VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Belagavi-590018

An Internship(21INT59) Report

“ FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT ”

Submitted in partial fulfilment as per VTU curriculum for IV semester for

Bachelor of Engineering

In

“ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE ENGINNERING”

Submitted By

PAVAN S V
1EP22AD403
Internship Carried Out At “INTERN LEAP”

Internal Guide: External Guide:

Prof .Pooja P P MS. SUMIYA
Dept. of AI&DS, EPCET CO FOUNDER, DOTCH
ENDEAVOUR

Department of Artificial Intelligence And Data Science Engineering

Jnana Prabha Campus, Virgo Nagar Post, Avalahalli, Bengaluru – 560049

2023-2024

Dept of AI&DS|EPCET P ag e |1
 Department of Artificial Intelligence And Data Science Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the internship report entitled “Full Stack Development” is a bonafide work carried out
by Pavan S V bearing USN: 1EP22AD403 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the third semester
for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Artificial Intelligence And Data Science
Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the aca-demic year 2021-2023.
The internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements prescribed by the university.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Prof. Pooja P P DR. Anand R

Assistant professor Head Of Department

Dept. of AI&DS, EPCET Dept. of AI&DS,EPCET

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 DECLARATION

I, Pavan S V [USN: 1EP22AD403], student of V Semester BE, in Artificial Intelligence And Data Science
Engineering, East Point College of Engineering and Technology hereby declare that the Internship entitled “
Full Stack Development” has been carried out by me at “ Intern leap ” and submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirements of the V Semester for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in “Artificial
intelligence And Data Science Engineering” of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during
academic year 2023-2024.

Date : Name: Pavan S V

Place : Bengaluru USN: 1EP22AD403

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere regards and thanks to Management of
East Point Group of Institutions, Bangalore for providing me an opportunity to work on this
Internship.

I am ineffably indebted to Dr. S Prakash, Senior Vice President, East Point Group of Institutions.
I would like to express my humble and sincere thanks to Dr. Muthunjaya V Latte, Principal, East
Point College of Engineering and Technology for his suggestions that motivated me for the
successful completion of my Internship.

I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to HOD DR. Anand. R Professor and Head of
Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, EPCET. Internship Coordinators Prof.
Pooja P P Assistant Professor, Dept. of AI&DS , who have rendered valuable assistance and
guidance for the Internship. I would like to thank INTERN LEAP for providing with technical
support and knowledge.

I would like to thank my Parents and Friends for their support and encouragement during the course
of my internship. Finally, I offer my regards to all the Faculty members of the AI&DS Department
and all those who supported me in any respect during the Internship.

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 INTENSHIP CERTIFICATE

Dept of AI&DS|EPCET P ag e |5
 CONTENT

Chapter no. Description Page no.

1 Company Profile 1

2 About Company 2

3 Task Performed 3

3.1 Introduction to Full Stack Web Development 3

3.1.1 Features of Full Stack Web Development 4

3.1.2 Applications of Full Stack Web Development 4

3.1.3 Advantages of Full Stack Web Development 5

3.1.4 Disadvantages of Full Stack Web Development 5

3.2 Introduction to Flask 6

3.2.1 Features of Flask 6

3.2.2 Applications of Flask 7

3.2.3 Advantages of Flask 8

3.2.4 Disadvantages of Flask 8

3.3 Html 9

3.3.1 What is HTML? 9

3.3.2 How HTML Works 9

3.3.3 Disadvantages of Html 10

3.4 Cascading Style Sheets 11

3.4.1 CSS Versions 11

3.4.2 CSS Syntax 11

3.4.3 Attaching Styles 11

3.4.4 CSS Background Properties 11

3.4.5 CSS Border Properties 11

3.4.6 CSS Text and Font Properties 12

3.4.7 Marginal and padding 12

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4 Reflection 13

4.1 Project Executed 13

4.2 Back End Database 22

5 Conclusion 26

6 References 27

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 List of Figures

Fig. no. Description Page no.

1.1 What we do 1
1.2 Products 1
3.1.1 Full stack web development 3

4.1.1 Intro page 13

4.1.2 Home page 14

Example Bucket list goal: Beach
4.1.3 15
holidays, Adventures tours, Cultural
experience, Mountain Expedition, Road
Trips

4.1.4 Info pic 1,2,3,4,5 & 6 19

List of Tables

Table no. Description Page no.

2.1 Company details 2

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 CHAPTER 2

About Company

DOTCH ENDEAVOURS PRIVATE LIMITED is a KARNATAKA based PRIVATE

LIMITED company, Registered at dated 08-AUG-2023 on Ministry of Corporate Affairs(MCA), The

Corporate Identification Number (CIN) of DOTCH ENDEAVOURS PRIVATE LIMITED
is U58202KA2023PTC177051 and registration number is 177051.

It has been classified as COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES and is registered under Register of
Companies ROC BANGALORE India. Authorized share capital of DOTCH ENDEAVOURS
PRIVATE LIMITED is Rs. 10000 and its paid-up capital is Rs. 10000. It aspires to serve
in BUSINESS SERVICES activities across the India.

Its Annual General Meeting (AGM) was lastly conducted on and as per the records of Ministry of
Corporate Affairs (MCA), its balance sheet was last filed on.

Table no. 2.1 Company details

COMPANY BASIC DETAILS

Company Name DOTCH ENDEAVOURS PRIVATE LIMITED

RoC ROC BANGALORE

Company Status ACTIVE

Company Activity BUSINESS SERVICES

CIN U58202KA2023PTC177051

Registration Date 08-AUG-2023

Category COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES

Sub Category NON-GOVT COMPANY

Company Class PRIVATE

Authorised Capital 10000

PaidUp Capital 10000

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 CHAPTER 3

TASK PERFORMED

3.1 Introduction to Full Stack Web Development

Full Stack Web Development is a software development process that involves designing, creating, testing, and
deploying a complete web application from start to finish. It encompasses both the front-end and back-end
development of a web application, requiring proficiency in various technologies and tools.

Key Components of Full Stack Development

1. Front-End Development: This involves creating the user interface and user experience (UI/UX) of a
web application using front-end technologies such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and frameworks like React,
Angular, and Bootstrap.

2. Back-End Development: This includes designing and implementing the server-side logic, database
integration, and API connectivity using back-end technologies like Node.js, Python, Ruby, and frameworks
like Ruby on Rails, Laravel, and Django.

3. Database Development: Full stack developers need to be familiar with various database management
systems like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB, and understand how to design and manage databases
effectively.

Skills and Responsibilities of Full Stack Developers

Design and Prototyping
Security

Web Architecture
Version Control
APIs and Web Servers

Fig.no. 3.1.1 full stack web development

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3.1.1 Features of Full Stack Web Development

• Front-End Development: Creating user-friendly and visually appealing interfaces using HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, and front-end frameworks like React, Angular, and Vue.js.

• Back-End Development: Developing server-side logic using programming languages like JavaScript
(Node.js), Python, Ruby, or PHP, and managing databases and data storage systems like MySQL, PostgreSQL,
MongoDB, or Firebase.

• Integration and Deployment: Integrating front-end and back-end components to create a seamless user
experience, and deploying the web application on servers or cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, or Heroku.

• Adaptability: Full stack developers are well-equipped to work on projects of different sizes and
complexities, from simple websites to large-scale web applications.

• Holistic Approach: Full stack developers have a comprehensive understanding of both front-end and
back-end technologies, allowing them to develop cohesive and integrated web applications.

• Cross-Functional Collaboration: Full stack developers can collaborate more effectively with designers,
front-end developers, and back-end developers, leading to smoother communication and better coordination
within development teams.

• Cost-Effectiveness: Hiring full stack developers can be more cost-effective for businesses, as they can
handle multiple aspects of development, reducing the need for hiring separate front-end and back-end
developers.

• Flexibility: Full stack developers have the flexibility to work on different parts of the application,
allowing them to take on various roles and responsibilities within a project.

3.1.2 Applications of Full Stack Web Development

• E-commerce Platforms: Full stack developers can create robust e-commerce platforms like Etsy,
handling both front-end user interfaces and back-end server-side logic, database management, and payment
processing.

• Social Media Platforms: Full stack developers can design and develop social media platforms like
Facebook, handling user interactions, data storage, and server-side logic.

• Online Marketplaces: Full stack developers can create online marketplaces like Amazon, handling user
interfaces, product listings, payment processing, and server-side logic.

• Web Applications: Full stack developers can build web applications like online banking systems,
handling user authentication, data storage, and server-side logic.
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• Mobile Applications: Full stack developers can create mobile applications like mobile banking apps,
handling user interfaces, data storage, and server-side logic.

• Web Services: Full stack developers can create web services like RESTful APIs, handling data
retrieval, manipulation, and storage.

• Database Management: Full stack developers can manage databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL,
MongoDB, or Firebase, handling data storage and retrieval.

3.1.3 Advantages of Full Stack Web Development

Full stack web development offers several advantages due to its comprehensive skill set and ability to handle
both front-end and back-end development. Here are some key advantages:

1. Versatility and Full Control: Full stack developers can work on both the client-side (front-end) and
server-side (back-end) portions of web applications. This versatility allows them to understand the entire
development process, from concept to deployment, and make informed decisions at every stage.

2. Efficiency in Development: Having knowledge of both front-end and back-end technologies enables
full stack developers to work independently or in small teams. This can streamline development processes,
reduce communication gaps, and improve overall project efficiency.

3. Understanding of the Big Picture: Full stack developers have a holistic view of projects. They can
anticipate challenges, make optimizations across the entire stack, and ensure that different components of the
application work seamlessly together.

4. Cost-Effective: For startups and smaller companies, hiring a full stack developer who can handle
multiple aspects of development can be more cost-effective than hiring separate specialists for front-end and
back-end tasks.

5. Faster Prototyping: Full stack developers can create a minimum viable product (MVP) more quickly.
They can implement features end-to-end without waiting for handoffs between different team members or
departments.

6. Adaptability and Learning Opportunities: Technology evolves rapidly, and full stack developers are
well-positioned to adapt to new tools and frameworks. They have the opportunity to continuously learn and
stay updated with industry trends.

7. Facilitates Communication: Full stack developers can effectively communicate with both technical
and non-technical team members. They can translate user requirements into technical implementations and
vice versa, fostering better collaboration.
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8. Easier Transition Between Projects: Full stack developers can switch between front-end and back-end
tasks as needed, making them flexible resources in various types of projects or organizations.

3.1.4 Disadvantages of Full Stack Web Development

While full stack web development offers many advantages, there are also some potential disadvantages to
consider:

1. Depth vs. Breadth

2. Time and Effort

3. Complexity

4. Resource Constraints

5. Dependency on Individual Skill

6. Burnout

7. Specialization Needs

8. Career Path Limitations

9. Tooling and Frameworks

3.2 Introduction to flask

Flask is a lightweight and flexible web framework for Python that allows developers to build web applications.
It is designed to be easy to learn and use, making it suitable for both beginners and experienced developers.

Here are some key points about Flask:

1. Lightweight and Flexible: Flask is a lightweight framework that is easy to learn and use. It is flexible
and can be extended to suit specific needs.

2. Support for Various Databases: Flask supports both relational and NoSQL databases, making it
suitable for a wide range of applications.

3. Easy to Learn: Flask has a simple and intuitive API, making it easy for beginners to learn and use.

4. Customizable: Flask is highly customizable, allowing developers to choose the components and tools
they need for their projects.

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5. Full-Stack Development: Flask can be used for full-stack web development, handling both front-end
and back-end aspects of a project.

6. Extensions and Libraries: Flask has a wide range of extensions and libraries available to help with
tasks such as authentication, security, and API development

3.2.1 Features of flask

Flask is a lightweight and flexible web development framework for Python that offers several key features:

1. Easy to Use and Extend: Flask is designed to be easy to use and extend, allowing developers to build
a solid foundation for web applications of different complexity.

2. Built-in Development Server and Debugger: Flask includes a built-in development server and
debugger, making it easy to test and debug applications.

3. Integrated Support for Unit Testing: Flask provides integrated support for unit testing, ensuring that
applications are thoroughly tested.

4. RESTful Request Dispatching: Flask supports RESTful request dispatching, which allows for
efficient handling of HTTP requests.

5. Jinja2 Templating: Flask uses Jinja2 as its template engine, providing a powerful and flexible way
to render dynamic web pages.

6. Support for Secure Cookies (Client-Side Sessions): Flask supports secure cookies for client-side
sessions, ensuring secure user sessions.

7. WSGI 1.0 Compliant: Flask is fully compliant with WSGI 1.0, making it compatible with various
web servers and deployment options.

8. Unicode-Based: Flask is built on Unicode principles, ensuring that it can handle a wide range of
languages and characters.

9. High Flexibility: Flask's modular design allows for high flexibility, making it suitable for projects of
any size and complexity.

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10. Comprehensive Documentation: Flask has comprehensive documentation, including examples and
tutorials, making it easy for developers to learn and use.

3.2.2 Applications of flask

Flask is a versatile and powerful tool that can be used for a wide range of applications.
Here are some of the key applications of Flask:
• Web Development

• API Development

• E-commerce

• Healthcare

• Transportation

• High-Load Applications

• MVC Architecture.

• Microservices.

• Prototyping and Proof-of-Concept Development.

• Education

Fig.no 3.2.1 Flask app configuration

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3.2.3 Advantages of Flask

The advantages of Flask include:

1. Scalability: Flask is designed to be scalable, allowing it to handle a large number of requests and clients
efficiently.

2. Flexibility: Flask is highly flexible, making it easy to adapt to changing project requirements and
allowing developers to build applications that can grow and evolve over time.

3. Easy to Negotiate: Flask is easy to understand and use, allowing developers to focus on coding rather
than getting bogged down in complex frameworks.

4. Lightweight: Flask is a lightweight framework with minimal dependencies, making it easy to deploy
and maintain.

5. Documentation: Flask has comprehensive documentation, including examples and tips, which
encourages developers to use the framework and helps them learn its capabilities.

6. Personalization: Flask allows developers to build applications that are tailored to specific needs,
making it ideal for projects that require customization.

7. Fast and Efficient Development: Flask enables developers to build applications quickly and efficiently,
allowing them to get their projects to market faster.

8. Integration with Other Technologies: Flask supports a wide range of technologies, including databases,
ORMs, and authentication systems, making it easy to integrate with other tools and solutions.

3.2.4 Disadvantages of Flask

One disadvantage of Flask is its minimalistic approach, which, while advantageous for small projects, can
become a limitation for larger and more complex applications. Here’re some disadvantages:

1. Minimalistic Design

2. More Manual Configuration

3. Lack of Built-in Features

4. Complexity with Large Applications

5. Learning Curve for Scaling

6. Community and Ecosystem Variability

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3.3 Html
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create and structure content
on web pages. It forms the backbone of the World Wide Web by providing a standardized way to format text,
images, links, and other media elements within a web document. Here's a brief introduction to HTML:

3.3.1 What is HTML?

HTML is a markup language that defines the structure of content on web pages. It consists of a series of
elements, or tags, which enclose content to indicate its meaning and how it should be displayed in a web
browser. Each HTML element represents different types of content, such as headings, paragraphs, lists,
images, forms, and more.

Key Features of HTML:

• Structure: HTML defines the hierarchical structure of content using elements like <html>, <head>,
<body>, and various semantic tags (<header>, <footer>, <article>, etc.).

• Text Formatting: It allows basic text formatting such as headings (<h1> to <h6>), paragraphs (<p>),
emphasis (<em>, <strong>), and lists (<ul>, <ol>, <li>).

• Hyperlinks: HTML enables the creation of hyperlinks (<a> tag) to connect different web pages or
resources together.

• Images: It allows embedding images (<img> tag) into web pages to enhance visual content.

• Forms: HTML provides form elements (<form>, <input>, <textarea>, <select>, etc.) for collecting
user input.

• Semantic Markup: HTML5 introduced semantic tags (<header>, <footer>, <nav>, <section>,
<article>, <aside>, <main>, etc.) to improve accessibility and SEO.

3.3.2 How HTML Works:

HTML documents are text files with a .html extension that contain a series of HTML tags. Web browsers
interpret these tags to render the content of the document on the user's screen. The structure of HTML
documents typically includes a <DOCTYPE> declaration followed by <html>, <head>, and <body> tags,
encapsulating the document's metadata and visible content.

Benefits of HTML:

• Platform-Independent: HTML is supported by all major web browsers and is platform-independent,

ensuring consistent display across different devices and operating systems.

• Easy to Learn and Use: It has a simple syntax and straightforward rules, making it accessible to
beginners and enabling quick creation of web pages.

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 • Integration with Other Technologies: HTML seamlessly integrates with CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
for styling and layout, and JavaScript for dynamic and interactive functionality.

3.3.3 Disadvantages of html

despite being fundamental to web development, does have some limitations and disadvantages:

1. Limited Design Capabilities: HTML primarily focuses on structuring content and lacks advanced
design features. It doesn't provide capabilities for complex layouts, animations, or interactive elements, which
are typically handled by CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and JavaScript.

2. Static Web Pages: HTML creates static web pages, meaning the content is fixed and doesn't change
unless manually updated. It lacks the ability to create dynamic content or respond to user interactions without
additional scripting languages like JavaScript or server-side technologies.

3. Browser Compatibility Issues: Different web browsers may interpret HTML code differently,
leading to inconsistencies in how web pages are displayed across different browsers and devices. Developers
often need to implement browser-specific fixes or workarounds to ensure consistent rendering.

4. Accessibility Challenges: While HTML provides basic accessibility features such as semantic tags
(<header>, <nav>, <main>, etc.) and attributes (alt for images), creating fully accessible web experiences
requires additional effort and considerations beyond HTML alone.

5. Security Vulnerabilities: HTML itself is not inherently insecure, but improper use or lack of input
validation can lead to security vulnerabilities such as cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks or injection attacks.
Developers must implement proper security measures alongside HTML to mitigate risks.

6. Limited Multimedia Support: While HTML supports embedding images (<img> tag) and
multimedia content like audio and video (<audio>, <video> tags), it has limitations in controlling playback,
styling, and advanced functionalities. Additional technologies like CSS and JavaScript are often required for
richer multimedia experiences.

7. Maintenance Challenges: Large-scale websites or applications built primarily with HTML can
become challenging to maintain over time, especially when content and design changes are frequent. Without
proper organization and structure, maintaining consistency and coherence across the site can be difficult.

3.4 CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

CSS is a styling language used to control the presentation and layout of web pages written in HTML or XML.
It enhances the visual appearance and user experience by defining colors, fonts, spacing, and positioning of
elements on a webpage.

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3.4.1 CSS Versions

• CSS1: Initial version defining basic styling capabilities.

• CSS2: Introduced advanced features like positioning and floats.

• CSS3: Modularized specification with modules like Selectors, Box Model, Backgrounds and Borders,
Text Effects, etc.

3.4.2 CSS Syntax

CSS syntax consists of selectors, properties, and values. Selectors target HTML elements, and properties
define how elements should be styled.

3.4.3 Attaching Styles

CSS can be applied to HTML documents in three ways:

• External Stylesheets: Linked externally using <link> tag.

• Internal Stylesheets: Defined within <style> tags in the <head> section of HTML.

• Inline Styles: Applied directly to HTML elements using the style attribute.

3.4.4 CSS Background Properties

CSS offers properties to control background styling:

• background-color: Sets background color of elements.

• background-image: Specifies background image.

• background-position, background-size: Positions and sizes background images.

3.4.5 CSS Border Properties

Border properties allow customization of borders around elements:

• border-width, border-style, border-color: Sets border width, style, and color.

• border-radius: Defines rounded corners for borders.

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3.4.6 CSS Text and Font Properties

CSS provides properties to style text content:

• font-family, font-size, font-weight: Sets font family, size, and weight.

• text-align, text-decoration: Aligns text and applies decorations like underline or strikethrough.

3.4.7 CSS Margin and Padding Properties

Margin and padding properties control spacing around elements:

• margin: Defines space outside the border.

• padding: Specifies space inside the border.

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CHAPTER 4
REFLECTION

4.1 Project Executed

Intro page:
The travel guide website's home page presents a captivating and inviting introduction to the world of
exploration and adventure. As users land on the page, they are greeted with a bold and inspiring message:
"Never stop exploring the world." This tagline immediately sets the tone for the website, encouraging visitors
to embark on a journey of discovery.
The page features a prominent "Explore" button, beckoning users to dive deeper into the wealth of
travel destinations and experiences offered by the website. The background imagery showcases breathtaking
landscapes, from towering mountains to pristine beaches, hinting at the diverse range of destinations awaiting
the user.
The overall design of the home page is clean, modern, and visually striking, drawing the user's attention
to the key information and calls-to-action. The page warmly welcomes visitors, inviting them to explore the
website and uncover the hidden gems of the world.

Fig. no. 4.1.1 Intro page

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Home page:

The home page of the travel guide website serves as a comprehensive hub for users to discover and
plan their dream destinations. Upon navigating to this central page, visitors are presented with a visually
captivating grid or carousel of featured travel destinations.

Each destination tile or card displays a striking image, the name of the location, and a brief description,
enticing users to learn more. The layout of the page is designed to be clean and intuitive, allowing users to
easily browse through the diverse array of options.
To further enhance the user experience, the page may incorporate interactive elements, such as user-
generated reviews, ratings, or social media integration, allowing visitors to gain insights from the experiences
of fellow travelers.
Additionally, the home page may showcase curated travel itineraries, seasonal promotions, or
personalized recommendations based on the user's browsing history or preferences, helping to inspire and
guide their travel planning.
The overall objective of the home page is to provide users with a seamless and engaging platform to
explore the world, discover new destinations, and ultimately plan their next unforgettable journey.

Fig.no. 4.1.2 Home page

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From the list of the below mentioned places, users should choose their intrest of travelling .The places are:
Beach Holidays
Adventure Tour
Cultural Experience
Wild life affairs
Urban Exploration
Wellness Retreats
Historical Journeys
Eco tourism
Road Trips
Pilgrimages
As the interested type of destination is choosed, place name with the picture is shown . This helps users to
accurately choose their dream destination.

Examples places that can be viewed are:

Beach Holidays

- Users can choose their bucket list goals as shown in the image.

Fig.no. 4.1.3 Example Bucket list goal: Beach holidays

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 Adventures Tours

Fig.no. 4.1.3 Adventures Tours

Cultural Experiences.

Fig.no. 4.1.3 Cultural Experiences

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 Mountain Expedition

Fig.no. 4.1.3 Mountain Expedition

Road Trips

Fig.no. 4.1.3 Road Trips

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Tour guide for the choosed place:

Once users have selected their dream destination on the home page, they are taken to a dedicated
destination page that provides a comprehensive overview of the chosen location. This page serves as a one-
stop-shop for all the essential information travelers need to plan their trip.

At the top of the destination page, users are greeted with a captivating hero image that showcases the
primary attraction or landmark of the city or region. This visually striking element immediately immerses the
user in the essence of the destination.

Beneath the hero image, the page presents a detailed description of the destination, highlighting its
history, culture, and must-see attractions. This information is carefully curated to give users a well-rounded
understanding of the location and its unique offerings.

To assist with trip planning, the destination page provides practical details, such as how to reach the
location, including transportation options and directions. This section may also include a interactive map to
help users visualize the layout of the destination.

Accommodation recommendations are a crucial component of the destination page, with the website
showcasing its top-rated hotel and vacation rental options. Users can explore details, pricing, and reviews for
each suggested stay.

Similarly, the page features a selection of the website's recommended dining establishments, ranging
from local eateries to renowned restaurants. This section allows users to get a taste of the destination's culinary
offerings.

To ensure a well-rounded travel experience, the destination page also includes a section dedicated to
the best sightseeing activities and nearby points of interest. This helps users plan their itinerary and make the
most of their visit.

Additionally, the page may incorporate user-generated content, such as reviews, ratings, and travel tips
from previous visitors, providing valuable insights and first-hand experiences.

Throughout the destination page, the website's branding, design, and tone of voice work together to
create a cohesive and trustworthy user experience, guiding travelers every step of the way.

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Example :-

Darjeeling Tour Guide

Fig.no. 4.1.4 Info pic 1

Fig.no. 4.1.4 Info pic 2

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 Fig.no. 4.1.4 Info pic 3

Fig.no. 4.1.4 Info pic 4

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 Fig.no. 4.1.4 Info pic 5

Fig.no. 4.1.4 Info pic 6

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4.2 Backend Database

Python script that manages a SQLite database (GST Travels.db) for a travel agency.

1. Database Schema

The database is structured with the following tables:

city Table

• Columns:

o cid (primary key): A unique identifier for each city, represented as a 3-character string (char(3)).

o city: Name of the city (varchar(50)).

This table stores information about various cities where travelers might visit.

tag Table

• Columns:

o tid (primary key): A unique identifier for each tag, represented as a 3-character string (char(3)).

o tag: Descriptive name of the travel tag (varchar(50)).

This table categorizes different types of travel experiences or themes that travelers might be interested in, such
as "Beach Holidays," "Adventure Tours," "Cultural Experience," etc.

find Table

• Columns:

o cid (foreign key referencing city.cid): Links to the city table to associate cities with tags.

o tid (foreign key referencing tag.tid): Links to the tag table to associate tags with cities.

This table establishes a many-to-many relationship between cities and tags, allowing multiple tags to be
associated with multiple cities.

destination Table

• Columns:

o cid (foreign key referencing city.cid): Links to the city table to associate destinations with cities.

o Budget: Estimated budget for the trip to the destination (integer).

o SightSeeing, byroad, byrail, byair: Information on how to reach the destination (varchar(200)).
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o Hotels5star, Hotels3star, Hotels1star: Recommendations for hotels in different categories
(varchar(200)).

o Restaurents5star, Restaurents3star, Restaurents1star: Recommendations for restaurants in different

categories (varchar(200)).

o NearbySights: Nearby attractions or sightseeing spots (varchar(200)).

This table provides comprehensive details about each destination, including travel logistics, accommodation
options, dining recommendations, and nearby attractions.

2. Functions and Operations

create()

• Purpose: Sets up the database schema by creating tables if they don't already exist.

• Steps:

o Connects to the SQLite database (GST Travels.db).

o Uses SQL CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS statements to create the city, tag, find, and destination
tables with their respective schemas.

o Commits the changes to the database and closes the connection.

insert_preset()

• Purpose: Populates the tables (tag, city, find, destination) with predefined data about tags, cities, their
associations, and detailed destination information.

• Steps:

o Connects to the SQLite database.

o Executes multiple SQL INSERT INTO statements to add preset data into the tag, city, find, and
destination tables.

o Commits the changes to the database and closes the connection.

gettags()

• Purpose: Retrieves all travel tags (tag) from the database.

• Steps:

o Connects to the SQLite database.

o Executes a SQL SELECT query to fetch all tags from the tag table.

o Fetches the results, processes them into a list, and closes the connection.
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o Returns a tuple containing all the travel tags.

getcitys(tag)

• Purpose: Retrieves cities associated with a specific travel tag (tag) from the database.

• Steps:

o Connects to the SQLite database.

o Executes a SQL SELECT query with a join operation to retrieve cities associated with the specified
tag from the city and find tables.

o Fetches the results, processes them into a list, and closes the connection.

o Returns a tuple containing all cities associated with the given tag.

prestart()

• Purpose: Initializes the database by calling the create() and insert_preset() functions.

• Steps:

o Calls create() to ensure the database schema is created if it doesn't exist.

o Calls insert_preset() to populate the database with preset data.

get_destination_info(city_name)

• Purpose: Retrieves detailed information about a specific city's destination from the database.

• Steps:

o Connects to the SQLite database.

o Executes a SQL SELECT query to fetch the city ID (cid) from the city table based on the given
city_name.

o Uses the retrieved cid to fetch detailed destination information from the destination table.

o Constructs a dictionary (info) containing information about how to reach the destination,
recommended hotels, restaurants, sightseeing places, and nearby attractions.

o Closes the database connection and returns the info dictionary.

Main Execution

• Purpose: Checks if the tag table exists in the database upon script execution.

• Steps:

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o Attempts to connect to the SQLite database and execute a simple query (SELECT tag FROM tag).

o If the query fails with sqlite3.OperationalError (indicating the table doesn't exist), it calls prestart() to
initialize the database.

o Regardless of initialization, it prints the names of all cities stored in the city table.

Example Use Case

• The script can be used by the travel agency to manage and present travel information to customers.

• Customers can query for travel tags to find destinations that match their interests (e.g., "Beach
Holidays," "Adventure Tours").

• Detailed information about each destination, such as how to reach, accommodation options, dining
recommendations, and nearby attractions, can be retrieved using get_destination_info().

Considerations

• Data Integrity: The database design includes primary keys (cid, tid), foreign key relationships (find
table), and appropriate constraints (CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS) to ensure data integrity.

• Security: To enhance security, consider using parameterized queries or ORM frameworks like
SQLAlchemy to prevent SQL injection attacks.

• Performance: Depending on the scale of data and application usage, consider indexing frequently
queried columns (city, tag) to optimize database performance.

This setup allows the travel agency to efficiently manage and present travel information to their customers
through a structured database approach, facilitating better customer service and travel planning.

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

o The travel guide website project has been a successful endeavor in creating a comprehensive and user-
friendly platform for travelers to explore, plan, and book their dream destinations. By leveraging the power of
Flask, Python, and HTML, the website offers a seamless and engaging experience for users seeking to embark
on unforgettable journeys.

o The intuitive design and intuitive navigation of the website make it easy for users to discover new
destinations, browse through detailed information, and plan their trips with confidence. The integration of
practical details, such as transportation options, accommodation recommendations, and dining suggestions,
ensures that users have access to all the necessary information to make informed decisions.

o One of the key strengths of the travel guide website is its ability to inspire and guide users throughout
their travel planning process. The captivating imagery, engaging content, and personalized recommendations
help users envision themselves in their dream destinations, ultimately leading to increased user engagement
and satisfaction.

o Moreover, the website's commitment to providing accurate and up-to-date information, as well as its
focus on user-generated content and reviews, establishes it as a trusted and reliable resource for travelers. This
trust is further reinforced by the website's seamless integration of secure booking options and payment
gateways.

o As the project moves forward, there are opportunities for continuous improvement and expansion.
Incorporating advanced features such as virtual tours, augmented reality experiences, and real-time
availability updates can further enhance the user experience and set the website apart from its competitors.

o In conclusion, the travel guide website project has successfully created a digital platform that
empowers travelers to explore the world, discover new destinations, and plan unforgettable trips. By
combining the power of technology with a deep understanding of user needs and preferences, the website has
the potential to become a leading player in the travel industry.

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REFERENCE

[1] M.S.B.W.T.M.T.S.B. Thennakoon,R.D.T.N. Rajarathanan , “TOURGURU: Tour Guide Mobile

Application For Tourists”, 2019, pp. 133.

[2] H.M.C.H karunathilaka, J.A.M.P. Jayasinghe, TourVista: Tour guide Web Application , Tuijin Jishu,
Malabe ,Srilanka, 2022, pp. 335.

[3] L. Marques, S. Soares, L. Amaral, "Development of a Travel Guide Mobile Application Using
Augmented Reality Technology," in International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and
Applications, 2020, pp. 211-220.

[4] G. Soni, A. Kumar, P. Dey, "Smart Tourist Guide: An Android-Based Travel Application,"
International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 113, no. 14, 2015, pp. 19-24.

[5] A. Ghatak, A. Ghosh, P. Dey, "Design and Development of a Mobile Tourist Guide Application for
Indian Tourists," International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 91, no. 7, 2014, pp. 8-13.

[6] J. I. A. Selvaraj, D. Sasikala, "Smart Tourist Guide: A Mobile Application for Tourists in Tamil
Nadu," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence, 2021,
pp. 289-298.

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