilized in gathering data for the accuracy and

the impact of the AUSIR: Autonomous Irrigation System to the growth and health of

rice crops, the researchers utilized the data gathering sheet adapted from the study of

Caber et. al. (2022).

Moreover, the researchers sought expert validation in which the crafted data

collection sheets, aligning with the study’s pertinent variables, were subjected to

verification and validation by esteemed experts in the field of Robotics, Electronics,

and Computer Programming.

Data Gathering Procedure

In gathering the data for rice yield, the researchers used manual irrigation

processes in (9) rice seeds and recorded the rice yielded from plant. Another (9) rice

seeds were utilized for the AUSIR to be used and the data gathered from each plant was

recorded in the data collection sheet.

The manually yielded rice will be checked by their sizes whether long & slender

(Good Quality) or medium-sized (Medium/Low Quality) as well as the rice yielded by

the AUSIR. The gathered data were recorded in the data collection sheet.

The colors of the manually yielded rice will then be checked whether they’re

white and polished (Good Quality) or Yellow/Brown (Poor Quality) as well as the rice

yielded by the AUSIR. The gathered data were recorded in the data collection sheet.

9
Product Development

Materials

A. Programming Materials

For the programming of the product and its sensors, the researchers

utilized (4) different sensors: DH-11 (Temperature and Humidity Sensor),

MQ-2 (Air Quality Sensor), Ultrasonic Sensor (Water Level Sensor), Soil

Moisture Sensor. And the researchers also utilized an Arduino Uno.

B. Electronic Materials

For the electronics, the researchers utilized a 9-Volt and 12-Volt battery,

Jumper Wires, Switch, Light Emitting Diode, Small Water Pump, and a

Relay Module.

C. Hardware Materials

For the hardware, the researchers utilized a reused 3.5-liter tub, reused

Jollibee spaghetti pan, used illustration board, and spare wood.

Methods

D. Programming Methods

The researchers utilized Arduino IDE to initialize the sensors, read and

transmit data from the sensors to the Arduino, transmit the data to server:

192.168.4.2. Access server through the stated IP Address in your browser

once connected to WIFI name: esp8266. Data will be transmitted to the

server and will be displayed in your screen.

E. Electronic Methods

The 12-Volt Battery powers the Small Water Pump while the 9-Volt

Battery powers the Arduino Uno. The Arduino Uno runs the (4) sensors

and is connected to each one through jumper wires. The Arduino Uno is

10
 stationed near the water tank and the plantation zone. It is covered using

used illustration board cutouts. Attached to the roof of the Arduino cover is

the DH-11 sensor to monitor the temperature and humidity of the

surrounding atmosphere. Also attached at the roof is the MQ-2 sensor to

monitor the air quality of the surrounding atmosphere. Other electronic

devices attached to the roof is the LED Bulb that will serve as the indicator

once the switch is turned on if the system is running. The Ultrasonic sensor

is attached to holes at the top of the water tank. This sensor reads the water

level inside the tank. Lastly, the Soil Moisture sensors are attached to the

exterior side of the plantation zone. This monitors the moisture present in

the soil.

F. Hardware Methods

A 3.5-liter tub is used as the water tank. Next to it is a water pump. The

small water pump is attached to the water tank and connected to the built-in

plantation zone through a plastic pipe so that the water will directly flow

from the water tank to the plantation zone on demand. The plantation zone

is made up of a used jollibee spaghetti pan. The Arduino Uno and other

electrical materials are covered by spare illustration board cutouts and is

positioned next to the plantation zone.

11
G. Product Design

Figure 1: Front View Design of the AUSIR

Figure 2: Side View Design of the AUSIR

12
H. Schematic Diagram

Figure 3: Schematic Diagram of the AUSIR’s Circuitry

I. Actual Product

Figure 4: Autonomous Irrigation System

13
Testing of the Product

A. Materials

In testing the product, the researchers utilized (18) rice seeds and time.

B. Methods

Rice seeds will be planted separately. (9) seeds will be planted,

monitored, and assessed manually while another (9) seeds will be planted in the

AUSIR’s plantation zone then will be monitored and assessed using AUSIR.

Data Analysis

Specific statistical measures were employed in the data analysis to provide

reliable answers to the particular problems of the study.

C. AUSIR’s Accuracy

For the data analysis of AUSIR’s accuracy in monitoring the condition of

rice plants, the researchers aimed to get the average of every variable in the table

by utilizing the formula of the arithmetic mean:

𝐴 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖/𝑛

Wherein:

A = Arithmetic Mean

∑ xi = Summation of ith Variable

n = Number of Variables in the Data Set

The researchers measured the average seconds it would take for the

AUSIR to receive signals from the sensors and respond to them.

14
 D. AUSIR’s Impact on Growth and Health of Rice Crops

For the data analysis of AUSIR’s impact on growth and health of rice plants,

the researchers aimed to get the average of every variable in the table by utilizing

the formula of the arithmetic mean:

𝐴 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖/𝑛

Wherein:

A = Arithmetic Mean

∑ xi = Summation of ith Variable

n = Number of Variables in the Data Set

The researchers measured and compared the average percentage of the AUSIR’s

rice yield, size and color to the manual irrigation process.

15
 Results

Temperature, Humidity, Soil Moisture

Readings (Seconds)
Variables Conditions
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

Sunny 13s 15s 10s 12.65s

Temperature
Cloudy 13s 10s 12s 11.65s

Clear Weather 10s 13s 11s 11.35s

Humidity
Rainy Weather 17s 15s 17s 16.35s

Dry Soil 23s 23s 19s 21.65s

Soil Moisture
Wet Soil 17s 15s 20s 19.35s

Table 1: Accuracy of the Autonomous Irrigation System

Table 1 above revealed the results after series of trials were conducted by the

researchers to record the accuracy of AUSIR. The product is tested through its response

time to the signals sent by the sensors. Additionally, the testing yielded varying time

differences due to different natural conditions as shown above.

Manual Irrigation Processes

Variables Conditions Average
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Rice Yield (3) Seeds 2 1 1 1.3

Long and Slender 0 0 1 0.3

Size
Medium-Sized 2 1 0 1

White and Polished 0 0 0 0

Color
Yellow/Brown 2 1 1 1.3

AUSIR
Variables Conditions Average
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

16
 Rice Yield (3) Seeds 3 3 3 3

Long and Slender 2 3 3 2.6

Size
Medium-Sized 1 0 0 0.3

White and Polished 3 3 3 3

Color
Yellow/Brown 0 0 0 0

Rice Yield, Size and Color of Rice Grain

Table 2 & 3: Comparison of the Manual Irrigation Processes and AUSIR

Table 2 revealed the different results of irrigation using manual processes and

the autonomous irrigation system.

17
 Discussions

Data Collection Sheet of AUSIR's Accuracy

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Sunny Cloudy Clear Weather Rainy Weather Dry Soil Wet Soil
Temperature Temperature Humidity Humidity
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Figure 5: AUSIR’s Response Accuracy

The autonomous irrigation system’s accuracy is tested through variables:

temperature, humidity, and soil moisture. Recording the response time in seconds of

the AUSIR in each trial through different natural settings to further test its accuracy in

natural settings.

Data Collection Sheet of Manual Irrigation Processes

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Rice Yield Size of Rice Grain Size of Rice Grain Color of Rice Color of Rice
(Long & Slender) (Medium-Sized) Grain (White & Grain
Polished) (Yellow/Brown)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Figure 6: Manual Irrigation Processes

18
 Manual irrigation processes produced more medium-sized rice grains and

yellow/brown colored rice grains. According to the study of Custudio. (2019),

premium quality is defined by nutritional benefits, softness and aroma in

Southeast Asia, and by the physical appearance of the grains (uniformity,

whiteness, slenderness), satiety, and aroma in South Asia. Therefore, manual

irrigation processes failed to produce better quality of rice grains.

Data Collection Sheet of Autonomous Irrigation System

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
Rice Yield Size of Rice Grain Size of Rice Grain Color of Rice Color of Rice
(Long & Slender) (Medium-Sized) Grain (White & Grain
Polished) (Yellow/Brown

Column1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Figure 7: Autonomous Irrigation System

Clearly, the AUSIR produced more rice yields than manual irrigation processes.

AUSIR also produced longer and slenderer, white and polished rice grains than in

manual irrigation processes.

19
 Summary of Findings

Once the experiment results were gathered, the researcher was able to provide

an overview of the observations and findings. Consequently, the researcher arrived at

the subsequent conclusions:

The average response time of the AUSIR: Autonomous Irrigation System in

determining the temperature of the crop is approximately (13) seconds.

The average response time of the AUSIR: Autonomous Irrigation System in

identifying the humidity of the crop is approximately (14) seconds.

The average response time of the AUSIR: Autonomous Irrigation System in

knowing the soil moisture of the crop is approximately (19) seconds.

The difference of the average rice yield of the autonomous irrigation system to

the manual irrigation processes by a 1.7.

The autonomous irrigation system produced 2.65 more of premium rice than the

manual irrigation process.

20
 Conclusion

With the assistance and consultations from various experts in the field, the

researchers were able to develop AUSIR: Autonomous Irrigation System and reached

the following conclusions:

The AUSIR: Autonomous Irrigation System produces better quality of rice

compared to the manual irrigation processes and is proven more efficient and faster.

AUSIR produced a total of 9 rice out of 9 planted.

After conducting several trials, the AUSIR: Autonomous Irrigation System can

monitor the temperature, humidity, and soil moisture of a rice plant in 15.21 seconds in

a clear/sunny day and 15.11 seconds in a cloudy/rainy day.

21
 Recommendations

Through several experimentations on the AUSIR: Autonomous Irrigation

System, the following recommendations were made by the researcher for the

improvement of the study.

The researcher recommends developing an application to be able to monitor

status of the water inside the tank as well as the temperature, humidity, and soil moisture

right at the palm of your hands.

The researcher also recommends seeking an alternative source of energy to

power up the autonomous irrigation system such as solar panels to improve the

product’s efficiency and dependability plus, boost a green and healthy environment.

22
 References
Current Knowledge and Response Gaps, and How to Improve Agriculture
(n.d.)
https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/climps/climateforum/agriculture.pd
f

Marie Claire Custodio, Rosa Paula Cuevas, Jhoanne Ynion, Alice

G. Laborte, Maria Lourdes Velasco, Matty Demont (2019).

Rice quality: How is it defined by consumers, industry, food scientists,

and geneticists? - ScienceDirect

Prasojo, Maselano, Tanane, Shahu (2020). Lim (2018) Automatic Water

Irrigation System (2020)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338918594_Design_of_Auto
matic_Watering_System_Based_on_Arduino
The Marketing of Indigenous Agricultural Products in Selected Barangays of
Catarman Northern Samar, Philippines

https://typeset.io/questions/what-are-the-most-common-problems-
faced-by-farmers-in-samar-12l717dgen

The State of Food and Agriculture 2020. Overcoming water challenges in

agriculture |Policy Support and Governance| Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations. (n.d.).

https://www.fao.org/policy-support/tools-and-publications/resources-
details/en/c/1333955/

23
 Appendices

Appendix A (Sample Data Collection Sheets)

Readings (Seconds)
Variables Conditions
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

Sunny
Temperature
Cloudy

Clear Weather
Humidity
Rainy Weather

Dry Soil
Soil Moisture
Wet Soil

Table 1: Accuracy of the Autonomous Irrigation System

24
Appendix A (Sample Data Collection Sheets)

Table 2 & 3: Comparison of the Manual Irrigation Processes and AUSIR

Manual Irrigation Processes

Variables Conditions Average
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Rice Yield (3) Seeds

Long and Slender

Size
Medium-Sized

White and Polished

Color
Yellow/Brown

AUSIR
Variables Conditions Average
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Rice Yield (3) Seeds

Long and Slender

Size
Medium-Sized

White and Polished

Color
Yellow/Brown

25
Appendix B (Accomplished Data Collection Sheets)

Readings (Seconds)
Variables Conditions
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

Sunny 13s 15s 10s 12.65s

Temperature
Cloudy 13s 10s 12s 11.65s

Clear Weather 10s 13s 11s 11.35s

Humidity
Rainy Weather 17s 15s 17s 16.35s

Dry Soil 23s 23s 19s 21.65s

Soil Moisture
Wet Soil 17s 15s 20s 19.35s

Table 1: Accuracy of the Autonomous Irrigation System

26
Appendix B (Accomplished Data Collection Sheets)

Table 2 & 3: Comparison of the Manual Irrigation Processes and AUSIR

Manual Irrigation Processes

Variables Conditions Average
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Rice Yield (3) Seeds 2 1 1 1.3

Long and Slender 0 0 1 0.3

Size
Medium-Sized 2 1 0 1

White and Polished 0 0 0 0

Color
Yellow/Brown 2 1 1 1.3

AUSIR
Variables Conditions Average
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Rice Yield (3) Seeds 3 3 3 3

Long and Slender 2 3 3 2.6

Size
Medium-Sized 1 0 0 0.3

White and Polished 3 3 3 3

Color
Yellow/Brown 0 0 0 0

Table 2 & 3: Comparison of the Manual Irrigation Processes and AUSIR

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Appendix C (Sensors Used)

DH-11 Sensor

⎯ Used to read temperature and humidity present in the atmosphere.

28
Appendix C (Sensors Used)

MQ-2 Sensor

⎯ Used to read air quality like CO2.

29
Appendix C (Sensors Used)

Ultrasonic Sensor

⎯ Used to read the distance of an object or substance like water.

30
Appendix C (Sensors Used)

Soil Moisture Sensor

⎯ Used to read the moist present in the soil.

31