ABSTRACT

This circuit is based on a passive infrared (PIR) sensor, which

automatically switches on a device when someone comes close to it. It

can be used for detection of theft or an unauthorized person entering a

restricted area or building. It can also turn on lights when someone

approaches the area where it is installed. Applications of this circuit

include security systems, corridor lights and bathroom lights, among

others. The system consist of a PIR motion sensor that senses any

movement by an individual towards it, triggers a relay to cause the

555 timer change it pulse width which also causes the output to

actuate a servo motor clock-wise direction. When the individual passes

the door the relay immediately returns to it N.O position switching to

cause the 555 timer to change its pulse-width so the servo motor

rotates the other direction to close the door and wait for another

person.

i
Table of Contents

LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................vi

LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................viii

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................10

1.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................10

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES.....................................................................................12

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT..................................................................................12

1.4 PROJECT MOTIVATION...................................................................................12

1.5 METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................13

1.6 PROBLEMS DEFINITION..................................................................................14

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................16

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................16

2.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................16

2.2 HISTORY OF TRAFFIC LIGHT............................................................................16

2.3 REQUIRED COMPONENTS...............................................................................18

2.3.0 POWER SUPPLY UNIT...................................................................................19

2.3.1 TRANSFORMER.............................................................................................19
ii
 2.3.2 RECTIFICATION............................................................................................21

2.3.3 RIPPLE FILTERING............................................................................................22

2.3.4 12V REGULATOR..........................................................................................23

2.3.5 POTENTIOMETER........................................................................................24

2.3.6 THE OUTPUT................................................................................................25

2.3.7 ARCHITECTURE 555 TIMER..........................................................................26

2.3.8 LED...............................................................................................................28

2.3.9 RESISTOR.....................................................................................................29

2.3.10 LM 393...........................................................................................................29

2.3.11 BC 548...............................................................................................................30

CHAPTER THREE...........................................................................................................32

3.0 DESIGN METHODOLOGY....................................................................................32

3.1 PROJECT SPECIFICATION...................................................................................32

3.1 Components Required....................................................................................32

Power Supply...........................................................................................................33

Rectifire....................................................................................................................35

Filters.......................................................................................................................35
iii
 12v Regulator...........................................................................................................37

3.2 CIRECUIT DIAGRAM OF SOUND BURGLAR SYSTEM...............................................38

3.21 DESIGN OF THE POWER UNIT......................................................................38

3.22 TRANSFORMER DESIGN..............................................................................39

3.23 DESIGN OF THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER............................................................40

3.24 DESIGN OF THE CAPACITOR FILTER..........................................................40

3.25 DESIGN OF MONOSTABLE TIMING......................................................................41

CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................42

4.0 DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING.........................................................42

4.1 PROJECT RESOURCE CENTERS........................................................................42

4.1.1 CHOICE OF MATERIALS................................................................................42

4.2 DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION STEPS..................................................................42

4.2.1 COMPONENT LISTING..................................................................................43

4.3 DESIGN STEPS.................................................................................................43

4.3.1 Component placing and wiring....................................................................43

4.3.2 COMPONENT SOLDERING...........................................................................44

4.6 INSERTING THE IC INTO THE HARDWARE DESIGN..........................................44

iv
 4.7 CIRCUIT TEST...................................................................................................44

4.8 PACKAGING.....................................................................................................45

4.9 DESIGN TEST AND ERROR CORRECTIONS.......................................................45

4.10 FINAL TEST...................................................................................................46

CHAPTER FIVE..............................................................................................................47

5.0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION............................................................47

5.1 SUMMARY......................................................................................................47

5.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTER...................................................................................47

5.3 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER DESIGN..............................................................48

5.4 RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................................48

5.5 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................48

REFERENCE..............................................................................................................50

Appendixes..............................................................................................................51

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2 Power supply unit............................................................................................................18

Figure 3 block diagram of a typical power supply unit.................................................................18

Figure 4 transformer......................................................................................................................19

Figure 5 Shows the wave form of a bridge rectifier......................................................................20

Figure 6 shows filtered DC output[3,1,2]......................................................................................22

Figure 7 shows Regulator..............................................................................................................23

Figure 8 POTENTIOMETER........................................................................................................24

Figure 9 The output loudspeaker...................................................................................................25

Figure 10 The 555 Timer...............................................................................................................26

Figure 11 LED...............................................................................................................................27

Figure 12 Resistors 1KΩ, 10KΩ and 220Ω..................................................................................28

Figure 13 Shows a block diagram of a regulate power supply Transformer.................................32

Figure 14, An ideal Transformer...................................................................................................33

Figure 15, Full wave Rectification................................................................................................34

Figure 16 An RC low pass filter....................................................................................................35

Figure 17, 12v regulator................................................................................................................36

Figure 23 Circuit Diagram of the Design......................................................................................37

Figure 24 system test.....................................................................................................................44

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

No table of figures entries found.

vii
8
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The need for having home protection has always been there. But in the recent

times, considering a dramatic rise in petty crimes like robbery and theft, the need

has been more strongly felt to have a fool proof protection of the belongings and

the family members. Home security has come a long way in the last few decades.

It was in the hands of a guard who manually provided surveillance during nights in

the earlier days, but it was not fool proof as it was only normal for him to have

momentary lapse of concentration. The guard was also susceptible to sleep at

times. It was then that home alarm system based upon electronic circuits were

developed which proved to be highly reliable and were appreciated by the people

as they were relieved from constant monitoring of their homes. This intruder

alarm system uses 555 timer IC which was wired as a timing circuit, as tone

generator and amplifier to obtain a maximum audible sound and motion sensor

(PIR sensor) which generates an interrupt signal when object is detected.

The motion detector will detect the motion of the people or objects and give the

appropriate output according to the circuit. In general, motion detector uses

9
different types of sensors like Passive infrared sensor (which will detect the

motion of the person using the person body heat), microwave sensor (Microwave

sensor will detect the motion of person by measuring the change in frequency

from the produced beam), ultrasonic sensor (It produces acoustic signals which

will detect the motion of a person) [ Trimmer, 1981].The 555 timer times the

circuits and also generates a tone and this tone is send to transistor which

amplifies the tone generated through a loud speaker or buzzer.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT

Generally, this circuit is based on a passive infrared (PIR) sensor, which

automatically switches on a device when someone comes close to it. It

can be used for detection of theft or an unauthorized person entering a

restricted area or building. It can also turn on lights when someone

approaches the area where it is installed. Applications of this circuit

include security systems, corridor lights and bathroom lights, among

others.

Automatic doors are doors which open automatically when approached by someone, rather than

needing to be opened manually with a door handle or bar. Automatic doors are powered open and

closed, a door fitted with a spring to close it is not an automatic door. Automatic door is the application

of advanced sensor technology, computer programmable control through the PLC and AC variable speed

control system PLC control electromechanical actuators to open and close a door automatic door
10
system. Automatic doors originated in the 20th century, 30 to 40 years, which was mainly used for

military warehouse, an important plant for the fire, bullet-proof and easy to open the door.(David, 2005;

Conte and Scaradozzi, 2003). Designs for automatic doors vary. Some slide open, while others consist of

panels which fold when people enter or exit, and others swing in or out like conventional doors. The

doors are equipped with a motion sensor which can detect people when they approach, and the

sensitivity of the sensor can be adjusted as needed. For people in wheelchairs and other disabled

individuals, automatic doors are an immense boon, since conventional doors can be very hard to work

with. It may be impossible to open a conventional door while seated in a wheelchair or navigating with

crutches, for example, and for people with disabilities in their hands and arms, conventional doors can

present a real obstacle. (Zungeru et al, 2012(a,b & c)). Automatic doors ensure disabled access into

public facilities. These doors require electricity to operate, with electricity driving the motor which

opens the doors. Many automatic doors have a manual override so that in the event of a power failure

or a mechanical problem, the doors can still be opened. The doors are also designed to be sensitive to

obstacles in the doorway, so that they will not close on someone or something which happens to be in

the middle of the path of the doors. These safety measures ensure that automatic doors are safe in a

variety of situations.(Webster and While, 1999)..

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim and objective of this project work is to design and construct an automatic gate control

system using motion sensor, 555 timer to drive a servo motor.

The objectives are outlined thus.

1. To design a motion activated circuit using PIR sensor and other passive component.

2. To design a regulated power supply system.

11
 3. To develop a PWM signal circuit using 555 timers to comtrol a servo motor.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

In an extremely mechanized word such as today’s it is necessary to make our life

better, convertible and economical. This is the purpose for which the Electronic

house is developed. The main part of the circuit is 555 timer and PIR sensor: A PIR

or Passive Infra-red Sensor, as the name indicates, doesn’t emit infrared rays but

only detects them.

automated.

1.5 PROJECT MOTIVATION

The motivation of this project is to fulfil the following;

 To eliminate the stress in walking from end to end, or room to room of a building to open the

door especially in a busy place like shopping malls etc.

 The provision of remote switching helps to safe guard operators and equipment.

 To ensure a reliable and safe method of switching domestic and industrial devices to reduce

human labour .

1.6 METHODOLOGY

This system is developed using several electrical and electronic principles. The system has a

regulated power supply system that provides a suitable 5v supply and is comprises of a step-

12
down transformer, rectifier diode, a filtering capacitor, a 5v regulated IC. The motion sensor

authenticates the actuation by toggling the relay from switching the PWM from 1ms and 3ms of

the astable multivibrator. The position of the servo arm depends on the

width of ON time (High pulse) of the input PWM signal. Generally, if

we set the width of ON time to 1ms, the servo arm moves to 0

degree position. If we set the width of ON time to 3ms, the servo

arm moves to 180 degree position. The width of OFF time (Low

Pulse) is maintained constant at around 18ms.

. Figure 1 block diagram of the system

1.7 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

This device is used in the following places as:

 schools

 Home Security Systems.

13
 Shopping malls.

 Eateries.

 Broadband alarm monitoring.

 Glass Break.

 Property Theft Alarm

1.8 PROBLEMS DEFINITION

Motion based gate control system have some problem according to Cerruti,

(2015):

1. it has a limited distance to detect the motion

2. It cannot detect the other objects apart from human being such as animals.

14
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter carried a conceptual discourse of burglar alarm system and established the

relationship between them. It also reviewed some literature in a field of study to identify the gap

to be filled by the research.

Furthermore, burglar alarms systems are increasingly being used in private homes, offices, stores

and other businesses. They have become standard equipment especially in stores, warehouses

etc. The system is also suitable for use in jewelry stores, artifacts in museums and for safe

guarding drawings, paintings and sculpture in art galleries and also to detect unauthorized access.

Alarms as the name implies are used to alert in the event of any situation that is a threat. There

are several kinds of alarms [10]. Some of them include fire alarms, burglar alarms, indicator

alarms, heat and smoke detectors, etc. The approach used in this work is the modular approach

where the overall design was first broken into functional block diagrams, where each block

represents a section of the circuit that carries out a specific function..

2.2 HISTORY OF TRAFFIC LIGHT

The When one mentions burglar alarms it's not unreasonable to think of high tech devices

developed in the silicon age. The truth is, the concept of an alarm system is one that was

invented long before that. For thousands of years man has used animals, more notably the dog, to

15
guard and alert him of any one trying to tamper or steel his valuables. In the middle Ages large

gongs were used to warn a population of impending doom or large bonfires lit to warn of

imminent invasion. As important as these developments were, it was not until 1852 that the first

electro-mechanical alarm system was invented. Edwin Holmes was an American Inventor from

Boston Massachusetts; the alarm he devised was simplistic but effective. A solenoid struck a

gong when a trip wire was disturbed. Although his alarm system is nothing compared to today's

offerings it was positively received in its day. These early alarm systems continued to make use

of simple electrical circuits and relays. A typical installation would see wire wound along

windowsills and around doorframes coupled with conductive lead foil and mechanical or

magnetic switches laced with thin wire. The security conscious had to wait until the next century

for further alarm system advances, which heralded the advent of the transistor and the integrated

circuit. This technology allowed smaller units integrated with microwave and ultrasonic motion

sensors along with features such as entrance and exit delays to be introduced. With the level of

technical sophistication increasing, so did the applications. Now it was possible to use alarms to

monitor industrial processes such as steel production or to monitor natural events such as

volcanoes and earthquakes. Today, alarm systems have advanced even further. The rapid and

expanded use of the Internet has revolutionized alarm systems immensely, as alarm systems have

now become intelligent. It is now possible for them to sort problems out themselves, by

identifying triggers and minimizing false alarms. They even have the ability to measure weight,

size and other environmental factors. Some also have self-diagnostic capabilities and can detect

internal circuitry problems, allowing them to functioning correctly.

Barragan M et al ( 2005). When the team was formed in Italy. The main goal of this team was to

develop an electronic prototyping burglar that uses magnet placed on a door and windows. The
16
magnet is attached to the hitch and place on a hall effect sensor, when the intruder opens the door

or window, he pulls the magnet away from the sensor and the system automatically activates the

alarm.

Bilal G et al (2016). At Ahmadu Bello University presented a topic on the design of burglary

system otherwise known as the design and construction of a watchdog burglar alarm. The system

is divided into the transmitter section and the receiver section. The both system communicates

using infra-red technology between the infra-red LED from the transmitter and photodiode of the

receiver. The alarm is always deactivated when there is a communication amongst the two

section. But as soon as there is an interference amongst the two system or a cut of the line of

sight of the infr-red wave the system automatically activates a buzzer which is used as the alarm.

Salim I. (2013). In his project “light activated burglary system”, explained that the project was

designed and developed to decrease theft whenever an illumination is cast in a building as a

result of opening a door or turning on a light that may reflect on the light dependent resistor

LDR. He used 5v and 3.3v from 555 Timer UNO Board. He had used LDR and BC547 NPN

transistor to develop the Dark sensor. With the help of Dark Sensor, he had counted the number

of vehicle passed through the sensor. At the end, he designed and developed a IC based

Intelligent Control System, and fixed the problems. Finally he reached his goal successfully.

2.3 REQUIRED COMPONENTS

 Power supply

 555 timer IC

 Resistors: 220Ω x 12, 10k Ω x 12, 1k Ω x 12

17
  Potentiometer x 2

 LEDs: Red x 4, Amber x 4, Green x 4

This project has five parts, The power supply, the potentiometer T, The sensors (or

potentiometer Rx), the adder, the IC and the output.

2.3.0 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

The power supply unit consists of the following. Transformer, Rectifier, Regulator and Filter

unit. The circuit below (fig2.4a) shows the circuit diagram of a typical power supply unit.

Figure 1 Power supply unit

INPUT TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER REGULATOR OUTPUT

Figure 2 block diagram of a typical power supply unit

18
2.3.1 TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static electronic device by means of which electronic power in one circuit is

transformed into electronic power of the same frequency in another circuit. It can raise or lower

the voltage in a circuit but with corresponding decrease or increase in current. The physical

basis of a transformer is mutual induction between two circuit linked by a common magnetic

flux (D).

Figure 3 transformer

The two coils possess high mutual inductance. If one of the coils connected to a source of

alternating voltage. An alternating flux is set up in the laminated care, most of which is linked

with the other coils in which it produces mutually induced e.m.f. If the second coil circuit is

closed, a current flow in it and so electric energy is transferred from the first coil to the second

coil. The first coil, in which electric energy is fed from the AC supply mains, is called

PRIMARY winding and the other from which energy is drawn out is called SECONDARY

winding. [1, 3]

There are two types of transformer:

19
 i. Step up transformer

ii. Step down transformer

The type of transformer used in this project is STEP-DOWN transformer. A step down transform

is a transformer that changed electric power from high level to low level; the primary winding is

less than the secondary winding. The transformer rating used is 240/12v[6,3,2].

2.3.2 RECTIFICATION

A rectification is the process of converting an A.C voltage into pulsating D.C voltage. The circuit

responsible for rectification is known as rectifier circuit. Rectification can achieve by the use of

semiconductor diodes.

Rectification is classified into:

i. Half wave rectification

ii. Full wave rectification

iii. Full wave (Bridge) rectification

20
However, full wave Bridge rectification would be discussed as it is the type of rectification that

is employed in this project (3).

FIG 3

Figure 4 Shows the wave form of a bridge rectifier

In full rectification, both half cycle of the input are utilized with flux half of four diodes working

alternatively. In this case, use of a transformer is essential.

When the A.C input supply is switched on, the M and N of the transformer secondary became

+ve and –ve respectively. During the +ve input half-cycle, terminal M of the secondary is

positive as N is – ve 0 Diodes D1 and D3 became forward – biased (ON) where as D2 and D4 are

reversed – biased (OFF). Hence the current flows along MEABCFN producing a drop across R L

during the – ve half – cycle, secondary terminal N becomes +ve and M –ve. Now D2 and D4 are

forward – biased. Circuit current flows along NFABCEM. [1]

21
2.3.3 RIPPLE FILTERING

By the analysis of Fourier series, we know that a rectified sine wave consist of a DC components

and harmonics of the supply frequency. These harmonics are responsible for the ripples which

is not desirable. For smooth operation is achieved here by the use of a capacitor filter. The

process of removing these ripples is known as filtering. A ripple filter is basically a low pass

filter that the DC component and alternatives the A.C compact as show in fig. 2.3.3.

The five main types of filter circuit are:

i. Capacitor filter

ii. Resistance capacitance (RC) filter

iii. Inductance of choke – capacitance filter (LC)

iv. R-L-C filters

v. Series induction filter.

Figure 5 shows filtered DC output[3,1,2]

22
2.3.4 12V REGULATOR

Voltage sources in a circuit may have fluctuations resulting in not providing fixed voltage

outputs. A voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. Lm7812 a

member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations, is a

popular voltage regulator integrated circuit. The xx in 78xx indicates the output voltage it

provides. 7812 IC +12volts regulated power supply with three terminals (pin1 input, pin2 ground

and pin3 output). It also attached a heat sink.

Figure 6 shows Regulator

2.3.5 POTENTIOMETER

A potentiometer is a passive electronic component. Potentiometers work by varying the position

of a sliding contact across a uniform resistance. In a potentiometer, the entire input voltage is

applied across the whole length of the resistor, and the output voltage is the voltage drop

between the fixed and sliding contact as shown below. A potentiometer has the two terminals of
23
the input source fixed to the end of the resistor. To adjust the output voltage the sliding contact

gets moved along the resistor on the output side.

This is different to a rheostat, where here one end is fixed and the sliding terminal is connected

to the circuit, as shown below.

Figure 7 POTENTIOMETER

2.3.6 THE OUTPUT

A siren is a loud noise-making device. Civil defense sirens are mounted in fixed locations and

used to warn of natural disasters or attacks. Sirens are used on emergency service vehicles such

as ambulances, police cars, and fire trucks. There are two general types: mechanical and

electronic.

Many fire sirens (used for calling the volunteer fire fighters) serve double duty as tornado or civil

defense sirens, alerting an entire community of impending danger. Most fire sirens are either

mounted on the roof of a fire station or on a pole next to the fire station. Fire sirens can also be

mounted on or near government buildings, on tall structures such as water towers, as well as in

24
systems where several sirens are distributed around a town for better sound coverage. Most fire

sirens are single tone and mechanically driven by electric motors with a rotor attached to the

shaft. Some newer sirens are electronically driven speakers. The circuit is shown below.

Figure 8 The output loudspeaker

2.3.7 ARCHITECTURE 555 TIMER

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, delay, pulse generation,

and oscillator applications. Derivatives provide two (556) or four (558) timing circuits in one

package.[2] The design was first marketed in 1972 by Signets.[3][4] Since then, numerous

companies have made the original bipolar timers, as well as similar low-power CMOS timers. In

2017, it was said that over a billion 555 timers are produced annually by some estimates, and that

the design was "probably the most popular integrated circuit ever made".[5] The internal block

diagram and schematic of the 555 timer are highlighted with the same color across all three

drawings to clarify how the chip is implemented [2]. Voltage Divider: Between the positive

supply voltage VCC and the ground GND is a voltage divider consisting of three

identical resistors, which create two reference voltages at 1⁄3 VCC and 2⁄3 VCC. The latter is

25
connected to the "Control" pin. All three resistors have the same resistance, 5kΩ for bipolar

timers, 100kΩ (or higher) for CMOS timers.

Threshold Comparator: The comparator's negative input is connected to the higher reference

voltage divider of 2⁄3 VCC (and "Control" pin), and the comparator's positive input is connected

to the "Threshold" pin.

Trigger Comparator: The comparator's positive input is connected to the lower reference voltage

divider of 1⁄3 VCC, and the comparator's negative input is connected to the "Trigger" pin.

Flip-Flop: An SR flip-flop stores the state of the timer and is controlled by the two comparators.

The "Reset" pin overrides the other two inputs, thus the flip-flop (and therefore the entire timer)

can be reset at any time.

Output: The output of the flip-flop is followed by an output stage with push-pull (P.P.) output

drivers that can load the "Output" pin with up to 200 mA for bipolar timers, lower for CMOS

timers. Discharge: Also, the output of the flip-flop turns on a transistor that connects the

"Discharge" pin to the ground.

26
 Figure 9 The 555 Timer

2.3.8 LED

LED (light emitting diode) is P N junction diode which emits light when activated. It is activated

when the PN junction sustains a forward voltage (forward bias), a current from P to N, called

forward current. When this current is applied, electrons recombine with electron holes within the

device thereby releasing energy in form of light. LED finds application in traffic signals,

lighting, camera flashes etc. the way to distinguish between the positive and negative terminal is,

the positive is longer than the negative in length.

The LEDs used in this project are basic 5mm LEDs of Red, Amber and Green colors. The

maximum current that can be allowed through these LEDs (Red, Amber and Green in particular)

is 20mA.

27
 Figure 10 LED

2.3.9 RESISTOR

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that Implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. Resistors 220Ω, 10kΩ, and 1kΩ were used in this project

to reduce current flow, and at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuit.

Figure 11 Resistors 1KΩ, 10KΩ and 220Ω.

28
2.3.10 LM 393

The LM393 is a dual independent accuracy voltage integrated circuit operated with single or else

split supply. These ICs comprises two independent voltage comparators to operate from an only

power supply more than a wide variety of voltages. Working with two supplies is also achievable

as long as the variation among the two supply voltages is 2 volts to 36 volts, & VCC is minimum

1.5 volts extra positive than the i/p voltage. The main features of this IC mainly include the

following. Single voltage supply ranges from 2.0 Vdc toward 36 Vdc,Split supply range will be

from +1.0 Vdc or -1.0 Vdc to +18 Vdc or -18 Vdc, Little Supply Voltage of Current Drain

Independent is 0.4 mA, The input bias current is low that is 25nA, Input offset current is low that

is 5nA, Both the range of differential input as well as Power Supply Voltage is equivalent, The

output voltage is well-suited by ECL, MOS, DTL, TTL, & CMOS Logic Levels, Electrostatic

discharge bolts on the inputs to enhance the device roughness without troubling its performance.

Figure 13 lm393.

29
2.3.11 BC 548

BC548 is a NPN transistor so the collector and emitter will be left open (Reverse biased) when

the base pin is held at ground and will be closed (Forward biased) when a signal is provided to

base pin. BC548 has a gain value of 110 to 800, this value determines the amplification capacity

of the transistor. The maximum amount of current that could flow through the Collector pin is

500mA, hence we cannot connect loads that consume more than 500mA using this transistor. To

bias a transistor we have to supply current to base pin, this current (IB) should be limited to 5mA.

When this transistor is fully biased, it can allow a maximum of 500mA to flow across the

collector and emitter. This stage is called Saturation Region and the typical voltage allowed

across the Collector-Emitter (VCE) or Base-Emitter (VBE) could be 200 and 900 mV respectively.

When base current is removed the transistor becomes fully off, this stage is called as the Cut-off

Region and the Base Emitter voltage could be around 660 mV.

Figure 14 BC548.

30
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

3.1 PROJECT SPECIFICATION

This is the design and construction of a sound activated burglary alarm. This circuit is very

similar to the motion detector circuit.

The system first has a condenser microphone transducer that converts the sound energy into

electrical signal which is very weak and virtually not suitable for use, the signal from the mic is

then pass to the non-inverting terminals of the operational amplifier lm393 but in this case as

differential amplifier that gives a high output when the difference of pin 2 is less than the value

of 3 which by default is 2.5V as given by the 2 100Kohm voltage divider. The output pin6 is fed

to the input of a monostable multivibrator that actuate a led and bias the base of an NPN

31
transistor. The transistor drives the speaker for about 25seconds as calculated by the values of the

monostable

This cycle repeats again and again.

3.1 Components Required

Power supply

555 Timer

LM 393 op-amp

Bc 548

Potentiometer

LED

Resistors

Veroboard

Jumper wires

Power Supply

The system operates at 12V and 5V with low power consumption. Batteries could be used to

provide the energy required by this device. But also a regulated power supply (220/240V AC,

50Hz) could be used.

32
The basic functions in a regulated power supply are transformation, rectification, filtering and

regulation. [3]

Figure 12 Shows a block diagram of a regulate power supply Transformer

Is a device that can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or

increase in current. They are usually made up of at least two coils of wire electrically isolated

from each other but magnetically coupled and wound on the same laminated iron-core. The

basic principle of transformer is mutual induction. Varying current from A.C voltage applied to

the primary creates a magnetic field which cuts the secondary windings, inducing an A.C voltage

depending on the relative ratio of number of coils turns of the secondary and primary windings.

[5]

33
Figure 13, An ideal Transformer

If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power is

transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is perfectly

efficient; all the incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field

and into the secondary circuit. If this condition is met, the incoming electric power must equal

the outgoing power.[4]

Pincoming = IPVP = Poutgoing = ISVS

Giving the ideal transformer equation

Rectifire

This converts A.C to D.C, it is an electronic device which offers low resistance to the flow of

current in one direction (forward bias) and high resistance to current flow in the reverse direction

(reverse bias direction).[3]

34
Figure 14, Full wave Rectification

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity

(positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input

waveform to DC (direct current), as shown in Fig 2.3. It is also more efficient than half wave

rectification.[5]

Filters

Filters are devices mainly used to remove unwanted frequencies or ripples in a given system.

Filter networks are divided into two major categories active and passive networks. Active filter

networks usually contain transistors or operational amplifiers in combination with R, L, and C

elements. While passive filter netwoks consists of usually series-parallel combinations of R, L

and C elements.There are four types of such networks, they include Low pass filter, High pass

filter, Band pass filter, and Band stop filter.

Low pass filters allow only low frequencies to pass through, but attenuates all higher

frequencies. The maximum frequency which it allows to pass through is called the cutoff

frequency. Examples are RL and RC low pass filters

High pass filter allows higher frequencies to pass from input to output while rejecting lower

frequencies. The minimum frequency it allows to pass is called cutoff frquency f c. Examples are

RL and RC high pass filters.

Band pass filter is a resonant circuit which is tuned to pass a certain band or range of frequencies

while rejecting all frequencies below and above this range called passband.[3]

35
Bandstop filter is also a resonant circuit that rejects a certain band or range of frequencies while

passing all frequencies below and above the rejected band. Such filters are called wavetraps.[3]

One of the simplest filters used is the low pass RC filter which is shown in Fig 2.4 it permits

signals up to fc to pass through while attenuating frequencies above f c. The range of frequencies

upto fc is called the passband of the filter.[3]

Figure 15 An RC low pass filter

12v Regulator

Voltage sources in a circuit may have fluctuations resulting in not providing fixed voltage

outputs. A voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. Lm7812 a

member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations, is a

popular voltage regulator integrated circuit. The xx in 78xx indicates the output voltage it

provides. 7812 IC +12volts regulated power supply with three terminals (pin1 input, pin2 ground

and pin3 output). Its also attached a heat sink.

36
Figure 16, 12v regulator

37
3.2 CIRECUIT DIAGRAM OF SOUND BURGLAR SYSTEM

Figure 17 Circuit Diagram of the Design

3.21 DESIGN OF THE POWER UNIT

The power unit converts AC supply available at the mains to DC supply for the electronic

circuits. The transformer is one of the elements in the DC power supply unit. It steps down the

voltage to a suitable level for the circuits, it also provides electrical ground insulation of the

device from the power line to reduce potential shock hazards. The rectifier follows the

transformer and it converts the alternating wave form to a unidirectional but non constant

supply. Silicon rectifiers are popular because of its low cost and high reliability. A capacitor is

used to both smoothen out ripples and convert to dual power supply giving a positive terminal,

negative terminal and ground, then a regulator is used to provide a 5v regulated supply to the

circuit.
38
3.22 TRANSFORMER DESIGN

The AC supply is rated 220-240V, 50Hz. Since the circuit operate with a DC voltage

range of 9-12V a step down transformer is used. Assuming unity power factor (ideal situation),

Output Voltage Vout = 5V

Input Voltage Vin = 240V

The rated Irms of the secondary winding is 500mA

2× I rms ×√ 2
So, Idc =
π

2×500m×√2
=
π

= 450mA

Vdc=√ 2× V

¿ √ 2× 5

= 7.07V

3.23 DESIGN OF THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

The peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) of a diode is the maximum reverse voltage a diode can

tolerate before it breaks down. Since the output voltage of the transformer is 12.73V, diodes of

39
PIV above 12.73 that can handle 450mA is selected. For this work, a bridge rectifier using four

IN4001 diodes encapsulated in a chip is used.

3.24 DESIGN OF THE CAPACITOR FILTER

The output of the bridge rectifier has ripples, whose voltage is calculated,

VR= VPP - Vrms ---------------------------------- 3.1

Where VPP = peak to peak voltage of the secondary

I dc
Also VR = -------------------------- 3.2
2 fC

Where f = frequency of the power supply in Hz

C = capacitance in Farad

Equating equations 3.1 and 3.2

I dc
VPP- Vrms =
2 fC

I dc
Therefore, C =
2 f (V pp−V rms )

Since Idc = 450mA, f = 50Hz, Vpp =7.07V, Vrms = 5V

Therefore C = 2174µF

40
 For good filtering, the capacitor used must not be less than 2174µF. For this work, 2200

µF capacitor was used. Because capacitors with higher values filter better than capacitors with

lower values. [4]

3.25 DESIGN OF MONOSTABLE TIMING

To calculate the timing for a monostable multivibrator, the formular below is used

T =1.1 × RC

From the above circuit diagram, the value of R is 1MΩ and the value of the charging capacitor is

22uf. Therefore, the time for capacitor to charge till threshold is shown below

−6
T =1.1 ×1000000 ×22 ×10

T =24.2 seconds

So, the time for the burglary alarm will be activated is 24.2s when a sound is detected

41
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

4.1 PROJECT RESOURCE CENTERS

This includes:

a. Internet resource centers

b. Experimental aids and observation

c. Teachers and lectures

d. And digital electronics by J.K Mehta

4.1.1 CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The materials I used were from the information I got from the internet and I have to develop the

work through the source I found online that is treating the same case.

The circuit diagram used is the diagram which was design as a prototype but also works to revive

some information about the circuit analysis of the devices which later entered more design like

the Potentiometer sensor that was well tested and ensured is adjusted based on the value

prescribed.

4.2 DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION STEPS

In this design, the potentiometer was adjusted until the led indicator lights up and then the

microphone was given a sound to observe the LED flashes, the strength of the transducer was

42
adjusted via the pot, another LED was connected to the output of the 555 timer which is also

connected to bias the transistor to drive the loud speaker which is used as the alarm.

4.2.1 COMPONENT LISTING

a. IC (555 Timer IC)

b. LM393 Operational Amplifier

c. BC 548 NPN transistor

d. High frequency Loud speaker

e. Voltage regulator (7805)

f. Resistors(100,10k,220Ω)

g. Potentiometer Led

h. Bridge Rectifier diode (IN4007)

i. LED

j. Power Switch

k. 12v Stepdown Transformer

l. Capacitors

m. Jumper wires

4.3 DESIGN STEPS

These are the various steps we took on the design of this project.

43
 4.3.1 Component placing and wiring

Here, the whole components were place into the Vero board according to its position in the

circuit diagram, the legs were bend to avoid living its space and to avoid it from failing off.

4.3.2 COMPONENT SOLDERING

The components were solder using a soft thick lead oxide and the component connections was

done with a tiny flexible wire we got from a networking cable to join one component to the other

according to the circuit diagram.

4.6 INSERTING THE IC INTO THE HARDWARE DESIGN

Then after that the IC will now be inserted into the circuit for testing.

4.7 CIRCUIT TEST

After the implementation of the circuit diagram it has to be powered and checked for accurate

functionality before coupling and packaging.The design makes use of 12V transformer which

was converter to dc using a diode rectifier and a capacitor filter to get an accurate dc from the

voltage supply unit and was regulated to 12v using lm7812.

44
 Figure 18 system test

4.8 PACKAGING

As a prototype design, we have to copy an existing system which was based on timing.

The packaging was done on a predefined modeling designed by an architect. And placement of

all sections of the circuits were done together with the LED display using glue gum, araldite and

other holding materials.

4.9 DESIGN TEST AND ERROR CORRECTIONS

After the packaging some errors was discovered due to wrong packaging which affected the

reading by the Potentiometer sensors taking random readings to cause the display to read

wrongly, but was corrected. Below is the work during testing and correction.

45
4.10 FINAL TEST

The final test was undergone for proper function and design usage. As shown in the diagram

below.

46
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 SUMMARY

This section of this project report forms the concluding part of the write up and takes a look at

some of the problems encountered during the progressive job on the system and also brings in

suggestions for further improvement and/or enhancement for the system design since the

construction was limited to just a particular lane which can by adding up more 555 timers and

LEDs.

The design and development of this project has really been challenging, as I have been faced

with choices far beyond what I expected. But in the long run the result paid off.

After the complete design of the system, the deviation between the expected result and the actual

result was very close. The performance and efficiency was beyond expectation and from every

ramification, the design of the project was a success.

5.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTER

During the course of the design of this system, there were series of problems which came in the

way of achieving the design goals of this project, most of them where over come via share

troubleshooting, in some cases some part requires redesigning and debugging also created a bit

of a problem especially the placement of the Potentiometer sensors which randomly adjust itself

from surrounding objects if not properly mounted.

47
One major setback of this project is the availability of components required to build the hardware

of the system. In most cases I had to look through electrical catalogs to obtain replacements of

some of the components which are not available in the market.

The final packaging of the design was also another trouble, as this actually caused problems on

the circuit board. Such problems include partial contact within the circuit board, between

components and also with the wiring. This was actually one of the most challenging aspects of

the circuit implementation phase. Due to this fact, there was a lot of soldering and de-soldering

to ensure that the circuit was well implemented.

5.3 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER DESIGN

It will be more appreciated if the system is designed for more than one lane. And also with the

rise in the sophistication of embedded system and artificial intelligence, the need of

implementing a fully operational traffic system can be achievable.

5.4 RECOMMENDATION

a. Avoid water spillage on top of the design.

b. Supply the necessary voltage to the system by plugin its power mains to 200v to 230v

ac.

c. Ensure proper placement before running the design.

5.5 CONCLUSION

Going through the planning, flow process, design and software implementation the system had

really been a tough one; but on the whole it has been a chance to show case a little bit of

48
craftsmanship and how such system can aid in reducing too much traffic congestion in our cities

and also emission of carbon monoxide by stationary running vehicle especially in traffic

junctions.

49
REFERENCE

[1] Horowitz P., The art of electronics, 2nd Ed., University Press, Cambridge-Great Britain, pp.

28-34, pp. 46-58, 1995.

[2] Tokhiem R. L., Digital Electronics: Principles and applications, 5th Ed., The McGrawHill

Companies Inc., USA, pp. 155-203, 1999.

[3] Jones L., Basic Electronics for tomorrow’s world, Low price Ed., University Press,

Cambridge-Great Britain, pp. 55-87, pp. 102-122, 1996.

[4] Talbot-Smith M., Audio explained, Reed Educational and professional publishing Ltd, pp. 1-

68, 1997. [5] Schuler C. A., Electronics: Principles and applications, 5th Ed., The McGraw-Hill

Companies Inc. USA, pp. 55-82, 1999.

[6] National Semiconductor Company, ìDatasheet on LM393 low signal audio amplifierî,

Available at: http://www.national.com, 2000.

[7] Fair Child Semiconductor Company, ìDatasheet on CD4013B Dual D-Type Flip-flopî,

revised Ed., Available at: http://www.fairchildsemi.com, 2002.

[8] Warnes L., Electronics and Electrical Engineering: principles and practice, 2nd Ed.,

Macmillan Press Ltd. London, pp. 136-157, 1998.

[9] Fair Child Semiconductor Company, ìDatasheet on CD4060B 14 stage ripple carry binary

counterî, revised Ed., Available at: http://www.fairchildsemi.com, 2004.

[10] How Burglar Alarms works, Available at: http://www.howstuffworks.com, 2005. [11]

Electronics Workbench Software, Version 5.12, 2005.

50
Appendixes

SYSTEM COMPONENTS LIST

1. Vero Board

2. Connection Wire

3. 16x2 LCD display

4. Soldering Iron

5. AC Cord

6. 240 / 15v, 2000 mA Transformer

7. Rectifier Diodes

8. 2200uf /25V Capacitor

9. 10uf 16V Capacitor

10. 30pf capacitor

11. Resistors

12. 7805 Voltage Regulator

13. LED

14. 12 MHz crystal oscillator

15. AT89S51 Micro controller

51
16. POTENTIOMETERF3205 H-BRIDGE Driver

17. IC Base Socket (40 pins) and IC Base Socket (16 pins

18.) Transistors

52