PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

Communication- an act of sending and receiving messages. It is the process of

conveying information between two or more people.

Verbal communication - refers to the use of spoken or written language.

1. Spoken language - conversations, presentations, speeches and singing fall
under spoken communication.
2. Written language - emails, letters, articles, books and social media post all utilize
written communication.

Non-verbal communication - involves conveying messages without the use of

words.
1. Body language - includes facial expression, gestures, posture, eye contact and
physical touch. For example, a smile can convey happiness while a frown indicates
sadness.

2. Visual aids - images, videos, graphs, diagrams can communicate information

effectively without using words.

3. Para-language - this refers to the vocal aspect of communication such as tone of

voice, pitch, volume and speed.

4. Proxemics - this refers to the use of space and distance in communication. Being
close to someone can convey intimacy, while standing far away might indicate
distance or formality.

5. Haptics - this refers to the use of touch in communication. A handshake cam

convey respect while a hug can express warmth and affection.

Effective communication relies both verbal and non-verbal cues. Understanding

the nuances of each mode allows for clear and impactful communication. By paying
attention to both what is being said and how it is being said, you can improve your
understanding and create more meaningful connections with others.

Purposive communication
- is an intentional communication that happens within the bounds of
specific contexts.

Context - where and when the communication takes place.

1. Setting or environment - family, school, workplace, religious communities.

2. Social relations - friends, husband and wife, parent and child, colleagues.
3. Scenes (place, time, occasion) - business meeting, job interview, social
gathering-parties, wedding.
4. Culture - history, tradition, beliefs, norms, values.
COMMUNICATION AS PROCESS

Communication is a process whereby people create and transmit meaning through

the exchange of verbal and non-verbal messages in a particular context.

Basic principles of communication/process of communication

1. Sender - the person who starts the communication, with an idea or messages in
their head. They need to encode their thoughts into a form that can be understood
by the receiver. This could be speaking, writing, using gestures, or even drawing a
picture.

2. Message - the actual content. For messages to be accurately understood and

positively received, the C’s in communication should be followed:
Courtesy - politeness. You’d be polite and helpful. Do not be rude or
dismissive.
Clarity - use of clear and simple language, not confusing jargon.
Conciseness - give them shortest, most direct route, not a long, winding
one.
Concreteness - provide specific details. To demonstrate concreteness,
providing examples whenever necessary makes a message more comprehensible.
Completeness - make sure to tell them everything they need to know.

3. Channel - the path the message travels along. This could be through the air
(sound), on paper (written), via internet (email), or even through facial experiences
and body language.

4. Receiver - the person on the other end of the communication who receives the
message. They need to decode the message, interpreting the senders words,
gestures or other signals.

5. Feedback - the receivers response.

6. Noise - anything that can interfere with the communication.

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

- refers to the linguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse and strategic proficiency of the

receiver of communication.
- the ability to use language effectively and appropriately in a variety of social
interactions. (it goes beyond simply knowing the rules of grammar and vocabulary, it
involves understanding the social, cultural, and pragmatic aspects of language use).
1. Linguistic proficiency - this encompasses knowledge of the rules of grammar
including syntax, morphology, phonology, and vocabulary. It allow individual to
produce grammatically correct sentences.

 Morphology - study of words. It is the study of how these blocks are put
together to build words. It is about understanding how words are formed and how
their meaning changes based on the arrangement of these blocks.
 Syntax - (grammar) it is like the blueprint for building sentences. It’s the set of
rules that tells us how to arrange words in a way that make sense and is
grammatically correct. It helps us understand the relationships between words in
a sentence.
 Phonology - (pronunciation) refers to the study of sound of language. It is about
figuring out what sounds are used in a particular language, how those sounds
are organized, and how they change when they’re put together in words.
 Semantics - (meanings) is the study of meaning in language. Its about
understanding how words, phrases and sentences get their meaning and how
those meaning can change depending on the context.
 Pragmatics - the study of how we use language in real-life situations, taking into
account the context and the unspoken meanings. Its about understanding the
implied meaning behind words, not just their literal definitions.

2. Sociolinguistics - understanding the social context of language. Its about how

language is use differently in different groups, places, situations.

3. Discourse - it the study of how language is used in real life context especially in
extended stretches of communication like conversation, speeches, pr written texts.

4. Strategic competence - like your communication toolbox. It’s the ability to adapt
your language use to different situations, overcome challenges, and achieve your
communication goals even if you don’t have all the perfect tools.

ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION

The term ethics comes from the Greek word ethos, which means custom,
habit, character or outlook. Albeit peoples from different cultures vary in their moral
philosophies, people in general expect to be treated with dignity, fairness, respect,
or with basic courtesy in their communication encounters.

Regardless of an individuals moral support, ethics in communication can take

a universal approach, which can be displayed in several ways including but not
limited to the following:

1. Adhering to the golden rule or the platinum rule. The golden rule asserts to
always treat others in the same way you want to be treated while platinum rule
according to Bennett (1980) stresses on treating others the way they wish to be
treated. Ethical communicators addresses people of other cultures with the same
respect that they would like to receive themselves.

2. Considering the feelings of the receiver. Human are not only cognitive but also
emotional beings. If we are less careful with our words, tone, and non-verbal
gestures, people could be negatively affected. To be ethical in communicating with
others, it will be best to maintain tact and diplomacy in our communications.

3. Acknowledging the source of idea & information. Sources of ideas and

information should acknowledged appropriately at all times. It is unethical and
unlawful for someone to convey other peoples intellectual property without
recognizing the authors names or organizations.
4. Speaking the truth. This is a universal rule. Unfortunately, there are also those
who (for whatever reason) seem to enjoy propagating falsehood. Take for instance
the abundance of fake news or what others call alternatives facts on the internet.
Obviously, this is a violation of communication ethics and should stopped by all
means.

GLOBALIZATION, CULTURES, AND COMMUNICATION

Globalization and its effect on communication

Communication has been greatly affected by globalization and globalization by

communication.

What is globalization?

Globalization is like a giant web connecting people, businesses, and countries

all over the world. It's about how we're becoming more interconnected and
interdependent, sharing ideas, goods, and even problems across borders.

Imagine these scenarios:

 You're wearing a shirt made in China. That's globalization in action! The

cotton might be from India, the fabric woven in Vietnam, and the shirt
assembled in China before being shipped to your local store.
 You're watching a Korean drama on Netflix. Globalization helps spread
entertainment across borders. You can now enjoy shows and movies from
different cultures, just like people in Korea can watch American films.
 You're ordering food from a restaurant that uses ingredients from all
over the world. Globalization makes it possible to enjoy diverse cuisines with
ingredients sourced from different countries.

Here are some key aspects of globalization:

  Trade: Goods and services are traded across borders more easily than ever
before. This means you can buy products from anywhere in the world, and
businesses can sell their products to a wider market.
 Technology: The internet and communication technology have made it easier
for people to connect and share information, ideas, and culture. This has led to
a more interconnected world, where people can learn about different cultures
and share their own experiences.
 Travel: People are traveling more than ever before, both for business and
pleasure. This leads to cultural exchange and understanding as people
experience different cultures firsthand.

Globalization has both positive and negative effects. It can lead to economic growth,
create new jobs, and increase cultural exchange. However, it can also lead to job
losses in some countries, environmental problems, and cultural homogenization.

Overall, globalization is a complex process that is constantly evolving. It's important

to understand its different aspects and the potential benefits and drawbacks so we
can navigate this interconnected world effectively.

What are some of the drivers of globalization?

Globalization is like a giant, interconnected world where people, ideas, and goods
move freely. Here are some of the key drivers that have pushed this process
forward:

1. Colonization:

 Think of it like a domino effect. European countries, starting in the 1500s,

explored and conquered vast territories, establishing colonies in the Americas,
Africa, and Asia. This brought about a massive exchange of goods, people,
and ideas.
 Example: The British East India Company controlled a large part of India,
forcing the production of tea, cotton, and other goods for export back to
Britain. This created a global trade network and fueled the Industrial
Revolution.

2. Diaspora:

 Imagine a family moving abroad. People migrate for various reasons, like
seeking better opportunities, escaping conflict, or following family. This creates
communities of people from the same origin living in different parts of the
world.
  Example: The Indian diaspora is one of the largest in the world. Indians have
migrated to countries like the UK, USA, and South Africa. This has led to the
spread of Indian culture, food, and business practices globally.

3. Technologies:

 Think of the internet and airplanes. These advancements have made it

easier and faster to communicate, travel, and trade across borders. This has
connected people and businesses in ways never before possible.
 Example: The internet has allowed businesses to operate globally, connecting
with customers and suppliers worldwide. Airplanes have made travel
affordable and accessible, leading to increased tourism and cultural exchange.

Here's how these drivers work together:

 Colonization laid the groundwork for globalization. It created global trade

networks and forced the exchange of ideas and goods.
 Diaspora has contributed to the spread of culture and
knowledge. Migrants bring their traditions and skills to new places, enriching
the global landscape.
 Technologies have accelerated globalization. They have made it easier
and faster to connect, communicate, and trade across borders.

In short, these drivers have all played a role in creating the interconnected
world we live in today.

It's important to note that globalization is a complex and evolving process. It has
both positive and negative effects, and its impact on different parts of the world is
uneven.

How does globalization affect communication?

Globalization is like a giant game of connect-the-dots, where people, ideas, and

information are linked across the globe. It's changed how we communicate in big
ways!

Think about these examples:

 You're texting with a friend in Japan. Before globalization, this would have
been impossible, or at least very difficult. Now, thanks to the internet and
smartphones, we can instantly connect with people anywhere in the world.
 You're watching a movie from India on Netflix. Globalization has made it
easier for us to access and enjoy entertainment from different cultures. We
can learn about different ways of life and perspectives through movies, music,
and books.
  You're working on a project with colleagues in Brazil. Globalization has
made it easier for businesses to collaborate across borders. We can now work
with people from all over the world, sharing ideas and information in real-time.

Here are some key ways globalization has affected communication:

 It's made communication faster and easier. We can now connect with
people instantly, regardless of distance. This has made it easier to do
business, share information, and build relationships with people from different
cultures.
 It's increased cultural exchange. We're exposed to more cultures and
languages than ever before. This can lead to a better understanding of the
world and a more tolerant and accepting society.
 It's created new challenges. While globalization has made communication
easier, it has also created new challenges. For example, language barriers
can make it difficult to communicate effectively with people from different
cultures. Also, the rapid flow of information can lead to misinformation and
misunderstandings.

Overall, globalization has had a huge impact on communication. It has made the
world a smaller place, allowing us to connect with people and cultures in ways never
before possible. However, it's important to be aware of the challenges that come
with this increased connectivity and to work towards finding solutions for effective
and respectful communication across cultures.

LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN A MULTICULTURAL SETTING

Culture is like a giant tapestry woven with the threads of shared beliefs, values,
customs, arts, and traditions of a group of people. It's a complex and multifaceted
concept that encompasses everything from how we dress and eat to how we think
and behave.

Imagine these examples:

 Language: The way we speak, the words we use, and the stories we tell are
all part of our culture. Each language carries unique expressions and nuances
that reflect the values and experiences of a group of people.
 Food: The foods we eat, the way we prepare them, and the occasions on
which we share them are all part of our culture. Food is often a symbol of
identity and a way to connect with our heritage.
 Art: Music, dance, painting, and literature are all expressions of culture. They
reflect our values, beliefs, and experiences, and they can be a powerful way to
communicate across generations.
  Religion: Religious beliefs and practices are a fundamental part of many
cultures. They provide a framework for understanding the world, guiding our
moral compass, and shaping our social interactions.
 Traditions and Customs: The rituals and celebrations we observe, the
holidays we celebrate, and the customs we follow are all part of our culture.
They give us a sense of belonging and connection to our past.

Culture is not static. It is constantly evolving and adapting as people interact with
each other and with the world around them. It's a dynamic process that shapes our
lives and influences our perspectives.

Understanding culture is crucial for living in an increasingly interconnected world. It

helps us appreciate the diversity of human experience, build bridges across
differences, and create a more harmonious and understanding society.

National Communication differences

Let's break down communication differences across cultures, focusing on Australia,

Turkey, and Brazil and Philippines!

1. Australia:

 Direct and Casual: Australians tend to be direct communicators, meaning

they say what they mean and don't beat around the bush. They also have a
casual and informal communication style, often using slang and humor.
 Example: You might hear an Australian say, "G'day mate, how's it going?" or
"That's a fair dinkum story!" They value honesty and straightforwardness in
conversation.
 Important Note: While Australians are generally friendly and open, they might
come across as blunt or even rude to people from more indirect cultures.

2. Turkey:

 High-Context and Relationship-Oriented: Turkish communication is often

high-context, meaning a lot of meaning is conveyed through nonverbal cues,
body language, and shared cultural understanding. They value strong
relationships and building trust before getting down to business.
 Example: A Turkish person might use a lot of hand gestures and facial
expressions to communicate, and they might take time to get to know
someone before discussing important matters.
 Important Note: Turkish communication can seem indirect or even evasive to
people from more direct cultures. It's important to be patient and build trust
before expecting clear and direct answers.
3. Brazil:

 Expressive and Emotional: Brazilians are known for their expressive

communication style, using a lot of gestures, facial expressions, and even
physical touch. They are also very passionate and emotional in their
communication, often expressing their feelings openly.
 Example: A Brazilian might use a lot of hand gestures to emphasize their
points, or they might touch someone on the arm or shoulder to show affection
or agreement.
 Important Note: Brazilian communication can seem overwhelming or even
chaotic to people from more reserved cultures. It's important to be aware of
their expressive nature and to respond with warmth and openness.

4. Philippines:

 Warm and Hospitable: Filipinos are known for their warm and hospitable
nature, often using polite and respectful language even with strangers. They
value building strong relationships and maintaining harmony.
 Example: Filipinos often use "po" and "opo" (terms of respect) when
addressing elders or those in authority. They also tend to be indirect in their
communication, often using euphemisms or avoiding direct confrontation.
 Important Note: Filipinos might seem overly polite or even evasive to people
from more direct cultures. It's important to be patient and respectful of their
communication style.

Key Takeaways:

 Direct vs. Indirect: Cultures like Australia tend to be direct, while cultures like
Turkey and the Philippines are more indirect.
 Relationship-Oriented: Many cultures, like Turkey and the Philippines, place
a high value on building relationships before doing business.
 Nonverbal Communication: Gestures, facial expressions, and body
language can vary significantly across cultures.
 Respect and Understanding: The key to successful cross-cultural
communication is to be respectful of differences and to try to understand the
other person's perspective.

Remember, these are just generalizations. Individuals within each culture can vary
greatly in their communication styles. The best way to navigate cultural differences
is to be open-minded, observant, and willing to learn!
SUB-CULTURES AND COMMUNICATION DIFFERENCES

Sociolinguistics is like a detective who studies how language and society are
connected. It's about understanding how the way we speak is influenced by who we
are, where we're from, and who we're talking to.

Imagine you're at a party. You might talk differently to your friends than you would to
your boss, right? Sociolinguistics explores these kinds of differences:

 How do accents change depending on where you're from? A person from

New York might speak differently than someone from Texas, even though they
speak the same language.
 Do different groups of people use language in different ways? Teenagers
might use slang that their parents don't understand.
 How does language change over time? Words and phrases become
popular, then fade away, and new ones emerge.

Sociolinguists look at things like:

 The words we use: Do you say "soda" or "pop"? "Elevator" or "lift"? These
choices can tell us about your background.
 How we pronounce things: Accents are a big part of sociolinguistics.
 Our grammar: Do you use "ain't" or "don't"? These choices can also reveal a
lot about our social background.
 How we use language in different situations: Do you talk differently to your
friends than you do to your teacher? That's another area sociolinguists study.

Basically, sociolinguistics helps us understand how language shapes our social

world and how our social world shapes the way we speak. It's a fascinating field that
helps us appreciate the diversity and complexity of human communication!

Generation Culture Communication Differences

Every generation or age group may also use its own unique set of jargon or lingo in
their casual conversations.

The way we communicate is heavily influenced by our generation. Each generation

has grown up with different technological advancements, social norms, and cultural
contexts, shaping their communication preferences and styles. Let's explore some
key differences across generations:

1. Baby Boomers (born 1946-1964):

  Communication Style: Prefer formal, in-person communication, phone calls,
and emails. They value clear, concise language and appreciate a structured
approach.
 Technology: Grew up with the telephone, radio, and black and white
television. They may be less comfortable with newer technologies like instant
messaging and video calls.
 Example: A Baby Boomer might prefer to schedule a meeting to discuss a
project rather than sending a quick email or text.

2. Generation X (born 1965-1980):

 Communication Style: Comfortable with both phone calls and emails. They
are direct and value efficiency, often preferring concise communication.
 Technology: Grew up with the rise of personal computers, email, and mobile
phones. They are generally tech-savvy but may not be as comfortable with
social media platforms.
 Example: A Gen Xer might prefer to send a brief email outlining a task rather
than having a lengthy phone conversation.

3. Millennials (born 1981-1996):

 Communication Style: Prefer texting, instant messaging, and social media

platforms. They value speed and convenience, often using abbreviations and
emojis.
 Technology: Grew up with the internet, smartphones, and social media. They
are highly comfortable with digital communication and may prefer virtual
interactions.
 Example: A Millennial might prefer to communicate through a group chat on a
platform like Slack rather than a traditional email thread.

4. Generation Z (born 1997-2012):

 Communication Style: Prefer visual communication, video calls, and social

media platforms. They value authenticity, immediacy, and a personalized
approach.
 Technology: Grew up with the internet, smartphones, and social media as a
constant presence in their lives. They are digital natives and highly
comfortable with online communication.
 Example: A Gen Z member might prefer to have a video call rather than a
phone call, and they might use memes or GIFs to express themselves.

Key Takeaways:
  Technology: The level of technology exposure has a significant impact on
communication styles.
 Speed and Efficiency: Younger generations value speed and convenience,
while older generations may prefer more formal and structured
communication.
 Personalization: Gen Z values authenticity and personalized communication,
while older generations may be more accustomed to a more formal and
impersonal approach.

Important Note: These are general trends, and individual preferences can vary
within each generation. It's crucial to be mindful of individual communication styles
and to adapt your approach accordingly. Open communication and a willingness to
learn are key to bridging generational gaps and fostering effective communication in
today's diverse workplace.