DETAILED PROPOSAL

Research Category
( Technical, Technological, HE, Social)

I. BASIC INFORMATION
1. Program/Project Title
2. Name and Address of
Proponent/s
a. Name and Signature of
the Project Leader
b. Name/s of the Study
Leader/Project Staff
c. Email Address
d. Landline/Mobile
Number
3. Cooperating/Collaborating
Agency/ies
4. R&D Station
5. Project Duration

6. Site of Implementation
a. Province
b. City/ Municipality
c. Barangay(s)
d. Geocode(s)
7. Estimated Budget

a. Total Budget Requested

b. GAD Attributed Budget
8. RDE Agenda to be
Addressed
9. SDG to be Addressed
10. Target Beneficiary/ies
11. Research Classification Basic
Applied
Development
Pilot Test
Technology Promotion

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 II. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
1. Brief Statement of the Topic/Problem/ Rationale

The topic of this study is the development and evaluation of an Automated Sprinkler
Irrigation System (ASIS) and Automated Furrow Irrigation System (AFIS) to address
inefficiencies in traditional irrigation methods, which can lead to water wastage and
reduced agricultural productivity. This study aims to optimize irrigation by using soil
moisture sensors and automated controls to ensure precise water application, aligning with
the need for sustainable water management in agriculture amid increasing global water
scarcity. By enhancing the irrigation process, the study seeks to contribute to sustainable
agricultural practices and support food security efforts.
2. General Objective This study generally aimed to develop an Automated
Sprinkler and Furrow Irrigation System.

3. Specific Objectives 1. to assess the functionality and performance of the

hardware and software components of the Automated
Sprinkler Irrigation System;
2. to calibrate the performance of the soil moisture
sensors;
3. to validate the performance of Automated Sprinkler
Irrigation System through field testing; and
4. to perform financial analysis for the developed
Automated Sprinkler Irrigation System.

4. Scope and Limitations This study will be focused on the design, calibration and
validation of Automated Sprinkler and Furrow Irrigation
System under laboratory setting.

III. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to King, Wall, and Wall (2000), the usage of sensors is appealing in many
aspects of life due to their novelty and small size, allowing for the assessment of physical
properties and translating them into signals for observers. Using precise irrigation
management systems, producers may maximize yield while saving a considerable amount
of water. Site-specific irrigation management systems are currently facing a number of
challenges in terms of software design, sensor coordination, a data interface, and
communication protocol.

Clark, et al. (2008) mentioned that modern real-time field sensors, such as soil moisture
sensors, are affordable, precise and capable of delivering data at intervals as short as a few
seconds. According to prior studies, autonomous soil moisture sensor-based irrigation can
cut water usage by up to 51% when compared to traditional timer-based irrigation.

Cobos (2010) revealed in their discussion paper that gravimetric or volumetric techniques

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 are frequently used to determine the volumetric water content (VWC) of soil; however, the
soil moisture sensors presented in the paper offer the possibility of an improved method that
provides real-time, reliable data at a reasonable cost (financial and labor). Soil moisture
sensors provide the VWC of the soil at a few second intervals with an accuracy of about 3%
to 4%.

According to Piya (2012), information and communication technology (ICT) can help
agriculture improve in a variety of ways. As previously noted, traditional farming practices
are insufficient for the planet's rising population. In this setting, digitizing agricultural
information is critical for making the information remotely accessible for prompt
monitoring and control.

Abbas et al. (2014) created a smart sensor-based system for gardens and parks using a range
of modern sensors. This device uses cutting-edge soil moisture sensors to detect field
wetness as well as other soil qualities such as water holding capacity.
According to Phillips, (2014) and Phillips, et al. (2014), in order to plan irrigation, it is
required to know the soil moisture content of an agricultural area. It will be technically,
logistically, economically, and labor-intensively unfeasible to use some portable soil
moisture sensors or routinely undertake field and lab testing to determine soil moisture
content.

Shyam, Ram, Vijay, and Tarinkanhth (2015) stated that the agriculture industry has not
made significant technological achievements in comparison to other industries, notably in
irrigation systems that require constant monitoring. He backed up his viewpoint by claiming
that farmers rarely check soil moisture levels, and when they do, it is usually done
manually, which is prone to errors and can lead to poor irrigation management.

Birasa (2016) mentioned that for crops, micro-irrigation systems can maximize water
production. This type of irrigation system may disperse soil-moisture sensors positioned in
the root zone of the crops via wired or wireless connections, additionally, sensor data could
activate actuators and provide information to a web application. Last but not least, a
microcontroller-based gateway programmed with an algorithm designed with threshold
values of soil moisture may manage irrigation water amount.

As stated by Guru et al. (2017), automatic watering systems may be used to better irrigation
management. Additionally, with the aid of such a system, a farmer can check on the
condition of his fields from anywhere in the globe.

Prathibba, Hongal, and Jyothi (2017) developed a system for water supply management and
plant monitoring using a smartphone. The system measures and determines the amount of
water in the soil using a range of sensors, including soil moisture sensors and temperature
sensors. Users can connect their smartphones to the Raspberry Pi via Bluetooth, and this
project connects the sensors to the cloud server.

According to Garg et al. (2018), when there is a lack of water in the soil, the soil moisture
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 meter is used to monitor moisture levels. Depending on the irrigation programming in the
system, this sensor may help with plant and soil irrigation. These sensors for monitoring
soil moisture are useful for predicting crop development.

Sushanth (2018) presented a smart irrigation system that uses the Internet of Things (loT) to
notify users about the status of agricultural fields and take necessary action based on the
inputs received. In this work, a smart agricultural system was designed that uses cutting-
edge technologies such as the Internet of Things, wireless sensor networks, and Arduino to
monitor soil conditions and boost crop output.

In the study of Chandan Kumar Sahu and Pramitee Behra (as cited by Minz et al., 2019),
they developed a fully automated irrigation system using sensors to monitor soil moisture
and control water flow powered by an ATMEGA-328 microcontroller on an ARDUINO-
UNO board. they employ RASPBERRY-Pi for internet communication correspondence to
the microcontroller. This system automates water motor operation and flow direction,
sending real-time updates to users via mobile and email for efficient water management.

Jimenez, et al. (2019) emphasized the need of reliable soil moisture detecting technology
for optimum irrigation system operation, minimizing over-irrigation, and making efficient
use of water resources.

Abioye, et.al. (2020) state that it is important to keep track of certain aspects that affect crop
growth and development to increase water usage efficiency. Utilizing cutting-edge
communication technologies, monitoring from the standpoint of smart irrigation also
comprises real-time data collecting on the condition of soil, plant, and meteorological
factors in cultivated areas.

According to Barman et al. (2020), the information is originally sent periodically by the
sensor to the server through a micro-controller. The micro-controller initiated the watering
of plants until the pre-defined soil moisture level was attained in the event that the field’s
soil moisture fell below the information base’s threshold value.

Yadeta et al. (2022) suggest that to improve furrow irrigation performance, cutoff time
accuracy and further optimizing inflow rates should be refine to enhance water application
efficiency, and reduce deep percolation for the furrow irrigation system.

According to Bhusnar et al. (2022), furrow irrigation offers a significant advantage in

agricultural water management particularly when integrated with internet of things (IoT)
technology and cloud computing.

In another study by Misal et al. (2022), they made an arduino based automatic plant
irrigation
system (ABAPIS) where it measures the soil moisture with a sensor that sends data to an
arduino board which controls the entire system pocess. The Arduino in the system detects
when the moisture levels fall below a certain threshold, relaying the module to activate the
water pump that irrigates the crops. The Arduino will turn off the pump and display the
moisture measurements on the LCD whenever the moisture level is reached. Addition to its
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 features, users can monitor or set moisture thresholds via a mobile application.

According to Khan et al. (2023), internet of Things (IOT) based smart irrigation system
will be used for a number of tasks including weather forecasting, crop nutrition, and the
measurement of soil parameters like pH, humidity, and moisture. The observed values are
gathered by a microprocessor and subsequently transmitted to the user's mobile device.

IV. METHODOLOGY
B. Methods
1. Design System used in the Construction of the Automated Sprinkler Irrigation
System (ASIS) and Automated Furrow Irrigation System (AFIS)
This study used developmental research methods on developing a stand-
alone automated sprinkler and furrow irrigation monitoring system, in order to
accomplish and achieve its objective. This study developed a prototype through
series of steps that includes the planning, designing the system to be used in
monitoring the moisture content, and preparing the required and suitable parts for
the system through the process of constructing.
a. Fabrication of Automated Sprinkler Irrigation System (ASIS) and
Automated Furrow Irrigation System (AFIS)
The automation of irrigation in sprinkler and furrow will utilize
microcontrollers, solar panels, moisture sensors, transceiver modules, and a
Wi-Fi Shield or Module for the database. Moisture sensors and advanced soil
moisture sensors will be employed to monitor the soil moisture and the flow
advancement along the furrow. The data collected from these sensors will be
transmitted to the master unit using a transceiver module. The master control
unit (MCU), will function as a microcontroller responsible for controlling the
opening or closing of the water pump and establishing communication with
the field control units (FCU). While the FCU is responsible for controlling
the opening or closing of the solenoid valves and transmitting the signal to
the MCU that the furrow needs to be irrigated.
When the moisture of the soil monitored by the field control unit
drops to a predetermined level (50% MAD), the MCU will activate the pump
and send instructions to the FCU to open the solenoid valve. The flow
advance sensor will sense the presence of water at a designated location,
while the moisture sensor will measure the soil's moisture content. The
transmission of data between the MCU and FCU will be monitored through a
database using a Wi-Fi Shield or Module, enabling remote control of the
water valve and pump. The system will derive all its power from solar panels
and batteries, which serve as the primary power supply.

2. Automation Setup
a. Soil Moisture Setup
The real-time status of soil moisture within the field will be

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 monitored, triggering the start of irrigation for the entire system. The soil
moisture sensor assembly will be composed of several devices, such as a
capacitive analog soil moisture sensor, an Arduino Nano 3.0 board, an
expansion board adapter, a soil moisture sensor, a voltage regulator, a relay
module, and an antenna transceiver.
The capacitive analog soil moisture sensor will be used to measure
soil moisture levels through capacitive sensing, providing more accurate
readings compared to resistive sensors. It will be made of corrosion-resistant
material, ensuring excellent service life. These locally available sensors will
be modified and utilized to estimate the water content within the furrows.
The Arduino Nano 3.0 board based on the ATmega328P
microcontroller will be programmed using the Arduino Software, Integrated
Development Environment (IDE), which is commonly used for all Arduino
boards, supporting online and offline development.
The Expansion Board Adapter for Arduino Nano 3.0 will used to
securely mount the Arduino Nano 3.0 and compatible boards. It will bring
out the necessary input/output connections to a series of headers, providing
convenient connectivity.
The soil moisture sensor assembly will include a voltage regulator to
maintain a constant output voltage despite fluctuations in the circuit. This
will ensure the system operates at a consistent working voltage.
A relay module will be employed for remotely switching the soil
moisture sensors during transmission periods, reducing power consumption,
and an antenna transceiver will be used in the soil moisture sensor to transmit
and receive signals from the microcontroller. These components will be
integrated into the system to monitor soil moisture and initiate irrigation
based on real-time readings.
b. Advanced Soil Moisture Sensor Setup
The advanced soil moisture sensors will be installed at strategic
locations in the field. These sensors will be designed to detect the
advancement of water before it reaches the end of the field. When the sensors
detect the water advancing, they will send a signal to a microcontroller,
which will in turn close the solenoid valve to stop the irrigation process. The
advanced soil moisture sensors will use a water level module sensor, which
is a cost-effective and user-friendly sensor capable of recognizing high water
levels or drops. This sensor will utilize a series of exposed parallel wires to
measure water droplets or volume, allowing it to determine the water level.

c. Automated Furrow Irrigation System Microcontroller

Setup
The ASIS and AFIS microcontrollers will incorporate several key
components. At its core, it will feature a microcontroller, which is a single-
chip computer system that integrates a processor, memory, and
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 programmable input/output peripherals. This microcontroller will serve as
the central processing unit for executing programmed tasks and handling
data collection, processing, manipulation, and communication with other
devices.
To facilitate circuit construction and secure connections, a prototype
screw terminal block shield will be utilized. This shield combines
prototyping functionality with screw terminal blocks, providing a convenient
platform for constructing the necessary circuits and establishing secure
connections with wires and sensors. Additionally, it will serve as the
mounting location for the microcontroller.
To display the readings from the soil moisture sensor, an interface in
the form of a liquid crystal display (LCD) will be incorporated into the
microcontroller. This display will present the relevant information in a clear
and user-friendly manner. A data logger module will be integrated into the
microcontroller design, allowing for the storage and retention of collected
data throughout the entire study period. This module will ensure that
valuable data is preserved for analysis and further evaluation.
To facilitate wireless data transmission between the soil moisture
sensor, advanced soil moisture sensor, and microcontroller, an antenna
transceiver module will be employed. This module will establish a seamless
communication channel, ensuring an efficient exchange of information
among these components.
The solenoid valve is an important component in the irrigation
system, and its function is to control the flow of water. It is an
electromechanical valve that opens and closes based on an electrical signal.
When the microcontroller receives a signal from the sensors indicating the
advancement of water or when it determines that the irrigation process
should be stopped, it will send a signal to the solenoid valve. This signal will
energize the solenoid, creating a magnetic field that moves a plunger or
piston inside the valve. As a result, the valve opens or closes, allowing or
stopping the flow of water through the irrigation system. The solenoid valve
is designed to provide a reliable and efficient means of controlling water
flow, ensuring precise and timely control over the irrigation process. It plays
a crucial role in conserving water and optimizing the irrigation system's
performance by allowing for accurate regulation of water distribution.
A toggle switch will be included, allowing for manual control of the
microcontroller's power state. This switch can be used to turn the
microcontroller on or off as needed.
To protect the microcontroller from environmental elements, a
weatherproof enclosure will be utilized. This protective casing will shield the
microcontroller, ensuring its longevity and reliability in varying weather
conditions.
Similar to the soil moisture sensors and field advance sensors, the
microcontroller will be powered by a solar power system. This system will
comprise a solar panel, charge controller, and rechargeable sealed lead-acid
battery. During the day, the solar panel will harness solar energy to charge
the battery, which will then supply power to the microcontroller during the
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 night or periods of limited sunlight. These power supply components will be
seamlessly integrated into the overall design of the AFIS microcontroller,
enabling its efficient operation within the automated irrigation system.

3. Soil Moisture Sensor Calibration

To ensure accurate and reliable measurements of soil moisture levels, the
soil moisture sensor assembly will undergo laboratory testing and calibration. The
process will involve collecting fresh soil samples from representative areas of the
study site and air-drying them. The samples will then be manually sieved to
remove any unwanted debris. Subsequently, the soil samples will be oven-dried at
a constant temperature of 105°C for approximately one week or until they reach a
consistent weight. These dried soil samples will be carefully packed into a
calibration container that can accommodate the sensing area of the soil moisture
sensor. The soil moisture sensors will be inserted into the calibration container, and
a moisture range will be established by gradually adding water to the samples.
During this process, the sensor readings will be recorded, starting from the driest
point and continuing until saturation is reached. After obtaining the readings, the
soil samples will be weighed and placed in an oven for further drying. Once
completely dried, the final dry weight of the soil samples will be recorded. The
collected data will then be plotted and analyzed using linear regression analysis.
This analysis will help derive a calibration curve and formulate a corresponding
equation that relates the sensor readings to the actual soil moisture content. By
following this laboratory testing and calibration procedures, the soil moisture
sensor assembly will be fine-tuned to provide accurate and reliable measurements
of soil moisture levels. The linear regression analysis will be computed using the
formula:
y=mx+b [1]

n ∑ xy−∑ x ∑ y
m= [2]
n ∑ x −¿ ¿ ¿
2

b=
∑ y−m ∑ x [3]
n
Where:
x = independent variable
y = dependent variable
m = slope of the line
b = y-intercept of the line

4. Automation Program
a. Soil Moisture Sensor Program

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 The soil moisture sensor program will be developed to enable
communication with the ASIS and AFIS microcontroller and provide real-time
updates on the soil's water content within the designated transmission period.
This functionality will be achieved by establishing an interface between the
capacitive analog soil moisture sensor and an Arduino microcontroller. The
capacitive analog soil moisture sensor will continue to employ capacitive
sensing to measure the soil's moisture level. The sensor will generate analog
readings, which will be converted into gravimetric readings using a formula
embedded in the microcontroller. This formula will be derived from the soil
calibration process.
The microcontroller will receive requests from the ASIS and AFIS
microcontroller and transmit the current soil moisture status based on the
converted gravimetric readings. The readings will be displayed on the
microcontroller's LCD screen, allowing for real-time monitoring and analysis
of the soil moisture levels.

b. Advanced Soil Moisture Sensor Program

The program for the advanced soil moisture sensor will be developed
to receive requests from the ASIS and AFIS microcontroller and transmit a
signal once the advancing water in the furrow reaches the designated location
of the sensor. An Arduino microcontroller will be employed to interface with
the water level sensor, enabling it to detect the advancement of water. Once
the sensor sends the signal, it will be processed, and the decision to close the
solenoid valve will be determined by the ASIS and AFIS microcontroller.
c. ASIS and AFIS Microcontroller Program
The microcontroller program will be designed to effectively process
and execute commands required for the operation of the entire automated
system. Specifically, the ASIS and AFIS microcontroller program will be
developed to establish bidirectional communication with the sensors, including
the soil moisture sensor and advanced soil moisture sensor, to obtain real-time
information about the water content in the field. The ASIS and AFIS
microcontrollers will thoroughly analyze the data transmitted by the sensors.
This analysis will serve as the basis for making informed decisions regarding
the pump and solenoid valve's opening to initiate the irrigation process or its
closure to conclude the irrigation process. As a fundamental component of the
automated system, the microcontroller will be responsible for effectively
controlling the various system elements based on the received sensor data.

5. Performance evaluation of the system

a. Accuracy percentage of the Soil moisture Sensor
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 Soil moisture monitoring will be conducted to ensure the sensors
provide accurate readings over time. Every week the soil moisture sensor
performance will be monitored. The accuracy of the sensor will be assessed
utilizing the percent error equation provided in equation 4. The mean of both
the actual soil moisture content readings and the corrected soil moisture
readings will be computed and subsequently incorporated into the formula to
ascertain the percent error of the sensor. Additionally, the accuracy of the
sensor will be computed using the formula in equation 5.
ACMC −AMC
Percent Error= ∗100 [4]
AMC
Where:
ACMC= Corrected Moisture Content Average
AMC= Actual Moisture Content Average

AS=100−Percent Error [5]

Where:
AS = Accuracy of the sensor
b. Response Time
Response time refers to how quickly the system reacts to a
delivered warning. How quick the switches response to the depletion of Soil
moisture. It will be measured using a stopwatch.
c. System Reliability and Maintenance
i. Operational Failures
Monthly inspection will be conducted to monitor the condition of
key components of the system over time. Parts like pipes, lay flat hose,
and valves will be examined for any signs of damage, corrosion, or leaks.
Document and note any issues encountered, including the date.
ii. Maintenance Frequency
Maintenance frequency is referring on how often the system is
checked to keep it working properly. By determining it, setting a schedule
for inspection on the system. Note any maintenance activity performed,
including the date, component service and parts replace in the record
book.
d. Energy efficiency
The energy efficiency of the automated sprinkler and furrow
irrigation system will be calculated using the formula:
Used Energy Output
Energy efficiency ( % )= [6]
Total Energy Input

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 6. Pump Operation Duration
The pump operation duration of the automated furrow irrigation system will
be calculated using the formula:
Water Needed (L)
Pump Operation Duration(minutes)=
L [7]
Flow Rate ( )
min
Water Needed= A x DRZ x Moisture Deficit (%) [8]
Where:
A= Irrigation Area (m2)
DRZ= Depth of Root Zone (m)

7. Statistical Analysis
A statistical Test called paired t-test will be used in the study to show
the correlation between the data obtained from the actual moisture content from
gravimetric method and the moisture content reading from the sensor using the
formula below.
x̄ d−0
t=
S [9]
√n
s= √∑ ¿¿ ¿ ¿ [10]
Where:
t= Test Statistic or T-computed
x̄ d = mean value of the differences
0 = hypothesized mean difference
S = Standard deviation of the sample
n = sample size

8. Financial Analysis
It includes all of the financial performance of the automated sprinkler and
furrow irrigation system.
a. Cost estimation
i. Hardware cost
ii. Software cost
b. Operational expenditure
i. Maintenance cost
ii. Utility cost

Conceptual Framework

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 V. EXPECTED OUTPUT, OUTCOMES, AND IMPACT

Output per Objective 6Ps (Product, Publications, People and

Services, Places and Partnerships,
Patent/Intellectual Property, Policy)

Outcome

Impact

VI. TIMETABLE OF PLANNED ACTIVITIES

(see attached)

VII. ESTIMATED BUDGET REQUIREMENT

(see attached)

VIII. LITERATURE CITED

Abbas A. H., Mohammed M. M., Ahmed G. M., Ahmed E. A. and Abud Seoud R. A. A.
A. 2014. “Smart watering system for gardens using wireless sensor networks,” in
proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Engineering and Technology
(ICET), IEEE, Cairo, Egypt, April 2014.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7016780

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 Abioye, E. A., Mohammad, S. Z. A., Mohd S. A.M., Salinda, B., Muhammad, K.I.A.,
Abdulrahaman, O.K., Muhammad, S.A.R., Ona, D.I., 2021. IoT-based monitoring
and data driven modelling of drip irrigation system for mustard leaf cultivation
experiment, Inf. Process. Agric.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214317320301864

Barman, A., Neogi, B., and Pal, S. 2020. Solar-powered automated IoT-based drip
irrigation system, in: P. Pattnaik, R. Kumar, S. Pal, S. Panda (Eds.), IoT and
Analytics for Agriculture. Studies in Big Data, 63 Springer, Singapore.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336219658_Solar-
Powered_Automated_IoT-Based_Drip_Irrigation_System
Birasa, 2016. Automatic Irrigation System using Arduino Controller. International Journal
of Advanced Technology and Innovative Research.
http://ijatir.org/uploads/453612IJATIR9293-106.pdf

Bhusnar, N. V., Varade, P. S., Yawale, P. R., Bhadane, P. K., Shaligram, A. D., Modern
College Pune, Baburaoji Gholap College, & Savitribai Phule Pune University.
(2022). Automated crop independent furrow irrigation system. In GIS SCIENCE
JOURNAL (Vols. 10–10, pp. 907–909) [Journal-article]. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364799186

Clark, M., Acomb, G., and Philpot, B. 2008. Florida field guide to low impact
development, Produced for the Elizabeth Ordway Dunn Foundation by the Program
for resource efficient communities, University of Florida.
https://stuart.novusagenda.com/agendapublic/AttachmentViewer.ashx?
AttachmentID=10260&ItemID=3554

Cobos, D., Chambers, C. 2010. Calibrating ECH20 soil moisture sensors. Application
Note, Decagon Devices, Pullman, WA.
https://www.onsetcomp.com/sites/default/files/resources-documents/15922-C
%20Calibrating%20ECH2O%20Soil%20Moisture%20Sensors.pdf?
srsltid=AfmBOoqXkE3g3ZR39Ts_gmiOXfONJBm-
V9gTatv4_v5g7y_BbK4gADWs

Dankova, 2016. Agriculture holds the key to tackling water scarcity.

https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/water/agriculture-holds-key-tackling-water-scarcity

Garg, A., Munoth, P. and Goyal, R. 2018. Application of soil moisture sensors in
agriculture: A review. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and
Technology.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311607215_APPLICATION_OF_SOIL_
MOISTURE_SENSORS_IN_AGRICULTURE_A_REVIEW

Guru, S. G. M., Naveen P., Vinodh, R., and Srirenga, N. 2017. Smart irrigation system
using aarduino. International Journal of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Special Issue. https://ijaem.net/issue_dcp/Smart%20Irrigation
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 %20System%20using%20Arduino.pdf
Jimenez, A., Cabral de Almeida, C., Santos, J., Florentino, J., Gomes, B., Nascimento de
Andrade, F. 2019. Accuracy of capacitive sensors for estimating soil moisture
sensors in northeastern Brazil. Soil Tillage Research.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167198718312662

Khan, G., Shukla, A., & Kundu, S. (2023). IoT based smart irrigation system. AIP
Conference Proceedings. Retrieved October 5, 2024.
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0126353

King, B. and Wall, R. 2000. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System for
Closed-Loop Center Pivot Irrigation, American Society of Agricultural and
Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, MI, USA, 2000.
https://eurekamag.com/research/003/573/003573755.php?
srsltid=AfmBOoqxOBR8iuMTHHNgiCghxKxcthitVnmwWj4fXftgipOKcgmH_q2
w

Minz, S., Saha, A., & Dev, M. R. (2019). Arduino Based Automatic Irrigation System. In
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Technology,
Assam Don Bosco University, ADBU Journal of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering (AJEEE) (Vol. 3, Issue 1, p. 31) [Journal-article]. Retrieved October 5,
2024. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/287656-arduino-based-automatic-
irrigation-syste-d4f342de.pdf

Misal, O., Shinde, S., Supekar, S., Jambhale, R., & Vaibhav, A. (2022). Arduino Based
Automatic Plant Irrigation System. International Journal of Innovative Research in
Science, Engineering and Technology, 11(5), 6062–6063. Retrieved October 5,
2024. https://www.ijirset.com/upload/2022/may/248_Arduino_NC.pdf

Phillips, 2014. Integrated Sensing of Soil Moisture at the Field-Scale: Measuring,

Modeling, and Sharing for Improved Agricultural Decision (Doctoral dissertation),
University of Calgary. https://prism.ucalgary.ca/items/c7bb5767-1783-4209-b201-
ec96097e9282.

Phillips, A., Newlands, N., Liang, S., and Ellert, B. 2014. Integrated Sensing of Soil
Moisture at the Field-Scale: Measuring, Modeling, and Sharing for Improved
Agricultural Decision support. Computers and electronics in agriculture.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261135585_Integrated_sensing_of_soil_m
oisture_at_the_field-
scale_Measuring_modeling_and_sharing_for_improved_agricultural_decision_supp
ort.

Piya, Chintan Kumar 2012. Investigation and Analysis of Present Situation and future
Prospect of Information and Communication Technology to Develop Agriculture in
Nepal. (Bachelor’s Degree), Turku University of Applied Science.
https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/53068

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 Prathibha, S., Hongal, A. and Jyothi, M., 2017. IOT Based Monitoring System in Smart
Agriculture. Proceedings- 2017 International Conference on Recent Advances in
Electronics and Communication Technology, ICRAECT 2017.
https://repo.ijiert.org/index.php/ijiert/article/download/2593/2364/4810

Shyam, T., Ram, S., Vijay, B. K., and Tarinkanth, K., 2015. Automating Field Motor and
Irrigation Systems for Better Crop Yield. Paper presented at the 2015 International
Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Dubai, UAE.
https://newinera.com/index.php/JournalLaMultiapp/article/view/197

Sushanth, 2018. “IOT Based Smart Agriculture System” IEEE.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8538702

Yadeta, B., Ayana, M., Yitayew, M., & Hordofa, T. (2022). Performance evaluation of
furrow irrigation water management practice under Wonji Shoa Sugar Estate
condition, in Central Ethiopia. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 69(1).
Retrieved October 5, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-022-00071-x

IX. CAPSULE CURRICULUM VITAE OF PROPONENTS

(see attached)

X. HARMONIZED GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES (HGDG)

CHECKLIST
(see attached)

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 TIMETABLE OF PLANNED ACTIVITIES

Project Title: Duration: (in months)

Starting Date: (mm-dd-yyyy) Completion Date: (mm-dd-yyyy)

Expected Responsible Resources Schedule of Activities Budget
Objectives Activities
Results/Outputs Person(s) Required Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Required

Prepared by: Recommending Approval: Approved by:

__________________________ _________________________ _________________________
Project Leader Campus Research Director Campus EO

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 ESTIMATED BUDGET REQUIREMENT
Project Title: Duration: (in months)
Starting Date: (mm-dd-yyyy) Completion Date: (mm-dd-yyyy)
Schedule of Activities
Item Total
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
I. Personal Services (PS)
A. Honoraria (not applicable; but need to specify GAD
attribution)
B. Salaries and Wages
Sub-total for PS
II. Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (MOOE)
A. Travelling Expenses
B. Communication Expenses
C. Supplies and Materials
D. Professional Services
E. Labor and Wages
F. Repairs and Maintenance
G. Training Expenses
Subtotal for MOOE
TOTAL
Prepared by: Recommending Approval: Approved by:
__________________________ _________________________ _________________________
Project Leader Campus Research Director Campus EO

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 ANNEX 2. GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF R&D DETAILED
PROPOSAL FOR INSTITUTIONAL FUNDING

Detailed proposals must be prepared using the format given and in accordance with the
following guidelines. Use Time New Romans 12, single space.

I. BASIC INFORMATION
Program/Project Title Brief but clear and eye-catching informative and
distinctive name of the project that describes the main
theme of the proposed study. Avoid using unnecessary
words such as: effects, evaluation, study, experiment,
trials, observations, results, test, factors, analysis, etc.
as read in many titles.

Name and Signature of This item consists of the name, designation of the
the Project Leader principal researcher or implementer of the project. The
proponent is usually the designated project leader and
is the one in-charge to take the lead in project
implementation.

Name/s of the Study This item consists of the name, designation of the co-
Leader/ Project Staff researcher or co-implementer of the project.

Email Address Email address of the project leader

Landline/Mobile (Area code) NNNN-NNNN/

Number 09XX-XXX-XXXX

Cooperating/Collaborating In this item, the cooperating agency should be

Agency indicated. The cooperating agency/ies are agencies
participating in the research or development work.

R&D Station R&D station refers to the research station or

cluster/campus or unit where the R&D activity will be
conducted.

Project Duration The project duration usually indicates the number of

months or years the project shall be accomplished
based on the timetable of planned activities.

Site of Implementation Site of implementation refers to the specific location

where the R&D activity will be conducted.

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 Estimated Budget The estimated budget is an estimate of the financial
requirements in carrying out the objectives of the
research. It should be reasonable enough and consistent
with the work plan.

R&D Agenda to be Researchable area to be addressed by the project based

Addressed on R&D Thrusts and Priorities as indicated in the R&D
manual of operations.

SDG to be Addressed Indicate which of the UNs-SDG will be addressed by

the proposed project.

Target Beneficiaries The target beneficiaries of the project should be

specified. These are groups or individuals who will
benefit from the conduct of the project. It should be
defined in terms of how the expected outcomes, effects
and impacts are being utilized.

Research Classification Indicate the appropriate research classification of the

proposed project whether basic, applied, development,
pilot test, or technology promotion.

II. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

Rationale Definition of research problem, scope and coverage,
significance of the research project and the justification
for its conduct. Include baseline data, statistical data,
scientific findings, and among others. Briefly discuss the
alignment of the project to the DA thrusts and priorities,
its relevance, and merits. Provide a hypothesis or the
answer/s to problems and the interventions/technologies to
be made.

General Objective The project objective state what the research project was
expected to achieve and why it will be undertaken.
Generally, its purpose is to address the
problems/researchable areas and must be consistent with
the title.

Specific Objectives The specific objectives are crafted from the general
objective to addressed the problem areas as stated in the
significance of the project. The articulation of the

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 objectives should use the SMART guide which means
specific, measurable, attainable, realistic/relevant, and
time-bound.

Scope and Limitations xxxx

III. EXPECTED OUTPUT/OUTCOMES AND IMPACT

Expected Output The expected output indicates the specific products,

processes or services, information or technologies which
the project is expected to produce. Provide output per
objective following the 6Ps metrics.

Outcome This pertains short to medium term impacts of the

project’s successful completion on its targeted
beneficiaries.

Impact The long term effects of the project to its intended

beneficiaries after its successful completion in terms of
social, environmental, and economic impact.

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 ISUE-RDE-DeP-001
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