18. Define unit vector.

Vectors of magnitude one is called unit vector. The unit vector of any given vector is
obtained by dividing the given vector by the magnitude of vector.

19. State Newton’s Law of Gravitation.

Newton's law of universal gravitation states that a particle attracts every other particle in the
universe using a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.

20. What is a scalar quantity?

A quantity which is characterized by a positive or negative number is called scalar quantity
that is a scalar quantity is one which is completely defined by its magnitude alone. Some examples
of scalar quantities are mass, length, time and area.

21. State Newton's Second law.

Newton's second law of motion can be formally stated as follows: The acceleration of an
object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the
same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

22. What is a vector quantity?

A quantity which is completely defined by magnitude and direction is known as a Vector
quantity. Some examples of vector quantities are velocity, acceleration, force and momentum.

23. State Newton's First law.

Newton's first law of motion - sometimes referred to as the law of inertia. An object at rest
stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

24. Define Concurrent forces.

Concurrent forces are defined as forces that pass through a common point. In other words, a
concurrent force system is a set of two or more forces whose lines of action intersect at a point at
the same time.

25. What is gravity?

Gravity is a force pulling together all matter (which is anything you can physically touch).
The more matter, the more gravity, so things that have a lot of matter such as planets and moons
and stars pull more strongly.
Mass is how we measure the amount of matter in something. The more massive something
is, the more of a gravitational pull it exerts. As we walk on the surface of the Earth, it pulls on us,
and we pull back. But since the Earth is so much more massive than we are, the pull from us is not
strong enough to move the Earth, while the pull from the Earth can make us fall flat on our faces.

26. What is an Orbit?

An orbit is a regular, repeating path that an object in space takes around another one. An
object in an orbit is called a satellite. A satellite can be natural, like the moon, or human.
 In our solar system, the Earth orbits the Sun, as do the other eight planets. They all travel on
or near the orbital plane, an imaginary disk-shaped surface in space. All of the orbits are circular or
elliptical in their shape. In addition to the planets' orbits, many planets have moons which are in
orbit around them.

UNIT II - EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

1. State and prove Varignon's theorem. or State the principle of moments. (June 2001)
(Dec2005) (Dec2006) (May 2004) (May 2009) (Dec2009) (May 2010) (Dec2010) (May
2011) (Dec2012) (Dec2013)
Varignon's theorem: When a number of forces act simultaneously on a particle, the algebraic
sum of the moments of all the forces about any point is equal to the moment of the resultant force
about the same point.
2. State the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies in two
dimensions. (Nov 1997) (Dec 2002) (May 2006) (Dec 2011)

3. The position vector and force are 2i - 3j + 4k and 120i - 260j + 320k respectively. Find
the moment of the Force about the origin. And also find the scalar quantity of the
moment.

Scalar quantity = √ (M2X+ M2Y + M2Z)

= √ (802 + (-160)2 + (-160)2) = 240units

4. In the above problem, find the angles made by the moment along x, y and z axes
5. Define the term couple?
i. A couple is that two forces are of equal magnitude opposite sensed parallel forces, which
lie in the same plane.
6. What are the characteristics of a couple?
The characteristics of a couple are:

a) The algebraic sum of the forces is zero.

b) The algebraic sum of the moments of the forces about any point is the same and
equal to the moment of the couple itself.

7. Represent a (a) Horizontal roller support and (b) Inclined roller support showing its
direction of the reactions. (Dec 2010)

8. Find the magnitude and position of the resultant of two forces 5 kN and 8kN both acting
vertically downwards and separated by 4m. (Dec 2010)
9. Define moment of a force?
The moment of a force about a point is defined as the turning effect of the force
about that point.
Moment = Force X Perpendicular distance
10. For what condition the moment of a force will be zero?
A force produces zero moment about an axis or reference point which intersects the
line of action of the force.
11. What is the difference between a moment and a couple? (Dec 2006) (May 2011)
(Dec 2012)
The couple is a pure turning effect which may be moved anywhere in its own plane, or
into a parallel plane without change of its effect on the body, but the moment of a force must
include a description of the reference axis about which the moment is taken.
12. What is the difference between a fixed vector and a free vector?
 A force which is applied at a particular location on a body is a fixed vector. Example: A moment.
 A force which can be moved anywhere in its own plane or in a parallel plane without change
in its effect on the body is called free vector. Example: A couple.
13. With the help of a simple illustration, define free body diagram. (Dec 2009)
It is a sketch which shows all the forces and couple moments the surrounding exerts on a body.

14. Find the moment of the force of 15N acting along the positive direction of X-axis about the
point A (2,3). (Dec 2005)

Answer: MA = 15 X 3 = 45 kNm (Anticlockwise).

15. Sketch the idealized, graphical and reaction of a cantilever support at a point.
(May 2010)

16. State the requirements for equilibrium of a body acted upon by a parallel force system?
1. The algebraic sum of the forces is zero.i.e., .ΣF=0.
2. The algebraic sum of the moments about any point is zero. i.e., .ΣM=0.
17.What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for the equilibrium of a rigid body
in three dimensions?
ΣFX = 0 ΣMX = 0
ΣFY = 0 ΣMY =0
ΣFZ= 0 ΣMZ =0
18.What are the common types of supports used in two dimensions?
1. Roller support
2. Hinged support
3. Fixed support

19. What are the common types of supports used in three dimensions?
1. Ball support
2. Ball and Socket support
3. Fixed (or Welded) support

20.Define equilibrant?
The force which brings the system of forces into equilibrium is called equilibrant. It is
equal to the resultant force in magnitude collinear but opposite in nature.
21.What are the common types of loads?
1. Point load (or concentrated load)
2. Uniformly distributed load
3. Uniformly varying load
22.What is statically determinate structure?
A structure which can be completely analyzed by static conditions of equilibrium
(ΣH =0; ΣV =0 and ΣM=0) alone is statically determinate structure.
23. What are the reactions at a fixed support of a plane beam that are possible?
The reaction at fixed support of a plane beam consist of,
1) A reaction force in the plane which can be represented by its two components (Generally
taken to be horizontal and vertical) &,
2) A reaction moment.
24.State the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies in two
dimensions?
The necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies in two dimensions are:
1) Algebraic sum of horizontal components of all forces acting on the body is must be zero,
2) Algebraic sum of vertical components all forces acting on the body is must be zero,
3) Algebraic sum of moments due to all forces and couple moments acting the body is in must be
zero.
25.When is moment of force maximum about a point ?
Moment of force is maximum about a point when,
i) Its applied at maximum result from the point and,
ii) It is applied perpendicular to the line joining the point to the point of application of force.
26.When is moment of force zero about a line?
Moment of force about a line is zero when,

i) Force is parallel to that line or,

ii) Line of action of force intersects that line.

UNIT – III PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS

1. What is meant by centre of gravity?
Centre of gravity of a body is that point through at which whole weight of the body acts irrespective
of the orientation of the body. It is represented by C.G (or) G. The point at which whole area of the
body is assumed to have concentrated is called as centre of gravity.

2. What is meant by centroid?

The plane figures (like Triangle, Quadrilateral, Circle, etc.) have only area and no mass. The
centre of area of such figure is known as centriod.

3. What is centre of mass?

Centre of mass is the point where the entire mass of a body may be assumed to be concentrated.
The centre of mass (C.M) and centre of gravity (C.G) of a body are different only when the
gravitational field is not uniform and parallel. For most practical purpose they assumed to be same.
4. What is meant by reference axes?
The centroid (G) is the point of intersection of the diagonals. But the location of centriod is
always measured with reference to some reference axes. OX and OY axes with the point of origin O
are used as reference axes for the centroid of the plane figure.

5. What is meant by centroidal axis?

The axes which are passing through the centroid of the figure is called as the centroidal axis.
Here xx and yy are the horizontal and vertical axis passing through the centroid (G).

6. What is parallel axes theorem for moment of inertia?

The moment of inertia about axes in the plane is the sum of the moment of inertia about a parallel
axis passing through centroid and the product of the area and square of the distance between the
two parallel axes. IAB=Ixx+Ah2
Where
IAB= Moment of inertia of the area about AB.
Ixx =Moment of inertia of the area about centroidal xx axis.
A= Area of the section.
h = Distance between centroidal axis and the axis AB.
7. What is perpendicular axes theorem for moment of inertia?
Moment of inertia of an area about an axis perpendicular to its plane at any point is equal to
the sum of moments of inertia about any two mutually perpendicular axes about the same point in
plane of the area. It is also known as polar moment of inertia
Mathematically, Izz=Ixx+Iyy
Where
Ixx =Moment of inertia of the given lamina about xx axis.
Iyy= Moment of inertia of the given lamina about yy axis.
Izz= Moment of inertia of the given lamina about zz axis.

8. What is product of inertia?

The product of inertia of an area is summation of product of inertia of its elements about
two perpendicular reference axes (x and y axis). It is denotes by Ixy.

Ixy = ∫ xy dA.
9. What is principal moment of inertia?
The values of moment of inertia about two perpendicular axes depend on the orientation of
the axis. At certain angle of orientation, the moment of inertia will be maximum along one axis and
minimum along the other. These maximum and minimum moments of inertias are called as
principal moment of inertia.

10. What is mass moment of inertia?

The moment of inertia of solid figure is generally refereed as “Mass Moment of Inertia”. It
is denoted by the symbol “I”. Mass moment inertia is a measure of its inertial behavior, ie.
Resistance to the rotational acceleration of the mass of the body.
I = m1r12+ m r2 22+……+ m r 2
Where,
m1, m2…mn = Mass of the particle
r1, r2….rn = Distance respectively about origin.
11. Define Radius of Gyration
Radius of Gyration of a body (or a given lamina) is defined as the distance from the axis of
reference to where the whole mass (or area) of a body is assumed to be concentrated. It is denoted
by “ K ”.
K= √I/A
Were,
I = Moment of inertia.
A = Area of the section.

12. State Pappus theorem for area of plane surface

It states that the area of surface of revolution is the product of length of the generating curve
and the distance travelled by the centroid of the curve, while the surface is being generated.

13. State Guldinus theorem for volume for solid body.

It states that the volume of a body of revolution is obtained from the product of generating
area and the distance travelled by the centroid of the area, while the body is being generated.

14. Write the formula for centre of gravity of composite solid figures.
The centre of gravity of solid bodies is found out in the same way as that plane figures. The
only difference between the plane figure and solid bodies is calculated.
If composite solid made of same material,
V1X1+V2X2+⋯….+VnXn
ẋ= V1+V2+⋯.+Vn

V1Y1+V2Y2+⋯….+VnYn
ȳ= V1+V2+⋯.
+Vn
Where,

V1, V2….Vn are the volume of the different components.

X1, X2….Xn are the centrodial distance from OY axis.
Y1, Y2…Yn are the centrodial distance from OX axis.
15. When will the product of inertia of an become zero?
Product of inertia becomes zero when the area is symmetrical with respect to one or both the
axes, then the product of inertia will be zero.

16. Define first moment of an area about an axis.

The plane are of well known geometrical shape like rectangle, square, triangle., etc are
called simple plane figure and the plane areas, combination of two or more simple plane figures are
called the composite plane figures. Centroid of composite plane figures is called first moment of
area.

17. What do you mean by polar moment of inertia?

The polar moment of inertia is defined as the moment of inertia of the lamina or plane about
an axis perpendicular to the plane of the section. It is denoted by Ip or J or Izz
Mathematically, IP=Ixx+Iyy
Ixx =Moment of inertia of plane figure about its centroidal axes.
Iyy= Moment of inertia of plane figure about its centroidal axes.

18. When will the centroid and centre of mass coincides?

 The point at which whole area of the body is assumed to have concentrated is called as centre of
gravity.
 Centre of mass is the point where the entire mass of a body may be assumed to be concentrated.
 The centroid and centre of mass coincide when the density of the material is uniform throughout the
body.

19. Express the centroidal coordinates of a quadrant of the circle.

4R
ẋ = 3π

4R
ȳ= 3π
Where,
r = Radius of circle.

20. How will you locate the principal axes of inertia?

The axes at which the product of inertia is zero are called principal axes. The moment of
inertia about the principal axes are called principal moment of inertia.
There will always be two principal axes at a given point in the area and they will be
mutually perpendicular to each other. The maximum moment of inertia is called major principal
moment of inertia and the minimum moment of inertia is called the minor principal moment of
inertia.
21. What are the various methods to find centre of gravity?
The centre of gravity is found out by the following three methods
i) Geometrical consideration
ii) Graphical method
iii) Method of moments
22. What is section modulus?
The modulus of the section (or section modulus) of a of a figure obtained by dividing the
moment of inertia of the figure about its centre of gravity by the distance of the extreme fibre from
centroidal axis. It is generally denoted by Z and the suffixes (XX or YY) indicate the axis. (Z XX or
ZYY)

23. State the relationship between the second moment of area and mass moment of inertia for a
thin uniform plate.
The mass moment of inertia and second moment of area of a thin plate can be related as,

(Ixx) mass= pt(Ixx) area

Where,
(Ixx) mass = Moment of Inertia of mass,
(Ixx) area = Moment of Inertia of area,

t
p = Mass density of the plate material,
= Thickness of the plate.

24. What are the theorems that deal with moment of inertia?
 Parallel axis theorem
 Perpendicular axis theorem
 Routh‟s rule.

25. What are major and minor principal axes?

In a given area, there are two principal axes at a point. These two axes will be mutually
perpendicular to each other. The moment of inertia about one of the axis will be maximum and
other will be minimum. These axes are called major principal axis and minor principal axes
respectively.

26. Define principal axis and principal moment of inertia.

The axis about which the product of inertia is zero is known as principal axis. The moment of
inertia about the principal axis is called as principal moment of inertia.
27. List out the steps involved in to find the moment inertia of composite section.
 The given composite section should be divided into simple calculated section.
 Moment of Inertia of these simple sections about their respective C.G should calculate.
 M.I transferred about the required axis by parallel axis theorem.
 M.I for composite section obtained by summing the M.I of simple section about the required axis.
 UNIT I V - FRICTION

1. Define Friction
In practice, no object is perfectly smooth. When two surfaces are in contact with each other, and
one surface tends to move with respect to the other, a tangential force will be developed at the
contact surface, in the opposite direction of motion. This tangential force is called Frictional force
or Friction.
2. What are the types of Friction?
In general, two types of friction can occur between surfaces, namely
 Dry Friction
 Static friction
 Dynamic friction
 Sliding friction
 Rolling friction
 Fluid Friction
3. Write about dry friction and its types.
Dry friction refers to the friction which develops between two dry surfaces, slide or tends to slide
relative to another. Dry friction is classified into two types. They are,
 Static friction
 Dynamic friction
4. Tell us about the Sliding friction and Rolling friction.
Both the sliding friction and sliding friction comes under the category of the Dynamic friction.
 Sliding friction - It is the friction, experienced by a body during rest
 Rolling friction - It is the friction, experienced by a body during motion
5. Define limiting friction.
The limiting friction is the maximum frictional force that can arise before an object begins to
slide. Typically, it is equal to the product of the static coefficient of friction and the perpendicular
force between the surfaces. It is denoted by the FL or Fm.

.
6. Define Co-efficient of friction

A coefficient of friction is a value that shows the relationship between the force of friction
between two objects and the normal reaction between the objects. It is a value that is sometimes
used in physics to find an object's normal force or frictional force when other methods aren't

Limiting Friction Fm
available.

µ = Normal Reaction = NR
 7. Define Angle of friction.
The angle of a plane to the horizontal when a body placed on the plane will just start to slide.
The tangent of the angle of friction is the coefficient of static friction. In other words, the angle

Limiting Friction Fm
between the resultant and the normal reaction is called angle of friction.

tan Ø = Normal Reaction = NR

8. Write the relationship between the Co-efficient of friction and Angle of friction.
The relationship between the Co-efficient of friction and Angle of friction is,

Fm = µ × NR
Limiting friction = Co-efficient of friction x Normal Reaction

 The coefficient of friction in static state is called as coefficient of static friction(µs).

 The coefficient of friction in dynamic state is called as coefficient of dynamic friction(µk).
9. Name any three laws of static friction.
The three laws of static friction are,
 The frictional friction always acts in the opposite direction to that the body tends to move.
 The frictional force does not depend on the shape and area of contact of the bodies.
 The friction depends on the degree of roughness of the area of contact between the bodies.

10. Name any three laws of Dynamic friction.

The three laws of dynamic friction are,
 The friction always acts in the opposite direction to that the body moves.
 The magnitude of dynamic friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the two
surfaces.
 Co-efficient of kinetic friction is less that the co-efficient of static friction.
11. Define Impending motion.

.
When the maximum frictional force (limiting force) is attained and if the applied force exceeds
the limiting friction, then the body starts sliding or rolling. This state is called impending motion. In
other words, the state of motion of a body which is just about to move or slide is called impending
motion.

12. Define Angle of repose.

The angle of the inclined, at which the body tends to slide down is known as angle of
repose. It is denoted by αm .

αm = Ø
Angle of repose = Angle of Static

13. Name some of the engineering applications of simple contact friction.

Some of the engineering applications of simple contact friction are,
 Ladder friction
 Wedge friction
 Screw friction
 Belt friction
 14. Define Rolling resistance.
When one body is made to roll freely over an another body, a resistance is developed in
the opposite direction, known as rolling resistance. This resistance helps to roll the body without
any slipping or turning of the body. It is developed due to the deformation made by the rolling
body over another body.

15. What is co-efficient of rolling resistance?

The horizontal distance of point of resistance measured from centre of wheel is known as co-

Pr
efficient of rolling resistance. It is represented by "b".

b= W
16. Name the types of Plane rigid body motion.
In general there are three types of plane rigid body motion. They are,
 Translation
 Rotation about a fixed axis
 General Plane Motion.

17. Write about Translation in rigid body motion.

A rigid body is said to be in translation, if the linear displacement of every point in the rigid
body is the same, ie., the orientation of any line drawn on the body remains unchanged, but its
position is changed.

.
18. What are the types of Translation in rigid body motion.
There are two types of translation in rigid body motion. They are
 Rectilinear translation - the paths of motion are straight lines.
 Curvilinear translation - the paths of motion are congruent curves.

19. Explain rotation about a fixed axis.

A rigid body is said to be in rotation, if all the particles of the body move along circles
centered on a fixed axis, called axis of rotation. The planes of the circular paths are perpendicular to
the axis of rotation. The common centre of the circular paths may be located either within the body
or outside of it.

20. Narrate about the general plane motion.

A rigid body is said to be in general plane motion, if it undergoes a combination of
translation and rotation. It is neither a pure translation nor a pure rotation. All the particles on the
body translate some distance and also rotate through a certain angle. So, the general plane motion is
a rotation with translation motion.

21. Define angular displacement.

denoted by " ". It is expressed in terms of radians. It varies with time.

Angular displacement is defined as, "the total angle, through which a body has rotated. It is

𝜃 = f(t)
It is taken positive for anticlockwise rotation and negative for clockwise rotation.
 22. Write about Angular Velocity.
It is the rate of change of angular displacement of the body. It is expressed in rad/s or rpm. It
is usually denoted by "𝜔". In otherwords, if a rotating body describes equal angles in equal
intervals of time, it is known as uniform angular velocity or otherwise known as variable angular
velocity.
2 N
𝜔 = = 60
d𝜃
dt
23. Define angular acceleration

usually denoted by "𝑎".

It is defined as the rate of change of angular velocity. It is expressed in read/s2 and it is

𝑎 = d𝜔dt d2
= 𝜃
dt2
 24. Define instantaneous center of rotation.
The combined motion of translation and rotation of a body may be treated as a motion of
pure rotation for the sake of simplicity about a centre point known as instantaneous centre. It is

.
denoted by the symbol IC and it can be either within or outside of the body. It is also called as
instant centre of rotation.
25. What are the hints to locate the instantaneous centre.
The steps to be followed in locating instantaneous centre of rotation are detailed below:
 Identify the line of action for velocity of any two points on the rigid body.
 For each velocity line, draw perpendiculars through the respective points.
 The point of intersection of perpendicular line are drawn in the instantaneous centre "IC"
26. When a screw is said to be self locking?
If the friction angle is larger than the lead angle of screw, the load will be remain in place
even after the removal of effort. This condition is said to be self locking. Most screws are designed to
be self-locking, and in the absence of torque on the shaft will stay at whatever position they are left.
This self-locking property is one reason for the very large use of the screw in threaded
fasteners such as wood screws, sheet metal screws, studs and bolts.

UNIT IV - DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES

1. State D' Alembert's principle. (AU May/June 2016,May/June 2013, Nov/ Dec 2010,
May / June 2010, May /June 2007)

D' Alembert's principle is an application of Newton's second law of motion. It states that the system
of forces acting on a body in motion is dynamic equilibrium with the inertia force of the body.

2. What happens if two perfectly elastic bodies are in impact? (AU May/June 2016)

When two elastic bodies collide with each other, they tend to compress each other. Immediately
after this, the bodies attempt to regain its original shape, due to elasticity. This process of regaining
the original shape is called restitution.

3. What is dynamic Equilibrium? (AU Jan

2016) According to Newton's Second law of

motion, ƩF=ma, ƩF- ma=0

This equation is also known as dynamic equilibrium equation. This principle is known as D'
Alembert's principle. D' Alembert's principle is used to convert dynamics problem into a statics
problem.
4. What is impulsive force? (AU Jan 2016)

When a large acts on a body for a short period of time, then the force is called an impulsive force.

Examples: 1. Cricket ball hit by a bat

3. Foot ball kicked by the player, etc

 5. Distinguish between perfectly plastic impact and perfectly elastic impact. (AU
April/May 2015)

Perfectly Plastic Impact Perfectly Elastic Impact

The relative velocities of the colliding object The relative velocities of the two objects after
after impact are less than those before impact (separation velocities) are the same as
impact. their relative velocities before impact
(approach velocities).

Some of the total energy of motion is lost.

The total energy of motion is not changed.
Example: some may be transformed to heat
associated with the deformation and
restitution process.

6. Write the work energy equation of particles. (AU Nov/Dec 2014, Nov/Dec 2013)
7. State Newton's Second law of motion. (AU Nov/Dec 2014, Nov/Dec 2006)

Newton's law states that, "The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the
external force applied on the body and takes place in the direction of the applied force."

F α ma (or) F= K.ma

Where,„K‟ is a constant of proportionality.

8. State principle of work and energy. (AU May/June 2014, April/May 2009, May/ June
2008, Nov 2002)

Principle of work and energy states that "When a particle moves from position s 1to s2 under the
action of a force F, the change in kinetic energy of the particle is equal to the work of the force F."

9. Define the coefficient of restitution. (AU May/June 2014, Nov/Dec 2011,April/May

2009, May/June 2007)

The coefficient of restitution between two bodies in a collision is defined as the ratio of the relative
velocity of their separation after collision to the relative velocity of their approach before collision.
It is denoted by 'e'.

Relative velocity of separation

Coefficient of restitution, eRelative
= velocity of approach

10. State impulse momentum principle. (AU Nov/Dec 2013, Nov/Dec 2010)

Impulse momentum principle is

Impulse = Change in momentum

= Final momentum - Initial momentum

In other words, the impulse of the force acting on a particle is equal to the change in linear
momentum of the particle.

11. Define the term "Kinematics". (AU Nov/Dec 2012, May/June 2005)

Kinematics is the study of motion of a moving body without considering the forces which cause the
motion. Here, the study is made of the relationship between displacement, velocity, acceleration
and time of a given motion without considering the forces which cause the motion.

12. Distinguish between rectilinear and curvilinear motion. (AU Nov/Dec 2010,
April/May 2008)
When a particle moves along a straight line, then it is called rectilinear motion or translation.
Examples: A car moving on a straight road
A body projected vertically upward
A body falling vertically downward
When a particle moves in a curved path, then it is called curvilinear motion.
Example: A car moving in a curved path in a hill
13. Define Law of conservation of energy. (AU Nov/Dec 2009)

The Law of conservation of energy states that " Energy can neither be created nor destroyed though
it can be transformed from one form to another". In other words, Total energy (sum of potential
energy and kinetic energy) possessed by a body remains constant provided no energy is added or
taken from it.

14. Distinguish between curvilinear motion and projectile motion.(AU April May 2009)

When a particle moves along a curved path then it is known as curvilinear motion. It is classified as
plane curvilinear (two dimensional) and space curvilinear (Three dimensional) motion.

Projectile is the freely projected particle which moves under the combined effect of vertical and
horizontal motion.

15. State the principle of conservation of linear momentum. (AU April/May 2008, Nov 2001)

The principle of conservation of linear momentum states that "if there is no external force acting on
the system then the total linear momentum of the system remains constant." This means that the
total momentum of the system before impact is equal to the total momentum of the system after
impact.

16. Distinguish between direct central impact and oblique central impact. (AU
May/June 2008)

Direct central impact: If the mass centers of colliding bodies are on the line of impact and
velocities of the bodies are directed along the line of impact, it is called direct central impact.

Oblique central impact: If the mass centers of colliding bodies are on the line of impact and
velocities of one or both the bodies are not along the line of impact, it is called oblique central
impact.

17. A car runs with an initial velocity of 30 m/s and uniform acceleration of 3 m/s2.
Find its velocity after 5 seconds. (AU May/June 2013)

Given: u=30 m/s; a = 3 m/s2; t=5s

using the equation, v= u + at
=30 + 3(5)
= 45 m/s
18. A particle moves from rest along a straight line defined by the relationship

x = t3 - 6t2 - 15t, where x is the distance travelled and t is the time in second. Find the velocity
and acceleration at the end of 10 seconds. (AU Nov/Dec 2009)

Given: x = t3 - 6t2 - 15t

v= dX = 3t2 - 12t - 15
dt
dv
a=dt = 6t - 12
Velocity at t = 10 s; v = 3(102) - 12(10) - 15
= 165 m/s
Acceleration at t = 10 s; a = 6(10) - 12
= 48 m/s2
19. Define uniformly accelerated motion. (AU April/May 2009)

Uniform or constant acceleration is a type of motion in which the velocity of an object changes by
an equal amount in every equal time period. A frequently cited example of uniform acceleration is
that of an object in free fall in a uniform gravitational field.

20. What is uniform motion? (AU Nov/Dec 2002)

Uniform motion is the kind of motion in which a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of
time. It does not matter how small the time intervals are, as long as the distances covered are equal.
If a body is involved in rectilinear motion and the motion is uniform, then the acceleration of the
body must be zero.
21. A small ball is dropped from a height of 19.62 m. At what velocity the ball will
strike the ground? (AU Nov/Dec 2015)
Given: u = 0; h = 19.62 m
using the equation v2 = u2 + 2gh
v= √2gh
v= √2 * 9.81 * 19.62
= 19.62 m/s
22. A particle is projected into space at an angle of 30˚ to the horizontal at a velocity of
40 m/s. Find the maximum height reached by the projectile. (AU April/May 2015)
Given: Velocity of projection, u = 40 m/s
Angle of projection, α = 30˚
Maximum height reached by the projectile, hmax

=
u2sin2α
hmax
2g
402sin230
2*9.81
= = 20.39 m
 23. A stone is dropped from the top of the tower. It strikes the ground after four
seconds. Find the height of the tower. (AU May/June 2014)

Given: Initial velocity, u = 0; Time, t = 4 s

Using the equation, h = ut + (1/2) gt2
h = 0 + (1/2) (9.81) (42)
= 78.48 m
24. How will you calculate the linear restoring force of an elastic material? (AU Jan 2003)

The magnitude of the linear restoring force developed by the elastic material is directly proportional
to the displacement of the material from the unreformed position.

F = kx, where F= restoring force; k = stiffness of the material; x = displacement

25. A block having mass of 50 kg has a velocity of 15 m/s horizontally on a smooth

frictionless surface. Determine the value of the horizontal force to be applied to the block for
bringing the block to rest in 5 seconds. (AU April/May 2003)

Given: mass, m = 50 kg; initial velocity, u = 15 m/s; time, t = 5 s; final velocity, v = 0

Applying impulse momentum equation,
F x t = m (v – u)
F x 5 = 50 (0 - 15)
F = -150 N
Negative sign indicates that the Force acts in opposite direction and will bring the mass to rest
position.