UNIT 1 UNIT 2

Define collinear forces, coplanar forces, concurrent forces, What is Resolution of forces? What is the equivalent force couple?
coplanar concurrent forces, composition of forces. Answer: Resolution of forces: Breaking down a single force Answer: Equivalent force couple: Any set of forces on a
Collinear Forces: If the lines of action of the forces acting on into two or more force is known as the resolution of forces. body can be replaced by a single force and a single couple
the body lie on a same line, then the forces are called as Or, The process of splitting the force into components is acting that is statically equivalent to the original set of
collinear forces. called resolution of a force. forces and moments. This set of an equivalent force and a
couple is known as the equivalent force couple system.
Coplanar Forces: If the lines of action of the forces acting on Explain Bow's notation.
the body lie on the same plane, then the forces are called as Ans: Bow's notation: Bow's notation is used designate a What is the physical significance of moment?
Coplanar forces. force as per this notation, each force is designated or named Answer: Physical significance of moment:
by two spaces one on each side of the line of action of a (a) The moment of a force about some point quantifies its
Concurrent Forces: If the lines of action of the forces acting force. This space are generally named by capital letter's as tendency to rotate an object about that point.
on the body passes through a common point, then the A, B, C...... serially. (b)The magnitude of moment specifies the magnitude of
forces are called as concurrent forces. rotational force.
What is free body diagram? (c) The direction of a moment specifies the axis of rotation
Coplanar concurrent forces: The forces which meet at one Answer: Free Body Diagram: A free Body Diagram is a associated with rotational force, following the right hand
point and their lines of action lie on the same plane are graphical representation of the applied forces, moments, screw convention.
called coplanar concurrent forces. and consequent reactions on a body in a particular situation.
UNIT 3
State Polygon Law of Equilibrium.
Composition of Forces: The process of finding out the What is rigid body?
Answer: Polygon Law of Equilibrium: The Polygon Law of
resultant force of two or more given forces is called Answer: Rigid Body: A Rigid Body is generally defined as a
Forces states that if a number of concurrent forces acting at
composition of forces. body on which the distance between two points never
a point are represented in magnitude and direction by the
changes whatever be the force applied on it. Or in other
sides of a polygon taken in order, then the forces are in
Define Scalar quantity and vector quantity. Give two words, it can be said that the body which does not deform
equilibrium, and their resultant is zero.
examples of each. under the influence of forces is known as a Rigid Body.
Answer: Scalar Quantity: The physical quantities that have Define equilibrant force.
the only magnitude and no direction are known as scalar What is the maximum and minimum sum of two vectors?
Answer: Equilibrant Force: It is the single force vector
quantity or scalar. Examples of scalars are electric charge, Answer: The maximum sum of two vectors is obtained when
needed to establish equilibrium, i.e. to bring about the fact
density, mass etc. the two vectors are directed in the same direction. The
that the resultant of all the forces is zero. It hence has the
Vector Quantity: The physical quantities that have both minimum sum is obtained when the two vectors are directed
same magnitude as the original resultant but acts in the
magnitudes as well as direction are known as vector in the opposite direction.
opposite direction.
quantity or vector. The examples of vectors are velocity,
acceleration, force etc.

What is beam? Explain the term angle of friction. Define centroid.

Answer: Beam: The beam is defined as the structural Answer: Angle of Friction: Angle made by the resultant of Answer: Centroid: A centroid is the geometrical centre of a
horizontal member which is used to bear different loads. It normal reaction and limiting friction (F^ lim) with the normal body. It refers to the centre of gravity of uniform density
resists the vertical loads, shear forces and bending reaction (N) is called the angle of friction (0). The coefficient objects.
moments. of static friction is equal to the tangent of the angle of
UNIT 4 friction. i.e μ= tan 0 What is the centre of mass?
Define static friction, sliding friction, rolling friction, fluid
Answer: Centre of Mass: Centre of mass of a body or system
friction ,normal reaction. Define Angle of Repose. of a particle is defined as, a point at which the whole of the
Static Friction: Static friction is defined as the frictional Answer: Angle of Repose: Angle of repose is the minimum mass of the body or all the masses of a system of particle
force that acts between the surfaces when they are at rest angle that an inclined plane makes with the horizontal when appeared to be concentrated.
with respect to each other. a body placed on it just begins to slide down.
Sliding Friction: Sliding friction is defined as the resistance
A solid hemisphere having radius r then what height of its
that is created between any two objects when they are What is limiting friction? CG from base?
sliding against each other. Answer: Limiting Friction: The maximum static friction that a Answer: The centre of gravity of solid hemisphere lies on the
Rolling Friction: Rolling friction is defined as the force which body can exert on the other body in contact with it is called central radius at a distance of 3r / 8 from the plane base.
resists the motion of a ball or wheel and is the weakest type limiting friction. The limiting frictional force is independent
of friction. of the area of contact and is proportional to the reasonable hat do you mean by lamina?
Fluid Friction: Fluid friction is defined as the friction that reaction between the contacting surfaces. Answer: Lamina: A lamina is a 2-dimensional object. In other
exists between the layers of the fluid when they are moving
words, it is a flat object whose thickness is we can ignore. If a
relative to each other. What is cone of friction? body has a line of symmetry, the centre of mass will lie on
Normal Reaction: The normal reaction is defined as the force Answer: Cone of Friction: It can be defined as the right this line.
that any surface exerts on any other object. If that object is circular cone having vertex at the point of contact of two
at rest, then the net force acting on the object is equal to bodies (or the surfaces), axis in direction of normal reaction UNIT 6
zero. (R) and semi vertical angle equal to the angle of friction (0). What is simple lifting machine?
Answer: The machines which have one point for the
UNIT 5
Explain the term co-efficient of friction. application of effort and one point for the load to be lifted
Answer: Co-efficient of Friction: A coefficient of friction is a Define centre of gravity. are called simple lifting machines. Example: The simple
value that shows the relationship between the force of Centre of Gravity: The point where the total weight of the lifting machine examples are Simple screw jack.
friction (F) between two objects and the normal reaction (R) body focuses upon is known as the centre of gravity. It is the
between the objects that are involved. point where the gravitational force (weight) acts on the Define mechanical advantage.
Mathematically, F = µR body, it is denoted by g or CG. Mechanical advantage of a machine is defined as the ratio of
Where R is the normal force. load to the effort. Mechanical Advantage has no unit
F is friction force and u is friction coefficient. because it is the ratio of output force by input force.

What do you mean by velocity ratio? What is reversible machine? What is centrifugal force?
Answer: Velocity Ratio(VR): The ratio of the distance moved Answer: Reversible Machine: If a machine is capable of doing Answer: Centrifugal Force: Centrifugal force is a pseudo
by the point at which the effort is applied in a simple some work in the reversed direction, after the effort is force in a circular motion which acts along the radius and is
machine to the distance moved by the point at which the removed, then the machine is known as reversible machine. directed away from the centre of the circle. The force does
load is applied, in the same time. In the case of an ideal The condition for a machine to be reversible is that its not exist when measurements are made in an inertial frame
machine, velocity ratio = mechanical advantage. efficiency should be more than 50 %. of reference.

Define efficiency of machine. Explain ideal effort of a machine. Define angular acceleration.
Answer: Efficiency: The efficiency of a machine is the ratio of Answer: Ideal Effort: Ideal effort is the effort required to lift Answer: Angular Acceleration: Angular Acceleration is
the work done on the load by the machine to the work done the given load by the machine assuming the machine to be defined as the time rate of change of angular velocity. It is
on the machine by the effort. It is represented by symbol n. ideal. For ideal machine, VR = MA If P1 the ideal effort, then usually expressed in radians per second per second or
VR= w/p1 rad/s2. It is denoted by alpha . The angular acceleration is
What is an ideal machine? Hence, P= W / VR also known as rotational acceleration.
Answer: Ideal Machine: A machine in which no part of the
UNIT 7
work done on the machine is wasted, is called an ideal Write the unit of angular velocity. Define Work.
machine or perfect machine. The efficiency of an ideal Answer: Angular velocity is represented by the Greek letter Answer: Work is defined as the product of displacement and
machine is 1 (or 100%) i.e., work output is equal to work omega (w, sometimes 0). It is measured in angle per unit the component of the force along the displacement. Work is
input. time; hence, the SI unit of angular velocity is radians per a scalar quantity. The SI unit of work is Joule(J).
second or rad/s.
What is self-locking machine? What is energy? Write SI unit of Energy.
Answer: A machine is not capable of doing any work in the Write the law of conservation of momentum. Answer: It is the capacity of a physical system to perform
reversed direction, after the effort is removed. Such a Answer: Law of conservation of momentum: Law of work. Energy exists in several forms such as heat energy,
machine is called a nonreversible or self-locking machine. conservation of momentum states that. For two or more mechanical energy, light energy, sound energy or other
The condition for a machine to be non-reversible or self- bodies in an isolated system acting upon each other, their forms. The SI unit of energy is Joule.
locking is that its efficiency should be less than 50%. total momentum remains constant unless an external force
is applied. Therefore, momentum can neither be created nor
Explain ideal load of a machine. destroyed.
Ideal load is the load that can be lifted using the given effort
by the machine, assuming it to be ideal. For the ideal What is the centripetal force?
machine, VR = MA If W, is the ideal load, then W; = P x VR. Answer: Centripetal Force: When an object which moves in a
circular path experiences a force acting radially inwards
called centripetal force. The force is directed inward toward
the rotational axis.
 UNIT 1 NORMAL QUESTION Classify branches of mechanics.
State the polygon law of force.
State triangle law of forces. Answer: Mechanics can be classified into the following two
Answer: If any number of forces acting at a point can be
Answer: Triangle law of force: If two forces are main branches: i) Statics ii) Dynamics.
represented in direction and magnitude by the sides of a
simultaneously acting on a particle and are represented in
polygon taken in order, their resultant may be represented in
terms of magnitude and direction by two sides of a triangle,
magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon,
taken in an order, then the third side or the closing side of
taken in the opposite order.
triangle, drawn in opposite order, represents the resultant of
above two forces in terms of magnitude and direction.
Compare rigid body and flexible body.
Let us assume two forces P and Q represented in terms of Statics: It is a branch of Mechanics that deals with the
Answer: Rigid bodies do not deform (stretch, compress, or
magnitude and direction by OA and AB of triangle ABC . analysis of loads and their effects on the system when its
bend) when subjected to loads, while flexible bodies or
Then OB represents resultant of P and Q velocity is zero or it has a static balance with the
deformable bodies are being significantly stretched,
RP+0 environment.
compressed, or bent during the period of analysis. In
R =√p2 + Q² + 2PQ cos alpha Dynamics: It is an important branch of engineering
actuality, no physical body is completely rigid, but most
mechanics that deals with forces and their effects when the
bodies deform so little that this deformation has a minimal
Sate Parallelogram law of forces. Draw sketch to explain. body is in motion.
impact on the analysis.
Answer: Parallelogram law of forces: If two forces are acting Kinetics: It is an important branch of dynamics that deals
simultaneously on a particle and are represented in terms of with the movement of bodies due to the use of force.
State principle of transmissibility of force.
magnitude and direction of two adjacent sides of a
Principle of Transmissibility of Force: The point of
parallelogram, then the diagonal passing through point of Kinematics: It is an important branch of dynamics, which
application of a force can be moved anywhere along its line
intersection of these forces represents the resultant of deals with bodies in motion without considering the force
of action without changing the external reaction forces on a
above two forces. for movement of the body.
rigid body. Any force that has the same magnitude and
direction, and which has a point of application somewhere
along the same line of action will cause the same
acceleration and will result in the same moment.

Suppose, two forces, P and Q acting at point O be

represented by two sides of a parallelogram, then their
resultant R is represented by diagonal OC of the
parallelogram OAСВ.

UNIT 1 CALCULATION QUESTION

UNIT 2 NORMAL QUESTION Give some practical examples of an application of couple. UNIT 2 CALCULATION QUESTION
Define moment of force and state its SI unit. Solution: Following are the examples which utilize couple
Answer: Moment of Force (or Moment): The turning effect of forces:
force is known as moment of force. It is the product of the (1) Forces exerted by one's hand on a screwdriver.
force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the line (2) Forces applied while opening and closing the cap of a
of action of the force to the pivot or point where the object bottle.
will turn. (3) Forces applied while turning a water tap, cork screw,
door key.
(4) Forces applied to the steering of a car.

State and explain Varignon's theorem.

A force of magnitude F acts a perpendicular distance d from
Answer: Varignon's Theorem: The total of the moments of
the point of rotation 0, the magnitude of the moment about
many coplanar forces around a point equals the moment of
that point is: M = Fxd The S.I unit is newton metre (Nm).
the resultant of those forces, or the moment of a force
Define moment of a couple. Write its SI unit. around a point equals the sum of its components." Vaignon's
Answer: Moment of Couple: A couple is a pair of two equal theorem is also known as the "principle of moments."
and opposite forces acting on a body at two different points.
The moment of a couple is defined as the product of either
of the forces of a couple and the perpendicular distance
between the line of action of forces (F).
The S.I. unit of moment of a couple is Nm.

Define the properties of couple. if find the moment of R with respect to O. Then, according to
Answer: Properties or Characteristics of couple: The main Varignon's Theorem, Moment of R About O = (Moment of P
characteristics of a couple are: About 0 + Moment of Q About O) → MR = Mp + Mq
i) The algebraic sum of the forces consisting the couple is
zero.
ii) The algebraic sum of the moment of the forces
constituting the couple about any point is the same and
equal to the moment of the couple itself.
iii) Any number of coplanar couples can be reduced to a
single couple.
 UNIT 3 NORMAL QUESTION
State and explain lami's theorem.
Answer: Lami's Theorem Statement: Lami's Theorem states
that "When three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium,
then each force is proportional to the sine of the angle
between the other two forces".
Referring to the above diagram,
consider three forces, A, B, and C,
acting on a particle or rigid body,
making angles a, ẞ and y with
each other. In the mathematical
or equation form, it is expressed
as,

Discuss the limitations of Lami's theorem.

Answer: Limitation of Lami's Theorem:
i) There should exist only three forces.
ii) The three forces are to be coplanar
iii) The three forces should remain concurrent.
iv) Those forces should also be non-linear.
v) Forces must have the same nature (inward or outward)

State Triangle Law of Equilibrium.

Answer: Triangle Law of Equilibrium: Three force vectors
that form a triangle for which the directions of the forces are
all either clockwise around the triangle or counterclockwise
around the triangle have a zero resultant, and hence the
forces are in equilibrium.
Three forces P, Q and R denoted by three sides of triangle
ABC are acting counter clockwise hence the forces are in
equilibrium.

UNIT 3 CALCUATION QUESTION

Describe briefly the types of support of the beam.
Answer: The beams usually have three different types of
support:
i) Hinged or Pinned Support: The hinged support is capable
of resisting force acting in any direction of the plane.
ii) Roller Support: The roller support is capable of resisting a
force in only one specific line or action.
iii) Fixed Support: The fixed support is capable of resisting of
force in any direction and is also capable of resisting a
couple or a moment.

Describe briefly the types of beams.

Answer: Types of Beams: The different types of beams are:
i) Cantilever Beam: A cantilever beam is a beam that is fixed
from one end and free at the other end.
ii) Simply Supported Beam: A beam which is supported or
resting on the supports at its both the ends, is called simply
supported beam.
iii) Overhanging Beam: In a beam, if one of its ends is
extended beyond the support, it is known as overhanging
Describe briefly the types of loading of the beam.
beam.
Answer: Types of Loading of Beam: A Beam may be loaded in
iv) Fixed Beams: A beam which has both of its ends fixed or
a variety of ways. For the analysis purpose it may be splitted
built in walls is called fixed beam.
in three categories.
v) Continuous Beam: It is a beam which is provided with
i) Point or concentrated load: A concentrated load is the one
more than two supports as shown in figure.
which acts over a small length that it is assumed to act at a
point.
ii) Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL): A distributed load acts
over a finite length of the beam. A distributed load may be
uniformly.
iii) Uniformly Varying Load (UVL): A uniformly varying load
implies that the intensity of loading increases or decreases
at a constant rate along the length.
 UNIT 4 NORMAL QUESTION What are the advantages and disadvantage of friction?
Prove that angle of repose equal to the angle of friction. Advantages of Friction are :-
Answer: The expression for angle of friction is given as tan = i) Friction enables us to walk freely.
μ Here ф is the angle of friction and u is the coefficient of ii) It helps to support ladder against wall.
limiting friction. The expression for angle of repose is given iii) It becomes possible to transfer one form of energy to
as tan 0 = μ Here 0 is the angle of repose and u is the another.
coefficient of limiting friction. Since both tangent of the iv) Objects can be piled up without slipping.
angle of friction and the tangent of the angle of repose are Disadvantages of Friction are
numerically equal to each other, we can say tan ф = tan Ө φ = i) A lot of heat is generated by friction in various mechanical
θ Thus it is proved that angle of friction and angle of repose parts, which wastes energy as heat.
are equal. ii) Restricts motion, requiring more energy to overcome it.
iii) Making noise while operating a machine wastes energy
State laws of static friction. and is annoying.
Answer: Laws of Friction: There are five laws of friction and iv) Friction between tree branches is what ignites forest
they are: fires.
i) The friction of the moving object is proportional and
perpendicular to the normal force.
ii) The friction experienced by the object is dependent on
the nature of the surface it is in contact with.
iii) Friction is independent of the area of contact as long as
there is an area of contact.
iv) Kinetic friction is independent of velocity.
v) The coefficient of static friction is greater than the
coefficient of kinetic friction.

A body of weight 500N is lying on a rough plane inclined at

an angle of 25° with the horizontal. It is supported by an
effort (P) parallel to the plane. Determine the minimum
value of P, for which the equilibrium can exist, if the angle of
friction is 20°.
Solution: Given data Weight of the body: W=500N
Inclination angle: 0=25°
Angle of friction: ф=20°
The force system can be drawn as follows

Solution: Given, W = 100N ..

Normal reaction R = W = 100N
Coefficient of static friction us = 0.5
Coefficient of dynamic friction µd = 0.4 ..
Maximum static friction force F = µR = 0.5 × 100 = 50 N
Maximum dynamic friction force Fa = µaR = 0.4 × 100 = 40 N

Case 1: For P =20N Pis less than the maximum static friction
(F = 50N). The body remains at rest, and the friction force
adjusts to match P. Friction force (Static) = 20N (Ans)

Case 2: For P=50N Pis equal to the maximum static friction.

The body is on the verge of motion. Friction force (Static) =
50N (Ans)
Case 3: For P= 60N P exceeds the maximum static friction.
The body starts moving, and kinetic friction takes over. As
kinetic friction remains constant once motion starts.
Friction force (dynamic) = 40N (Ans)
 UNIT 5 NORMAL QUESTION UNIT 5 CALCULATION QUESTION
Differentiate between centroid and C.G.
Answer: The differences between centroid and centre of
gravity arei) The centroid is the geometric center of a shape,
where the entire area appears to be concentrated. In
contrast, the center of gravity (C.G.) is the point where the
entire weight of a body is considered to act. ii) The centroid
depends only on the shape and dimensions, while the C.G.
depends on both shape and mass distribution. iii) The
centroid exists for all geometric figures, even if they have no
mass, whereas the C.G. exists only for objects with mass. iv)
Gravity does not affect the centroid, but it directly
influences the C.G.

What is the difference between centre of gravity and centre

of mass?
Answer: Difference between centre of gravity and centre of
mass: The center of mass (CM) is the point where the entire
mass of an object is considered to be concentrated for
motion analysis, independent of gravity. The center of
gravity (CG), on the other hand, is the point where the total
weight of the object acts and depends on the gravitational
field. In a uniform gravitational field, the CM and CG
coincide, but in a non-uniform field (e.g., large objects like
Earth), they may differ.

UNIT 6 NORMAL QUESTION

What are the advantages of a lifting machine? Answer: The
advantages of lifting machines include:
1. Reduces Human Effort: Lifting machines make it easier to
lift heavy objects, reducing physical strain on workers.

2. Increases Efficiency: They allow tasks to be completed

faster, improving productivity in industries like construction
and manufacturing.
3. Handles Heavy Loads: Machines can lift loads that would
be impossible or extremely difficult for humans to lift
manually.

Define input and output of a simple lifting machine.

Solution: Input of a Machine: The input of a machine is the
work done on the machine. In a lifting machine, it is
measured by the product of effort (P) and the distance (y)
through which it has moved.
Output of a Machine: The output of a machine is the actual
work done by the machine. In a lifting machine, it is
measured by the product of the weight (W) lifted and the
distance (x) through which it has been lifted.

Determine the condition of reversibility of a lifting machine.

Solution: A machine is called as reversible, if it is able to do
work in reverse direction after the removal of load from it.
For a actual machine, Friction loss in machine = input -
output = (P x y) - (W x X) For a reversible machine output of
the machine is more than frictional loss. .
Output > Friction loss
Thus, for a reversible machine efficiency is greater than
50%.
 Deduce the expression for the condition of self locking of a What do you mean by 'effort lost in friction' and 'frictional UNIT 6 CALCUTION QUESTION
lifting machine. resistance'?
Solution: Condition of self locking: A machine is called as Answer: Effort Lost in Friction: When a machine or a
self locking, if it is unable to do work in reverse direction mechanical system is in operation, some of the input effort
after the removal of load from it. For a actual machine, (or energy) is wasted due to friction between moving parts.
Friction loss in machine = input - output = (P x y) - (W × x) For This wasted effort is called effort lost in friction. In ideal
a self locking machine output of the machine is less than or condition MA = VR
equal to the frictional loss Frictional Resistance: Frictional resistance (or simply
Output ≤ Friction loss friction) is the opposing force that resists the relative
Thus for a self locking machine efficiency is less than or motion of two surfaces in contact. It depends on:
equal to 50%. i) The normal reaction force (N) between the surfaces
ii) The coefficient of friction (µ) Formula: F=µN
State and explain law of machine.
Answer: Law of Machine: The equation which gives the
relation between load (W) lifted and effort (P) applied in the
form of a slope and intercept of a straight line is called as
law of a machine. i.e. P = mW + C
In other words, this is the effort required by the machine to
overcome the friction, before it can lift any load.

UNIT 7 NORMAL QUESTION

A man lifts a suitcase of 5kg mass from ground level to a
10.193m high rooftop. Find change in potential energy in
that suitcase.
Solution: Given, mass of suitcase m = 5kg
Height lifted h = 10.193m ..
Potential energy stored =mgh = 5 x 9.8 x 10.193 = 499.46 Jule

A ball is thrown vertically upwards from ground, with an

initial velocity of 20m/s. Find the greatest height attained by
the ball.
Solution: Given
initial velocity u = 20 m/s
Now, v² = u² - 2gh [-ve sign for retardation]
⇒ 0 = 202 - 2 x 9.8 x h
⇒19.6h = 400
h =400 / 19.6 = 20.41m
Greatest height attained by the ball is 20.41m.

State the Newton's law of motion.

Answer: Newton's Laws of Motion First Law (Law of Inertia):
A body continues to remain in its state of rest or uniform
motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external
force.
Second Law (Law of Acceleration): The rate of change of
momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied
force and takes place in the direction of the force.
Third Law (Action-Reaction Law): For every action, there is
an equal and opposite reaction. Derivation of F = ma:
Newton's second law of motion states that the force applied
to the system is equal to the time rate of change of
momentum.
UNIT 7 CALCULATION QUESTION