North Western Province Second Term Test Biology - Grade 12 ‘Answer sheet QuNo [An,No [Qu.No ]An.No [Qu.No [An,No ]QuNo ]AnNo [Qu ]An No | No 7 7 ir z ii 5 3 T aT z z iB 7 by 7 3 7 aS 3 T B 5 B 7 3 7 a 73 7 T i 2 2 5 3s 3 aS 3 3 5 B T 5 3 e/a 6 T 6 3 35 z 36 7 ea 7 B 17 5 WF z a 7 aS ¥ 7 8 5 He 5 cs 5 eS > 7 1 H B 3 3 3 |S 10 + 2 5 30 z a z Yesy 12 Byam gare uffuisd gee Structure (Puttlum) 1 A) La Simian seiupee sqarcuGougng:? suger séfou GausiciGass wad Assen wosmpst caf Gosmpsos em ssiuGse isd yew. (1) Catabolism is breaking down of complex molecules into simple molecules by releasing free energy. b- smBsusSipsrare siyembd gcse. seéeaunatb (1) Cellular respiration 2. alan Alasiyptsd ssi? euigidsstied aos Peniaier errs sBsfiiyspubspsi. (1) during growth an irreversible increase in dry mass occurs, in the living cell 3 | HE oH oo | I nee HN — cc — on poh I | n “ ® © Gos sx A,B, CaysbusBeysnorsct motion deci m uifussd epardsegunsnons esinIGe. AL Bodinit G. Lipids B. uppib Protein C. PysBahssBooriset 3) Nucleic acids 4. BF Cupane ud} qps0 sgyseNstonIonsminyossnsnd sms. A. ah ester bond. B. Quiesyt. imominy.B) peptide bonds Couraitur Bgaassy phospho-di-ester bond (3) 5. Bnpemiue uifusd apméspesied wrgperdongy omdsng ong ag? QduG. Lipids 6. Ao sion dat Le uifusd qpadmanpayiin) set slo Gombesrasibe, CupGarstoMLUGh CoTBMeIgETEDACAsOTHS LOBE 2ZemiasiGamcou Zemigesion Congmend Giprulguer Copies, Ae giceinat THsiLiuce Usiny EQsSEs0.Aeuly Bp sotmends Carenisct Gprenpad (3) ‘Add 2cms oil to 2em; of water in a test tube. Add aw drops of Sudan IMT and shake. formation of red fat globules 1, smbsbSaskptsd sts? Cell junctions are structures at which neighbouring plasma membranes are joined. They are also interact and communicate via sites of direct physical contacts SUpSOisca WOSUEGdediq\sc AoadsiuGh BG sSgsinatrmwoiy sia Cpryune = Gungsé = Op fypUBLet@mns = Gpmfumean giUGEA Bor siosmumiprs. 2) 2, aris SUED OMIBIAS SUG snsspHoonmnd eiPuIGs. Gpessioreepsast. A oinnCendast/srigbappast. BoiGashs 558 /AsmjunGb 75 G) ‘Tight junctions Desmosomes/Anchor junctions Gap junctions /Communicating junctions 368e SPUILULL smispSesier giGany CSM ofp sos. Qpgéswren apBsci - soso Gor Gaciscsignns soinpiuTunisstdr sma sGse0. AedConGendsct /smeiEb sb Bsc - SUipsorriscteh G'funiciot GLaGumpyrsrpfAuled Henomssiucy Gee. Bar Gass of /GsmiurGo aps SprQUTENGEM jYss Cab SUIT Seriado Cu Bsmesciupnissrisct asuapper uftorbpses opoBsEe, o + Tight junctions — Prevent leakages of extracellular fluids through intercellular space * Desmosomes/Anchor junctions —mechanically attach the cytoskeletons of adjoining cells by intermediate fi laments for strong binding. © Gap junctions /Communicating junctions — ‘They allow signal and material exchange between adjacent cells through direct connections. 4, GGURGimnGQsaiue andmonesst epson GV G omper GonPedract geiGamsio avon Dai Spnfieveat Baiepmisa seamen, 0 Simea| _aicuaypenpa Guam. Bpeidpnisctar senza ysitomisnissticr sinza, Baiciopad | Scamapapituand enamapsaurpps, (oiéfct Beopaci) | snstaqsad,prajdaonamA os PuLrsexeuGuessd, Snsinsa Aowesscriseodscoinsifia, Gerieraeued |anagabeRl Guemd xg, Gap, Ae ucerianiemer Gs Boopnsse. 5 Guosins 2 Gans Property Main functions Microtubules (Tubulin | Maintenance of cell shape Cell motility polymers) Chromosome movements in cell division Organelle movements Microfi laments Maintenance of cell shape (Actin fi laments) Changes in cell shape Muscle contraction Cytoplasmic streamingin plant cells Cell motility Cell division in animal cells Intermediate filaments | Maintaining of cell shape Anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles. Formation of nuclear lamina @ (©) 1. Gpnghusd srongyrsd ersten? auigcion sorisafed opusSundsinGdeuifued eaddsonas Gsmhpusd eo wreperdenp! Oprgus aye. es swev(3) An enzyme is a macromolecule, which acts as a biological catalyst. Enzymes are produced in living cells 2 Cpisunissteh nbs alsbons unPseid siysilest 2 055? 1, GeuinsBenso 2pH 3. Spies Garflay 4, Benassi @ 1, Temperature 2.pH 3. Substrate concentr:4. Inhibitors 3. Ce sass) CO, UBdgme emdeohbel GprDurisssouyd Ions GismPHUGI soxtsmenuy @nIGH 2 ‘Gpngab sania GuistGuretand augta srGunAtas | AmapGalepudsctsst RuBP enum: Aaa SLGWLA samect Enzyme cells phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase mesophyill cells RUBP carboxylase bundle sheath @ 4. Bow pGaloryussoisnted oA GaGaisr owsfiny Cr grayish gat dGsneiy 2 Gus HAnepa stsoungs ungéesid ? RUBP gifieat 2 Lat prémncauud /Sacmugd /Rubisco sSée Mana sirbaib ooLOLD 805 aperingy 3 PGA (oi i) 05 © eoAandieni / Sem PGA Bini Bypiany/B PGA Bo 50 che Bernt BUSA sina emm.4s| 3pts Rubisco reacts with 02 instead of CO2 the plants makes 50% less 3-PGA than it would have done if CO2 had been used. ‘This potentially eliminates the net gain in photosynthetic carbon and loose the productivity. @) G3 Sragmsmm of cy FragHEs stomp Fpbs 6} uwAMUTLG aforonssmser srs idafisipen? Bowambsct qpLoulL Gurgid COZ GaGanseb Gunpepspuier eperbd C4 sreyptisst GunguoreT CO2 Qi upMEGETcoNs QUEL cata QSIUUIFLLTE GPSUG Bh GmpssouGb. 3) CO2 concentration mechanism they can acquire enough CO2 even when keeping their stomata more closed. Thus water loss by transpiration is reduced. QA). euifsr CorimsAds os SumAuuoen Cron qprdemusaticn Grresisu sigs Baysaiash 05 Boned gs. 1, erfioeneo Geuiginyssi, 2 Bdrersd, 3. eGmourer UV sphalea, 4. Bh GeututnSonaysct (hydro thermal vents) 5. sth lonayssst (Alkaline vents) Yahi smbs EN Bwedtoorus ovefioesnooid ©1. Voleanic eruptions, 2. lightening, 3. extreme UV radiation, hydro thermal vents alkaline vents Earth’s reducing atmosphere 2, Kerugd Habasst SEC crops GHUIGS, Beboy Gsiodiusi sup dwianes Ups Ws. GUA Cereus yadup, gonsmas Ganstaemb Gsrpmeléaru gy. 46 1p. Yafuled »_uifemd Gsm 35, 2. YEN gmAGBTaLY spud Gyriptd 27 ex, Weayb Usmipsmousen YBsnperoLacerast eulgs sieuGootier sus 12 @ 3. abaorammss (ss IVs Consus sdUEpbusErb wpemnBU se. uerGyrGemulbsciu - EenBemuiés ws @ Eon Phanerozoic Mesozoic era 4. pemsuisd pret apes @yGusius aTorivesd comb epSUGUME Get Arthropods w 5. eps CpapEIooSod sisiourgy ousnjsA oyu gs Boni yemsd BOLL YLesBeDKt RNA SrLOUG GO UWBpSOwsst SonpoASpE. RNA accumulated into lipid bound vesicles and formed “protocells” which exhibited (B) 1. ByrsFuw Plant Gems onimdsmyast uss snrarbsstor go mtLsASobs RISES pHULGHSDE. sae sergamp srawrdnsrien peau Gusd.ysons SETS CETSIQDLUSIN. opiadusdryssends GPSS aApAssosiosr Corppsissiucr sa Garon apBss, UdsoospreTer YsmPssoverestt, pie curagt dparemutb, 26) fudenpur ayer ® 1. _ walled spores produced in sporangia, 2. multicellular gametangia, 3. dependent embryo 4, apical meristem.2. soos prayimoist Bo Upson on LAsensnuyd GUUGs Aggidsonp soodr groupe / Asp sraudict Vascular seedless plants /seed plants 3. onde roms aig A Gucdysch £619 syiuc Goons syoulL Bucysepse asi Qoisiucous Garang bi via - | agp TWHBSEmMd GanaiG @pinibs, a Gren b-Agaricus c- wosmsvGinaiy d-Ulva _e-Nephrolepis _f- Sargassum g Pogonatum h- us i- Aspergillus j- Regworms k- Gnetum |- Planaria,i) Gouppdsarantsd unjpdodmygu, Geno Cunsig seGsomsayd Caiy Cuneiy LADEN TUDO ude Hy usdsosgnoores Vfaiod fi) QyréfuiPlanteags>, ampbos acrSsd yomPsgroy sb6l eusustongs iii) Beounoonen yamPdgrassio ve iv) asnfed savsiessnends Ganson pfibonnardGuub wk. v) wari worst Fp gemaoigm rah Ande. : Becesen vi) paiGaatgcion sors GSzafs) wrBem\puh aromGoussrsns> soseeeeseeeells vil) ampbons ail Bo BG SG bm Gesu Yedroraiens ayes soeeeeseeeeeBee Vili) Carosispsi Gans odsgash »cpourdetniGi. i ix) sengamPaonen © sien dans sembHed si sees cesseeee X)SHDFASSOIE pps Gonagulergsio, YosGpreSulomstd wppiGsno. 1 xi) 2 Lisle WASUPAIEA Gera, Sonu Bsus BIG sexes LB. i xii) Usempgreorar goSé: usms Smdproorar fate, endo ByinCUCL GOUGaTET DamaiseTs SMeBLUL Vos ceteeeeteeebeceeeee (ao) 1 a-f arnyuior oPsss SKM uNEM a5iG omnis sowtssond einiGa. Guus sm a. Hydra Cnidaria b. Taenia Platyhelminthes . Round Worm Nematoda d. Tusk Shell Mollusea e. Spider Arthropada. f. Sea cucumber Echinodermata 2. BinbeIUL oPHasi oLtesd Qushussie Apousryeosns e606. 1. usbsseogsgineurenenan, 2 Upturemsse fu GysMGunindact - Gera 2 awe o ctGonGse1 Cprsurtusensnis LUdGSD serps sBun ous Geinyd.Sermesatar sonusch Gerjpurisos goweUdSsiUt gGsEI. GuGbuTETETD Aelisupenpuied BonbouGew. Fo gore switars sraioumaumign Gupiburer @ousss ss) Gsrei wat 1. Multicellular 2. Heterotrophic eukaryotes- they ingestfood and digest them in the bodyusing enzymes 3. Cells of the animals are organized into tissues. 4. Most of them reproduce by sexually. 5. Some show radial symmetry and some others show bilateral symmetry. sHULL ULSI Boba Geile 3. Hibs Bumysose Curmsswren sriiSlsne Cus Cau) DBS mph sEmMd GIGS. Ww. SOTULUTGd, © LoBAowiay, Gweiypy siguid peigy us ésanrs 215 UPSsOUC Bose b. Rae BCLOWIUT IG Bengulge sremnuGio. E 2. saiigionpib Caron. aafemouner 2 syd Be A 4. a Bidasvet Opies) ssiyprsd siokon? SONALUTEaEERS Sess (Gfued sredamiseer go simsweni0iy seb. (1) Water vascular system is a network by hydraulic canals branching into tube feet be ops wuss wigs? Samy Seu BLIGUUISAUEND Ube, GasroiaDd. function in locomotion and feeding 5 Seasons Wir BosordsuOLhs psionbsoiGel agiou QuUFGs. Reptilia (1) (03) (4) 1. Bfuompand sisypnsd ston? BOS Bupswasciar sp sm jeAursis ifm pe ypu seomssneng Cpnppcleémgus sorties @ cells which constantly divide under suitable conditions and produce new cells. 2. piaymssisd Mfudpumssiieh Asnsd fBusren Bussdyesit Byorinpsnsa 5095. + SLLewiy {Pulgnd OsnPipur-G fAuignd siussv—m unger, GugssLEOLuyd geaysitonaey 2 3, Cage Tfulmpurd, MiG 2 FAUTFUer|pund aspen udooten CompunGasct ByaiG awe. Srey 2 FF saga [orig eRe sromcuGD. Gaij pafuted_eeiuGe. Gan wsasciame uNBETESOUVGEGD. Calepquiansd urgsrssCul geo. eAiGpreSwpTs WiGo yw sertesst GasiGprésuyd ectGpresuyd ypu eenbect [| SesnibqueNbesCusGib. Rene eLUGL.‘Shoot apex Shoot apex Found at tips of shoot Found at the tip of the root Protected by leaf primordial Protected by root cap Produces new cells only inwards | Produce new cells both sides outwards and inwards @ 4.a prowientier Cpr oroUG Shims soriwnter BH amass wos. sraxpaciest, wuigGsasH, Caujouijast. guard cells, trichomes and root hairs @ b- a@s @iniLiulL sammoter Gompsdact gaiGansky 5H. Sajwuljsct fF ppd safc susiscion seseWirS KGUBD. srapscmesst amy GoippsS9e 2 pay. wuigesasit 1 wu Guns wuiGesssr fipienus Gorse. 2 UeueTLUTET wuss Conga goinus Opies Govupd. 3. did wiiggéac Brerumi Guigsismms sobs, ubdect / Bpmunddact / Bootes seueppe agignan urgisnis GUC. @ 1, Root hairs involve in absorption of water and mineral ions 2. Guard cells help gaseous exehange 3. Trichomes © hair like trichomes reduce water loss, . shiny hairs refl ect excess light * Some trichomes secrete chemicals involved in defense against insects/ pathogens/ herbivores, 5. amdgimpdanaien purses Apiniuisyasi 3 opm 1 sof Auld Uso ginend sobsales CsmbpelésiuBD. 2. omar GugweTa Aldsaned SLL FS Gnas soreeaijsoands Gsrei sas. 3. Bhs Gung Bos Bobs sorbsst. @ 1. Secondary cell walls are produced after cell elongation 2, They have secondary cell walls thickened by large amount of lignin 3. They are dead cells at maturity 6. QO bsnrahpusser Gpmgied wns conbhows sm Criungs Bowes, gated ochuniSiel Cmipmn asniims auptiesd, Give mechanical support to leaves and stems without restraining growth3 (B) stay ayes qQatuvipion sits UUKIUGS SLUG’ 2 usseoGwrsig—p us uti B8p pgtiu Goings 1. Qaiauayonbget Cul sister? Ganong @et egieacnoral sdog! Cay 2 escr wats 1 Ganong’s potometer. 2 QalupTiia SmaAGaH | Aoijusyoasong siciowgy gum) Caols? 1. Sheps mass! Garou, gray omersos Shaper nassug@u Ganong Bet PHerinorshssi GunBssis6. 2. amuinssons so sei pss aifiedener / safenuis Yager. 3. ePeedwrafuidr wuljssmmésspmuigie ames feunsinn 2 sgybsed 45 1, Cut shoot underwater to the Ganong’s potometer. 2. fix a shoot underwater to the Ganong’s potometer 3. Apply Vaseline/ clay on the rubber stopper to make it air tight. 4. Introduce an air bubble into the capillary tube of potometer. 5. Keep the potometer at a place when there is sufficient light. 3 Bainusyansn5s puny Goluyd Gung) apaBuwT wawPstuL — Caussingwssyyysit cpsingionsn’ so. 1.Cut a shoot underwater 2.fix a shoot underwater to the Ganong’s potometer 3.make it air tight 4 quehuuijyy sfgsFer oomams wuifmpdeyruiod snipped GidPuls simsal ola LUGS Cun FG Gb Carohemd aGGs1 (Assumption)asien? 105. Baiausroming 2 ubuTAbs ayia SH Veraimoisrarsonp asiatar amt Gols? 1) qyahupiiny alsSeh saxo alensi) 2) agoiupiyiny olsged split aflsnenoy 1 2 3.0) 1. GpimPse pn qRaKETHer/ mpERTd 2 oma KL ASpIoTOY oLewio—fur Byars Buscysson gsiniGs? + cytoplasm reduced into a thin peripheral layer. + Absence of these allow passing of nutrients more freely + Chains of sieve tube elements are aligned to form sieve tubes + The end walls between sieve tube elements contain porous plate called sieveplate. 2 Batis mayhpoigs smotalG. goliseans snoyhoaigs smctalG ssimmp CorpnsBeiannes Ground tissue of monocot shoot is not differentiated into cortex and pith The vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue in most monocot stems. Each vascular bundle is surrounded by sclerenchyma. It consists of a xylem tissue and a phloem tissue but no cambium inbetween xylem and phloem. 3 3. Boslddinnd pray Bens pOsinpus semisofer Apiiudyast Baie soo 4 QaalaBensos greys Songs wpperer sows GHsSGULG wpwsss susoybas Guufiee ‘ascular bundle Sckreniyma (ber calls) Phloem Xylem Carex Ground nese connecting ith cores Pith permis 7 Suoyeyfi srsiygred srsinsa? 1Bark is all tissues out of the vascular . Its main components are secondary phloem and periderm. 4. (A). sragrimshags GaraiG GacdectUGe qperpEst sensi 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Imbibitions 4, Facilitated diffusion 5. Bulk flow 2B} oupsrideh Ogi Gorandas Gepyssnbd aayaammp pos solute concentration and applied pressure 3.8) SUpbadens oondeid wires wins! megapascal (MPa) AsiaysHenst SrsHdG sob KH) CaisiG GsdroOUGb epspulorad eihiniGs 1. apoplastic route 2. symplastic route 3. transmembrane route Saay Cauflsr Goporpdeb o5seorprds Qooulonon CawrGssit sera, 4 B)Gurg ae smpssrayGwreiiier ampsors ord Lp sswue Goons Oo Abiacr ee ( einem al ee tite 1.2-A,Boous Gufs. A. Gametophyte. B. sporophyte.. bE sumSonoisond ay Punengrsod sromiuGd grag gets CLusfGe. 2Pogonatum CA pdmwrHod suNgeorHod arowcUGd grayurdionw CuufGa. any anthophyta 2. SGSsMifay Hs Forms uss Karson sephprsd Gissrdan Gs, between B and spores 3. a. Pogonatum b, Nephrolepis ©. Cocos ¢.Selaginella 4. Gycas Gumi srawiiesoiist onpins ali sere Gsmjymiu Fo Bursiyssr fy STU GSE, OSA SS GuTBss.orer sragd | sro gGUIGS. W. WIssS Casze pass aiGalesiusd .c. Selaginella 9. Sigg hge00 erent sb 2. Upsélamed GyOULL alifs! &. amass SID amfenypund 5. aidmousDenct odsBsch 2 gamed b, Nephrolepis / 4. Cycas ©. Cocos b. Nephrolepis c. Selaginella 4. Cycas a, Pogonatum 4, Selaginellasis) sroniniGaigubNephrolepisBs> sromin nage Gusysst Bree Bos. presence of strobilus heterospory presence of 2 types of sporangium presence of mega sporangium and micro sporangium depend B© 1. @w@s gytuce uni H @owivsinasies, yeas 2. a-g amyuman usSaementi GuwshGe. a) integument b)_ mega sporengial ©) female gamatophyte d) egg cell ©) archegonial chamber 1) pollen chamber 8). mieropyle Luss Persuisd ys srayrisater ‘CBs aC Lsmolenr aenyp—o1 GuusfGe. [Antipodal cells Polar nuclei in central cell synergids Egg (n) 4, ecpbet Lode Lisi A,,C,D,HGsh oC omwninpsaiisn Guuijaronangs goo. 4, seed coat C. endosperm 4d. embryo 14H. seed SL Gey sleoméact Essay Unit 1&2 OL) wW) LBsMESHIST IVC § gereLoEUUID BCLeroLEMUID sHLf—s. 1, Proteins are made up of amino acids. 2. ‘Twenty different amino acids are involved in the formation of proteins. . Elemental composition is C, H,O,N and S. 4, At the centre of the amino acid is an asymmetric carbon atom 5. except in glycine, 6, Each amino acid is composed of an amino group, 7. acarboxyl group, 8, ahydrogen atom 9, and a variable group symbolized by R, which is an alkyl group. 10. In the case of glycine R is replaced by H atom. 11. The R group also called the ‘side chain’ differs with each amino acid where as the other groups are in the ‘ back bone’ (including the H atom) 12. There are four levels of structure which play important roles in their functions; 13. Primary 14, Secondary 15, Tertiary 16. Quaternary Primary structure 17. The unique sequence of linearly arranged amino acids linked 18. by peptide bonds is theprimary structure of proteins. Secondary structure 19. The primary structure of a single polypeptide chain coils and folds, 20. as a result of intra molecular hydrogen bonds 21, between the oxygen atoms and the hydrogen atoms attached to the nitrogen atoms, 22. of the same poly peptide chain backbone, to form the 23, secondary structure, which is either f pleated or alpha helical. 24, Alpha helix- e.g.Keratin, 25. B pleated sheet e.g.spider’s silk fi ber ‘Tertiary structure 26. Usually the secondary polypeptide chain bends and folds extensively forming a precise compact unique, 27, functional and three-dimensional shape resulting from following 28. interactions between the side chain/ R-group of amino acids; 29, H bonds 30. Disulphide bonds 31. Ionic bonds 32. Van der Waals interactions/ Hydrophobic interactions 33. e.g.most of the enzymes, myoglobin, albumin 4sQuaternary structure 34, Aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains involve in the formation of one 35. functional protein. Separate chains are called protein subunits which were held together 36. by inter and intra-molecular interactions. 37. e.g.Haemoglobin, Collagen y) UsBHEafer CaNPeomme © srEMIGEDL ot AUPE 3. Amylase Catalyze biochemical reaction 4, Structural protein 5. Keratin, Prevent desiccation Collagen Provide strength and support 6. Storag 7. Ovalbumin Storage protein in egg 8. Casein Storage protein in milk 9. Transport Haemoglobin Transport 02 and CO2 10. Serum albumin Transport fatty acids 11. Hormones Insulin Regulate blood glucose Glucagon level 12, Contractile/ Motor Actin/Myosin Contraction of muscle fi bres 13, Defensive Immunoglobins Eliminate foreign bodies (02) Asp aorer graye apbHuy Busoysmen oluspléiose 1, Transportation through Xylem and Phloem . Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissues; Xylem and Phloem Xylem consists of tracheids, fibers and . parenchyma cells- conducts water and minerals. Cell walls of tracheids and fibers are strengthened by the polymer lignin. 10, these tissues permit plants to grow tall. 11. this may facilitate them to obtain a high amount of light 12. for photosynthesis 13, and ease the spore dispersal. 14, Phloem- this tissue has cells arranged in tubes. 15. they distribute sugars, 16, amino acids 17. and other organic products among different parts of the plant. 18. Evolution of roots 19, Roots are organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil. 20. they anchor t he plants and 21. allow the shoot system to grow taller. SEA ANALN 16(03) 23. 24, 2s. 26. 28. 29. 30. 31, 32, 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. w) they are to replace the thizoids seen in bryophytes. Root tissues of living plants resemble stem tissues of the early vascular plants preserved in fossils. Evolution of leaves- there are two types 0 fleaves. . they are microphylls and 27. megaphylls. microphylls are single veined and smaller in s e while . megaphylls are large, flattened with branched veins. Jeaves with branched vascular tissues ine rease the surface area for efficient photosynthesis (megaphylls). - Sporophylls and spore variations modifi ed leaves that bear sporangia are known as sporophylls. most seedless vascular plant species produce one type of sporangium and one type of spores. therefore, they are known as homosporous. Some plant species produce two types of sporangia and produce two kinds of spores called mega spores and microspores. this condition is known as heterosporous. ‘mega spores develop into female gametophyte while microspores develop into male gametophyte. 384-15 Bosissom pray Cafe pial Leola Aupdes Root hale Jam pan / (¢ adoderis SS Phos Outermost cell layer is epidermis. Cells have unicellular outgrowths called root hairs. Epidermis protects inner parts while root hairs involve in the absorption of water and minerals. netween epidermis and vascular cylinder there is a ground tissue known as cortex which is made up of mostly parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces. Cortex mainly stores carbohydrates, and also ransports water and mineral s towards the endodermis. v76. innermost single cell layer of the cortex is the endodermis. indodermis contains a suberin belt called casparian strip and no inter -cellular spaces. therefore, it blocks cortical apoplast from the vascular apoplast. 8. interior to endodermis there is a pericycle containing two or three parenchyma cell layers, 9. these cells in dicot roots have meristematic function 10, and involve in the formation of lateral roots and secondary growth of the root. 11. inner to pericycle there is vascular tissu es as a solid core. 12. Xylem can be found in the middle and itis star shaped in a cross section of a dicot root, 13. Phloem is located in the groove between the arms of xylem. 9) srowsofs 6), sohuyjiy seiueuis anrd— fur a dmens alufliess 1. transport of water and minerals entered from soil to root cortex into the xylem of the root is known as radial transport. 2. the endodermis, the innermost layer of cells in the cortex, functions as the last check 3. point for selective passage of the minerals from the cortex into the vascular cylinder. 4, all materials which enters root through cell walls and extracellular spaces should cross the membranes of endodermis. 5. therefore, unwanted materials can be selectively excluded. 6. three routes are used in the radial transport. they are: 7. apoplastic route 8. symplastic route 9. transmembrane route Apoplastic route 10. the apoplastic route consists of everything external to the plasma membrane of living cells and includes cell walls, 11, extracellular spaces and the interior of dead cells such as vessel elements and tracheids. 12. Water and solutes move along continuum of the cell walls and extracellular spaces and it is known as apoplastic route. 13, aptake of soil solution by the hydrophilic walls of root hairs provides access to the apoplast. Water and minerals then can diffuse into cortex along this matrix of walls and extracellular spaces. 14, Endodermis blocks apoplastic route by a barrier located in the transverse and radial walls of endodermal cells, 15, called the casparian strips. 16. itis a belt made of suberin 17. which is impervious to water and mineral salts. 18, thus water and minerals cannot cross the endodermis and enter the vascular cylinder via apoplast. 19. therefore, water and minerals cross the selectively permeable plasma membrane before entering the vascular tissue and keep unneeded and 20. toxic materials out. 21. the endodermis also prevents solutes that have accumulated in the xylem from leaking back into the soil solution, Symplastic route 22, the symplast consists of the entire mass of cytosol of all living cells in a plant, 18(04) 2: 3, 24, is well as plasmodesmata, the cytoplasmic channels that interconnect them. in the symplastic route, water and solutes move along the continuum of cytosol. 25. this route requires substance to cross a plasma membrane once, when they fi rst enter the plant. 26. After entering one cell, substances can move from cell to cell via plasmodesmata. ‘Transmembrane route 27. the transmembrane route requires repeated crossing of plasma membranes as water and solutes exit one cell and enter the next. 28. as the soi I solution moves along the apoplast, some water and minerals are transported into the protoplast of the cells of the epidermis 29. and cortex and then move via the symplast. 30, Some substances can use more than one route. 3 1. the least resistence for the transport is found in apoplastic route. 32. therefore, more water use apoplastic route. 33. Finally, water and minerals enter into the tracheids and vessel elements of xylem. 34. these waters conducting cells lack protoplasts when mature and therefore they are parts of the apoplast. 35. Endodermal cells and living cells of the vascular tissues discharge minerals from their protoplast to their own cell walls. 36, noth diffusion and active transport involve in transport of solutes from symplast to apoplast. 37. then water and minerals can enter the tracheids and vessel elements to the trans port to 1 2 3. Awa ENE see shoot system by bulk flow only through the apoplast 48*3=144 diagram = 6 total =150 un Beavarnis atskpred sakes? Stomata are pores surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of the leaves and stems of plants which can open and close. 9. Bosissens Qonwamuier wt isoiw. alendeya fuard cell s are modified epidermal cells which have a distinet shape and are the only epidermal cells that contain chloroplasts. fiuard cells are typically bean shaped in angiosperms. the guard cell walls are unevenly thickened. the inner cellulose wall is thicke rand less elastic than the outer wall. Some of the cellulose microfi brils are radially arranged to form inelastic hoops around guard cells. fiuard cells regulate the diameter of the stomata by changing shape, widening or narrowing the gap between the pair of guard cells. 192. Germans Ambar Gang alondeib Guupupsnpuienen sup eas Mechanism of opening and closing of stomata 1. Stomatal opening and closing depends on changes in turgor of the guard cells, 2. If water flows into the cells by osmosis their turgor increases, 3. and they expand, but they do not expand uniformly in all directions. 4. the relatively inelastic inner walls make them bend 5. and draw away from each other. 6. 7. 8 the result is that the pore opens. if the guard cells lose water, the reverse happens - . their turgor decreases, and their inner walls become straighter thus closing the pore. 9. the K+ infl ux hypothesis explains the mechanism, 10. K+ infl ux hypothesis 11, during the day time, 12, the guard cells actively accumulate K+ from neighboring epidermal cells, 13. thus lowering their water potential that leads to the inflow of water by osmosis from the surrounding epidermal cells, 14, as a result the turgor pressure in guard cell 15. opening stomata, 16, the accumulation of K+ in the guard cells requires the energy 17. which is provided by the transfer of electrons during photosynthesis of the chloroplast in guard cells. 18, Stomatal closing oceurs by loss of K+ from guard cells to neighbouring epidermal cells, 19. Leads to exosmosis of water from guard cells. 20, as a result the turgor pressure in guard cells decrease, 21. closing stomata. 22, abscisic acid (na) also plays a role in K+ infl ux mechanism \crease, 34*4=136 diagram7*2 = 14 total =150 20(03) wu) wags 2 sidmsuls Bo mpsmsnjd aGssiors afore. 1. transfer of pollen grains to a mature stigma is known as pollination, 2. in some plant species, pollen grains are transferred from an anther of a flower on to the stigma of the same fl ower. 3. this is self -pollination 4. Pollen may be transferred to a stigma of a different flower 5. this is cross pollination. 6. most angiosperm plants are adapted for cross pollination, 7. typical characteristics of fl owers 8. like such as colour and odour. favour cross pollination. 9. Ti addition, some plants show special types of adaptations cross pollination. 10. e.g, heterostyly, 11. self infertility, 12, unisexuality Significance of cross pollination 13, Cross pollination results in eross fertilization 14, Cross fertilization allows shuffling of genes within a species, producing new genetic combinations resulting increased genetic variation within the species. 15, these features are very important for survival and 16. also might lead to evolution. 4) Antgophyta daciet smpdsatip Gausiupnnsu aluleas, SRA AMWALNE the pollen grain germinates after it is placed on the stigma. it extends a pollen tube that grows down through the style of the carpel. the generative nucleus divides forming two sperm nuclei When the pollen tube reaches the ovary, it moves through the micropyle and discharges two sperm nuclei into the embryo sac. ‘One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg cell forming a diploid zygote and the other sperm nucleus fuses with the 2 polar nuclei. t his type of fertilization is called double fertilization 10, and is unique to angiosperms. After double fertilization, the ovule matures into a seed. 12, the zygote develops into the embryo. 13. the triploid nucleus develops into the endosperm that store food. 14, the sig nificance of double fertilization is that it synchronizes with the development of the embryo. 15. if fertilization does not occur that prevents plants from wasting nutrients on infertile ovules, 16. the seed consists of the embryo, 17. endosperm with store food and a seed coat. 18, Seeds are enclosed in the fruit, 19. Fruit is an enlarged and developed ovary, usually after being stimulated by fertilization. 20. Fertilization triggers hormonal changes that cause the ovary to form a fruit. 2408) 21. if flower has not been pollinated, fruit does not develop, and entire flower falls away. 2) scitcissafuuonss, scat pin coo deomuTooro CagunGssnen GumepgoroH © SIpRBEDL a flonase, In some plants fruits develop from the ovary without fertilization. this is called parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpic fruits do not develop seeds. Parthenocarpy occurs naturally in some species. e.g. nanana italso can be induced with plant growth substances to get seedless fruits. e.g, firapes, Orange in some plants, seeds develop without fertilization. . this is ca lled parthenogenesis. 10. eg, certain grasses 11. in parthenogenesis, the egg is resulted by mitosis 12. and hence is diploid,or haploid ovum fuses with a polar nucleus, or the genetic content of the egg is duplicated to become diploid, 13. enabling seed development without fertilizing by the sperm, eer anaene 50*3=150 Fmssfiny regass. wu, Cprsurisstieh Carsbosis qeorsidsid 1. Allosteric regulation of enzymes 2. in many cases, the molecules that naturally regulate enzyme activity in a cell behave 3. like reversible non-competitive inhibitors. 4. Regulatory molecules (either activators or inhibitors) bind to specifi c regulatory sites elsewhere (other than the active site) of the molecule via non-covalent interactions and affect the shape and function of the enzyme. 5. it may result in either inhibition or stimulation of an enzyme activity. 6. Allosteric activation and inhibition 7. most enzymes regulated by allosteric regulation are made from two or more subunits. 8. Each sub unit composed of a polypeptide chain with its own active site 9. the entire complex oscillates between two different shapes one catalyzing active and other inactive, 10. in this two forms regulatory molecules bind to a regulatory site called allosteric site, often located where subunits join 11. When an activator binds with this regulatory site, stabilizes the shape with functional active sites, Whereas the inhibitor binds with the regulatory site, it stabilizes the inactive form of enzyme. Subunits of enzyme arranged in a way through which they transmit the signals quickly other subunits. 12. thro ugh the interaction of subunits even a single activator or inhibitor molecule that bind to one regulatory site will affect the active site of all sub units. 2213. e.g. 4dP function as allosteric activator bind to the enzyme 14, and stimulates the production of atP by catabolism. 15. if the supply of 4{P exceed demand atabolism shows down as atP bind to the same enzyme as inhibitor. 16. cooperativity 17. this is another type of allosteric activation, 18, ninding of one substrate molecule can stimulate binding or activity at other active site, 19. thereby increase the catalytic activity. 20. Feedback inhibition 21. in feedback inhibition, a metabolic pathway is stopped by the inhibitory binding of its end product of a process to an enzyme. 22, thereby limit the production of more end products than required and thus wasting, chemical resources. 23, Feedback inhibition is an essential process regulates the end products produced in in metabolism. Gynt Aud fungi Bor Anudusd ssi Eukaryotic Cell walls are made up of chitin a strong but fl exible polysaccharide, they are absorptive and heterotrophs - many of them secrete extra cellular enzymes which aid in the breaking down of complex molecules into small molecules. 4, different species live as decomposers, parasites or mutualistics. 5. Few are unicellular, others forming multicellular fi laments called hyphae 6. Septa can be found in hyphae. (division of hyphae into cells by septa — cross walls). 7. 8. 9. 1 Septum has a hole which enables the movement of mitochondria, ribosomes, nuclei etc. Fungi lack septa are known as coenocytic fungi (with many nuclei) Fungal hyphae produce mycelium 0. Some fungi produce haustoria ( to penetrate and absorb or exchange nutrients between plants and the fungi) 11. multicellular fungi produce mycelia, (a network of branched hyphae adapted for absorption of nutrition) 12. they show sexual and asex\ 13. they produce spores | reproduction. 2. gafenud meiuinage Bonsrasi si Gb Gersanssisstt Leaf size Size of the leaf vary, based on the place where the plant grows. largest leaves are found in plants gro wing in rain forests. Smallest leaves are found in plant species inhabiting dry or very cold environments. Phyllotaxy this is the arrangement of leaves on the stem. the arrangement may be one leaf, two leaves or several leaves per node. Phyllotaxy helps the plant to capture maximum sunlight. Leaf orientation 0, leaves may be horizontally oriented Beet aw ae 2311. they capture light effi ciently in low light conditions. 12. Some plants have vertically arranged leaves, e.g. firasses 13. this is to avoid the possible damage caused by exposure of leaf to the over intense light. 14, When leaves are nearly vertical, light rays are parallel to the leaf’ surfaces, so no leaves receive too much of light. 50*3=150 24