Nano Science and Technology

Welcome!!
Class: M. Tech. (Materials
Technology) I Year – II Semester

Periods/Week Lectures: 4 Tutorials:

0 Practical: 0; Credits: 4

Course Code: MM5253

 Course Outcomes:
CO1
Understand the significance, properties and applications of nanomaterials
CO2
Identify, formulate, and solve nano science and nanotechnology related
engineering problems
CO3
Correlate synthesis, properties and applications of nano materials

CO4
Interpolate the effect of size reduction on optical, electrical, electronic,
mechanical, magnetic and thermal properties of materials.
CO5
List the use of nanomaterials in the field of nano fluidics,
Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), photonic crystals and biomimetic.
 Syllabus in Brief
Significance, properties and applications nanomaterials, carbon nano
structures, nano indentation, super plastic behaviour of nanomaterials,
Ceramic nanosystems, quantum confinement, effect of size reduction on
optical, electrical, electronic, mechanical, magnetic and thermal properties of
materials, nano electronics, Nano fluidics, NEMS, photonic crystals,
biomimetic nano structures.
 Scheme of Evaluation
Minor Test - I 1 week before the Mid semester Marks: 10
examination
Mid Sem. Exam As per the Institute Schedule Marks: 30

Minor Test - II 1 week before the End semester examination Marks: 10

End Sem. Exam As per the Institute Schedule Marks: 50

 Resources
1. B S Murty Etal. : Textbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universities Press (India) Private Limited
2013
2. Bangwei Zhang: Physical Fundamentals of Nanomaterials, 1st Edition, eBook ISBN: 9780124104792,
Hardcover ISBN: 9780124104174, Chemical Industry Press, Elsevier, 2018
3. Sulabha K. Kulkarni: Nanotechnology Principles and Practices, Capital Publishing Company, 2007.
4. H. Hosono, Y. Mishima, H. Takezoe, K.J.D Mackenzie: Nanomaterials- From Research to Applications,
Elsevier, 2008.
5. Massimilano Di Ventra, S. Evoy, James R. Heflin Jr: Introduction to Nanoscale Science and Technology,
Springer, 2009.
6. Charles P. Poole Jr., Frank J. Owens: Introduction to Nanotechnology, Wiley India, New Delhi, 2010.
7. Jack Uldrich, Deb Newberry: Next Big Thing Is Really Small: How Nanotechnology Will Change the Future
of Your Business

 Periodicals Web
• Forbes/Wolfe Nanotech Report www.nano.gov
• MIT Technology Review www.science.doe.gov/nano
www.nnin.org
• Science, Nature
 What is Nanotechnology
The study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and
molecular scale.

Generally nanotechnology deals with structures sized

between 1 to 100 nm in at least one dimension, and
involves developing or modifying materials or devices
within that size.

Nano Gear

“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of

roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel
applications. Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology,
nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter
at this length scale.”
-National Nanotechnology Initiative
 Why Nanotechnology?
At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of
materials differ in fundamental and valuable ways from the properties of
individual atoms and molecules or bulk matter.

Nanotechnology R&D is directed toward understanding and creating

improved materials, devices, and systems that exploit these new properties.

Is already making today’s products:

• Lighter
• Stronger
• Faster
• Smaller
• More Durable
Intel's 32 nm Nehalem chip architecture incorporates around 1.9 billion transistors in a single chip.
 In Other Words….

Working at the atomic, molecular

and supra-molecular levels, in the
length scale of approximately 1 –
100 nm range, through the control
and manipulation of matter at the
atomic and molecular level in order
to design, create and use materials,
devices and systems with
fundamentally new properties and
functions because of their small
structure.

Video
 Compared to Human Hair

A Human Hair is about 100,000 µm wide

 Why Now?
Richard Feynman’s famous presentation “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
was in the 1959 at the American Physical Society.
Here he asked:
• Why can’t we manipulate
materials atom by atom?

• Why can’t we control the

synthesis of individual
molecules?

• Why can’t we write all of

human knowledge on the head
of a pin?

• Why can’t we build machines

to accomplish these things?
 Why Now?.........Contd.
• New tools for atomic-scale characterization
allows for fundamental discoveries with broad
impact on technology, materials, bio-medical,
energy and environment

• New capabilities for single atom/molecule

manipulation

• Computational access to large systems of

atoms and long time scales

• Convergence of scientific-disciplines at the

nanoscale
History of Nanotechnology

Video
 What’s the BIG deal about something so SMALL?
Materials behave differently at this size scale.
It’s not just about miniaturization.
At this scale---it’s all about INTERFACES

Color depends on particle size:

• Quantum dots 3.2 nm in diameter have
blue emission

• Quantum dots 5 nm in diameter have

red emission

Evident Technologies
evidot Quantum Dots

Quantum dots (QD) are very small semiconductor particles, only several nanometres in size, so small that their optical and
electronic properties differ from those of larger particles. They are a central theme in nanotechnology- Wiki
 "The Next Big Thing Is Really Small”
PROPERTIES
MATERIALS
Macro Nano
Copper Opaque Transparent
Platinum Inert Catalyst
Aluminium Stable Combustible
Gold Inert Catalyst

Unique properties at the nanoscale are the driving force for exploitation of
nanomaterials
How old is Nano Technology?
 The cup made by the Romans 1700 years ago used
nanotechnology!
The Lycurgus Cup is made from
glass containing gold and silver
nanoparticles. The cup is seen in:
(a) transmitted light and
(b) reflected light
Constituent Lycurgus Cup Modern Glass
Silicon 73% 70%
dioxide
Sodium oxide 14% 15%
Calcium oxide 7% 10%

Note: It contains very small amounts of

gold (about 40 parts per million) and silver
(about 300 parts per million) in the form of
nanoparticles

Video Paul Mulvaney, Not all That’s Gold Does Glitter, MRS Bulletin, December 2001, pp 1009-1013
Stained-glass windows made 1600 years ago by the ancient Irish also used nanotechnology

Green glass:
Iron(II) oxide-bluish-green glass
Together with chromium-richer green colour
Together with tin oxide- emerald green glass

Red glass:
Metallic gold, in very low concentrations
(around 0.001%)- ruby gold
Even lower concentrations- cranberry
glass".
The colour is caused by the size and
dispersion of gold particles

Armagh, Ireland, AD 444

Beautiful plates made by
the Renaissance Italians
500 years ago also used
nanotechnology

16th century Renaissance pottery

Padovani et al. J. Appl. Phys. 2003

 Nanotechnology spans many Areas

Information Mechanical Biotechnology

Technology Engineering
Eng. & /
Robotics
Transportation

Advance
Materials &
Textiles NANOTECHNOLOGY National
Security &
Defense

Energy &
Environment
Food and
Medicine
Aerospace Agriculture
Health
 OPPORTUNITIES: NANOMATERIALS FOR INDUSTRIES

Medical/Biology Materials Electronics

Prosthesis Composites Data storage
Drug delivery Coatings High speed
Diagnosis Construction devices

Chemicals Energy
NANOMATERIALS
Catalysts Fuel Cells
Batteries

Transportation Water Agriculture

Light weight Purification Fertilizers
Efficiency Desalination Packaging
Coatings
Nanotechnology has revolutionized various industries; only solution for the emerging needs
Nanoscience vs Nanotechnology
What’s the difference?
 Nanoscience vs Nanotechnology
Nanoscience Nanotechnology
The study of structures and unique properties of matter The design, characterization, production, and
at the nanoscale. An interdisciplinary field of science application of structures, devices, and systems by
combining physics, materials science, chemistry, and controlled manipulation of size and shape at the
related disciplines. nanometer scale
Example:
• First example of a liquid crystal studied in 1888 • Further research into liquid crystals led to
• Unusual properties (two melting points, 145 C & 179 C ) molecules being fine tuned to give properties
• exhibits a mesophase between the solid state and liquid
suitable for the production of LCD screens.
state
• Unusual interaction with light
• No interest at the time
 Is doesn’t need to be either/or…

NANOSCIENCE NANOTECHNOLOGY

• Design
• Identification of physical and chemical properties • Application
• Learning how to control and
mass produce the material.

Antibactierial properties of nanosilver

Nanosilver studied with a scanning tunneling microscope are used in a number of products.
 Challenges of this Size Scale

A critical issue for nanotechnology is that components, structures, and systems

are in a size regime about whose fundamental behavior we have little
understanding.

They are:
 too small for direct measurements
 too large to be described by current rigorous first principle theoretical and
computational methods
 exhibit too many fluctuations to be treated monolithically in time and space
 too few to be described by a statistical ensemble.