Unit II (ELECTRICAL MACHINES)

PART-A

1. Draw the circuit for various types of d.c motor.(N/D-2016)

Separately Excited DC Motor DC Shunt Motor

DC Series Motor DC Compound Motor

2. Define voltage regulation of transformer.(N/D-2016,M/J-2016)

The voltage regulation of the transformer is the percentage change in the output voltage
from no-load to full-load.

3. Write down the EMF equation of a transformer..(M/J-2016)

. E1 = 4.44*N1* f* Bm*A and E2 =
4.44*N2*f*Bm*A
4. Give some application of D.C motor.(A/M-2015,N/D-2016)
Shunt :driving constant speed, lathes, centrifugal pumps, machine
tools, blowers and fans, reciprocating pumps
Series :electric locomotives, rapid transit systems, trolley cars, cranes
and hoists, conveyors
Compound :elevators, air compressors, rolling mills, heavy planners

5.Why a single phase induction motor does not self start?(A/M-2015,A/M-2017,N/D-2016)

When a single phase supply is fed to the single phase induction motor.
Its stator winding produces a flux which only alternates along one space
axis. It is not a synchronously revolving field, as in the case of a 2 or
3phase stator winding, fed from 2 or 3 phase supply.
5. Mention the application of DC generator?(A/M-2017)
 general lighting.
 Used to charge battery because they can be made to give constant output voltage.
 They are used for giving the excitation to the alternators.
 used for small power supply.
6. What is the significance of back EMF?(A/M-2017)
 When the motor is running on no load, small torque is required to overcome
the friction and windage losses. Therefore, the armature current Ia is small and the back emf is
nearly equal to the applied voltage.
 If the motor is suddenly loaded, the first effect is to cause the armature to slow down.
Therefore,
the speed at which the armature conductors move through the field is reduced and hence the
back emfEb falls. The decreased back emf allows a larger current to flow through the armature
and larger current means increased driving torque. Thus, the driving torque increases as the
motor slows down. The motor will stop slowing down when the armature current is just
sufficient to produce the increased torque required by the load.
 If the load on the motor is decreased, the driving torque is momentarily in
excess of the
requirement so that armature is accelerated. As the armature speed increases, the back emf Eb
also increases and causes the armature current Ia to decrease. The motor will stop accelerating
when the armature current is just sufficient to produce the reduced torque required by the load.

7. Write the principle of DC Motor?(N/D-2015)

Fleming’s left hand rule to determine the direction of force acting on the armature conductors
of DC motor. If a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field perpendicularly, then
the conductor experiences a force in the direction mutually perpendicular to both the direction
of field and the current carrying conductor.
Fleming’s left hand rule says that if we extend the index finger, middle finger and thumb of our
left hand perpendicular to each other, in such a way that the middle finger is along the direction
of current in the conductor, and index finger is along the direction of magnetic field i.e. north to
south pole, then thumb indicates the direction of created

8. What is the main purpose of commutator and brushes?

Commutator:
The commutator converts the alternating emf into unidirectional or direct emf.
Brushes:
The brushes collect the current from the commutator

9. State the principle of operation of a transformer.

Transformer operates on the principle of mutual induction between inductively coupled

coils. When A.C source is connected to one coil flux is produced in the core which links both
the coils. As per the Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction EMF is induced in the
secondary coil also. if the external circuit is closed power is supplied.

10. Write down the EMF equation of a single phase transformer.

EMF induced in primary, E1= 4.44 Ø f N1 volts
where f = Frequency of supply main
Ø = Flux linking both the primary and secondary winding
11. Write any two differences between single phase and three phase transformers.
i. Single phase transformer has two windings. Three phase transformer has six windings. ii.
Single phase supply is directly connected across the single primary winding where as the 3-
phase transformer windings are connected in star or delta according to the design.

12. Distinguish between induction motor and synchronous motor? (A/M 2015)
 A three phase Synchronous motor is a doubly excited machine, whereas an induction
motor is a single excited machine.
 The armature winding of the Synchronous motor is energized from an AC source and its field
winding from a
DC source. The stator winding of Induction Motor is energized from an AC source.
 Synchronous Motor always runs at synchronous speed, and the speed of the motor is
independent of load, but an induction motor always runs less than the synchronous speed. If the load
increased the speed of the induction motor decreases.
 The induction motor has self-starting torque whereas the synchronous motor is not self
starting. It has to be run up to synchronous speed by any means before it can be synchronized to AC
supply.
13. What is the working principle of Synchronous generator?
The principle of operation of synchronous generator is electromagnetic induction. If there exits a
relative motion between the flux and conductors, then an emf is induced in the conductors.
14. Write the EMF equation of an alternator? (N/D-2016)
E = 4.44 x f Φ Tph volts
This is the basic e.m.f. equation for an induced e.m.f. per phase for full pitch, concentrated type of winding.
Where Tph = Number of turns per phase Tph = Zph /2
Total flux cut in one revolution is Φ x P
Time taken for one revolution is 60/Ns seconds.
...eavg per conductor = ΦP / (60/Ns)
= Φ (PNs/60)(1)
But
f=
.. PNs/6120
. PNs/60= 2f
15. Define voltage regulation of the alternator?
It is defined as the increase in terminal voltage when full load is thrown off, assuming field
current and speed remaining the same.
% reg = [(E – V)/V] x100
Where E = no terminal voltage V = full load rated terminal voltage

PART-B
1. With a neat circuit diagram Explain the construction and principle of
operation of DC Motor. (N/D-2016,N/D-2015,M/J-2017)
DC MOTOR – INTRODUCTION:
A machine that converts dc power into mechanical energy is known as dc motor. Its operation is
based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the
conductor experiences a mechanical force. The direction of the force is given by Fleming’s left
hand rule.
WORKING OF DC MOTOR:
There are different kinds of D.C. motors, but they all work on the same principles.When a
permanent magnet is positioned around a loop of wire that is hooked up to a D.C.power
source, we have the basics of a
D.C. motor. In order to make the loop of wire spin, we have to connect a battery or DC power
supply between its ends, and support it so it can spin about its axis.
To allow the rotor to turn without twisting the wires, the ends of the wire loop are connected to
a set of contacts called the commutator, which rubs against a set of conductors called the
brushes. The brushes make electrical contact with the commutator as it spins, and are
connected to the positive and negative leads of the power source, allowing electricity to flow
through the loop. The electricity flowing through the loop creates a magnetic field that
interacts with the magnetic field of the permanent magnet to make the loop spin PRINCIPLES
OF OPERATION:
It is based on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming's Left- hand rule
and whose magnitude is given by
Force, F = B I l newton
Where,

B is the magnetic field

in weber/m2 I is the
current in amperes and
l is the length of the coil in meter

The force, current and the magnetic field are all in different directions. If an Electric current flows
through two
copper wires that are between the poles of a magnet, an upward force will move one wire up
and a downward force will move the other wire down.

2. Explain the construction, working principle of single phase Induction motor.(N/D-2016)

Single phase motors are very widely used in home, offices, workshops etc. as power delivered
to most of the houses and offices is single phase. In addition to this, single phase motors are
reliable, cheap in cost, simple in construction and easy to repair.

Single phase electric motors can be classified as:

1. Single phase induction motor (Split phase, Capacitor and shaded pole etc)
2. Single phase synchronous motor
3. Repulsion motor etc.

Single Phase InductionMotor CONSTRUCTION:

Construction of a single phase induction motor is similar to the construction of three phase
induction motor having squirrel cage rotor, except that the stator is wound for single phase
supply. Stator is also provided with a 'starting winding' which is used only for starting
purpose. This can be understood from the schematic of single phase induction motor at the
left.

Working Principle Of Single Phase Induction Motor:

When the stator of a single phase motor is fed with single phase supply, it produces alternating
flux in the stator winding. The alternating current flowing through stator winding causes
induced current in the rotor bars (of the squirrel cage rotor ) according to Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction.

This induced current in the rotor will also produce alternating flux. Even after both alternating
fluxes are set up, the motor fails to start (the reason is explained below). However, if the rotor is
given a initial start by external force in either direction, then motor accelerates to its final
speed and keeps running with its rated speed. This behavior of a single phase motor can be
explained by double-field revolving theory.

3. Describe various types self excited of DC generator with their circuit layout.(M/J-2016)
DC generators are classified based on their method of excitation. So on this basis there are
two types of DC generators:-

Self excited DC generator can again be classified as 1) DC Series generator 2) DC Shunt

generator and 3) DC Compound generator.
1. Separately excited DC generator

As you can guess from the name itself , this dc generator has a field magnet winding which is
excited using a separate voltage source (like battery). You can see the representation in the
below image. The output voltage depends on the speed of rotation of armature and field current.
The higher the speed of rotation and current – the higher the output e.m.f

2. Self Excited DC Generator

These are generators in which the field winding is excited by the output of the generator itself.
As described before – there are three types of self excited dc generators – they are 1) Series 2)
Shunt and 3) Compound.

A series DC generator is shown below in fig (a) – in which the armature winding is connected
in series with the field winding so that the field current flows through the load as well as the
field winding.Field winding is a low resistance,thick wire of few turns. Series generators are
also rarely used!

A shunt DC generator is shown in figure (b), in which the field winding is wired parallel to
armature winding so that the voltage across both are same. The field winding has high
resistance and more number of turns so that only a part of armature current passes through field
winding and the rest passes through load.
A compound generator is shown in figure below. It has two field findings namely Rsh and Rse.
They are basically shunt winding (Rsh) and series winding (Rse). Compound generator is of two
types – 1) Short shunt and 2) Long shunt

Short shunt:- Here the shunt field winding is wired parallel to armature and series field
winding is connected in series to the load. It is shown in fig (1)

Long shunt:- Here the shunt field winding is parallel to both armature and series field winding
(Rse is wired in series to the armature). It is shown in figure (2)
4. Describe the construction details of single phase transformer.(A/M-
2017,M/J-2017,N/D- 2015,A/M-2015)

TRANSFORMER – INTRODUCTION

A TRANSFORMER is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
by electromagnetic induction (transformer action). The electrical energy is always
transferred without a change in frequency, but may involve changes in magnitudes of
voltage and current. Because a transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic
induction, it must be used with an input source voltage that varies in amplitude. There are
many types of power that fit this description; for ease of explanation and understanding,
transformer action will be explained using an ac voltage as the input source.
➢ BASIC OPERATION OF A TRANSFORMER:
Its most basic form a transformer consists of: A primary
 Coil or winding.
 A secondary coil or winding.
 A core that supports the coils or windings
The primary winding is connected to a 60 hertz ac voltage source. The magnetic field
(flux) builds up (expands) and collapses (contracts) about the primary winding. The
expanding and contracting magnetic field around the primary winding cuts the secondary
winding and induces an alternating voltage into the winding. This voltage causes
alternating current to flow through the load. The voltage may be stepped up or down
depending on the design of the primary and secondary windings.

BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer can be defined as a static device which helps in the transformation of
electric power in one circuit to electric power of the same frequency in another circuit.
The voltage can be raised or lowered in a circuit, but with a proportional increase or
decrease in the current ratings.

The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance between two

circuits which is linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic transformer consists of two
coils that are electrically separate and inductive, but are magnetically linked through a
path of reluctance. The working principle of the transformer can be understood from the
figure below
 As shown above the transformer has primary and secondary windings. The core
laminations are joined in the form of strips in between the strips you can see that there are
some narrow gaps right through the cross- section of the core. These staggered joints are
said to be ‘imbricated’. Both the coils have high mutual inductance
Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction as
e=M*dI/dt
TRANSFORMER
CONSTRUCTION:
Two coils of wire (called windings) are wound on some type of core material. In some cases the coils
of
wire are wound on a cylindrical or rectangular cardboard form. In effect, the core material
is air and the transformer is called an air-core transformer. Transformers used at low
frequencies, such as 60 hertz and 400 hertz, require a core of low- reluctance magnetic
material, usually iron. This type of transformer is called an iron-core transformer. Most
power transformers are of the iron-core type.
The principle parts of a transformer and their functions are:
 The core, which provides a path for the magnetic lines of flux.
 The primary winding, which receives energy from the ac source.
 The secondary winding, which receives energy from the primary
winding and delivers it to the load.
 The enclosure, which protects the above components from dirt, moisture

CORE
There are two main shapes of cores used in laminated-steel-core transformers. One is
the
HOLLOWCORE, so named because the core is shaped with a hollow square through the
center. This shape of core. Notice that the core is made up of many laminations of steel it
shows how the transformer windings are wrapped around both sides of the core.
WINDINGS
As stated above, the transformer consists of two coils called WINDINGS which are
wrapped around a core. The transformer operates when a source of ac voltage is connected
to one of the windings and a load device is connected to the other. The winding that is
connected to the source is called the PRIMARY WINDING. The winding that is
connected to the load is called the secondary winding. The primary is wound in layers
directly on a rectangular cardboard form.
9. Write shorts notes on the types of dc machines.(N/D-2015)
TYPES OF DC MACHINES:
i) DC generator
ii)DC motor

i) DC generator

An electrical generator is a rotating machine which usually converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy for doing work. The energy changing is based on the principle of
electromagnetic induction. According to Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction,
Whenever a conductor is feel motion in a magnetic field, emf induced dynamically in the
conductor. When an external load is connected to the conductor this induced emfmake a current
flow in the load.
Thus the mechanical energy which is given in the form of movement to the conductor is
converted into
electrical energy.

Dc generators can be classified as per their methods of field excitation. There are two types of
dc generators on the basis of excitation.

Power delivered to the source is V*I(a).Separately excited Dc generators:-

If the field winding is excited by a separate dc supply from the external source, then the generator
is called separately excited dc generators.

Self excited Dc generators:-

If the field winding energy is supplied from the armature of the generator it self, then it is called self
excited dc
generators. Self excited dc generators are further classified as

Series generator:-
In series generator field winding is connected series to the armatureit self.
The voltage generated in series field generator is E(generated)=V(terminal voltage)+I(a)*R(a)
+I(se)*R(se)
+V(brush).
Power generated is E(g)*I(a).
Shunt generator:

In shunt generator field winding is connected across the armature or parallel

to the armature. The generated emf in shunt field generator is
E(generated)=V(terminal voltage)+I(a)*R(a). Power generated is E(g)*I(a).
Power delivered to the source is V*I(a).

Compound generator
The compound generator consists of both shunt field and series field winding on its structure.
One winding is series and other is in parallel with the armature of the generator.

ii) DC Motor:

electric motors are everywhere around us. Almost all the electro-mechanical movements we see
around us are caused either by a AC or a DC motor. Here we will be exploring DC motors.
This is a device that converts DC electrical energy to a mechanical energy.

Principle of DC Motor

This DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a
tendency to move. This is known as motoring action. If the direction of
current in the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also reverses. When magnetic
field and electric field interact they produce a mechanical force, and
based on that the working principle of DC motor is established.

The direction of rotation of a this motor is given by Fleming’s left hand rule, which states that if
the index finger, middle finger and thumb of your left hand are extended mutually perpendicular
to each other and if the index finger represents the direction of magnetic field, middle finger
indicates the direction of current, then the thumb represents the direction in which force is
experienced by the shaft of the DC motor.

Structurally and construction wise a direct current motor is exactly similar to a DC generator,
but electrically it is just the opposite. Here we unlike a generator we supply electrical energy to
the input port and derive mechanical energy from the output port. We can represent it by the
block diagram shown below.

Here in a DC motor, the supply voltage E and current I is given to the electrical port or the input port
and we derive the mechanical output i.e. torque T and speed ω from the mechanical port or output port.

The input and output port variables of the direct current motor are related by the parameter K.

So from the picture above we can well understand that motor is just the opposite phenomena of
a DC generator, and we can derive both motoring and generating operation from the same
machine by simply reversing the ports.
Detailed Description of a DC Motor

The direct current motor is represented by the circle in the center, on which is mounted the
brushes, where we connect the external terminals, from where supply voltage is given. On the
mechanical terminal we have a shaft coming out of the Motor, and connected to the armature,
and the armature-shaft is coupled to the mechanical load. On the supply terminals we represent
the armature resistance Ra in series.

10. With a neat circuit diagram Explain the construction and principle of operation
of DC Generator. (N/D-2015)

DC Generator:

A dc generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into direct current
electricity. This energy conversion is based on the principle of production of dynamically
induced emf. This article outlines basic construction and working of a DC generator.

Construction of a DC generator:

A DC generator can be used as a DC motor without any constructional changes and vice versa is
also possible. Thus, a DC generator or a DC motor can be broadly termed as a DC machine.
These basic constructional details are also valid for the construction of a DC motor. Hence, let's
call this point as construction of a DC machine instead of just 'construction of a dc generator'.
The above figure shows the constructional details of a simple 4-pole DC machine. A
DC machine consists two basic parts; stator and rotor. Basic constructional parts of a
DC machine are described below.

1. Yoke: The outer frame of a dc machine is called as yoke. It is made up of cast

iron or steel. It not only provides mechanical strength to the whole assembly but also
carries the magnetic flux produced by the field winding.
2. Poles and pole shoes: Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of bolts or
welding. They carry field winding and pole shoes are fastened to them. Pole shoes serve
two purposes; (i) they support field coils and (ii) spread out the flux in air gap uniformly.

3. Field winding: They are usually made of copper. Field coils are former wound
and placed on each pole and are connected in series. They are wound in such a way that,
when energized, they form alternate North and South poles.

4. Armature core: Armature core is the rotor of the machine. It is cylindrical in

shape with slots to carry armature winding. The armature is built up of thin laminated
circular steel disks for reducing eddy current losses. It may be provided with air ducts for
the axial air flow for cooling purposes. Armature is
keyed to the shaft.
5. Armature winding: It is usually a former wound copper coil which rests in
armature slots. The armature conductors are insulated from each other and also from
the armature core. Armature winding
can be wound by one of the two methods; lap winding or wave winding. Double layer lap
or wave windings are generally used. A double layer winding means that each armature
slot will carry two different coils.
6. Commutator and brushes: Physical connection to the armature winding is
made through a
commutator-brush arrangement. The function of a commutator, in a dc generator, is to collect the
current
generated in armature conductors. Whereas, in case of a dc motor, commutator helps in
providing current to the armature conductors. A commutator consists of a set of copper
segments which are insulated from each other. The number of segments is equal to the
number of armature coils. Each segment is connected to an armature coil and the
commutator is keyed to the shaft. Brushes are usually made from carbon or graphite.
They rest on commutator segments and slide on the segments when the commutator
rotates keeping the physical contact to collect or supply the current.

Working principle of a DC generator:

According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, whenever a conductor is
placed in a varying magnetic field (OR a conductor is moved in a magnetic field), an emf
(electromotive force) gets induced in the conductor. The magnitude of induced emf can
be calculated from the emf equation of dc generator. If the conductor is provided with the
closed path, the induced current will circulate within the path. In a DC generator, field
coils produce an electromagnetic field and the armature conductors are rotated into the
field. Thus, an electromagnetically induced emf is generated in the armature conductors.
The direction of induced current is given by Fleming’s right hand rule.
according to Fleming’s right hand rule, the direction of induced current changes
whenever the direction of motion of the conductor changes. Let’s consider an armature
rotating clockwise and a conductor at the left is moving upward. When the armature
completes a half rotation, the direction of motion of that particular conductor will be
reversed to downward.
Hence, the direction of current in every armature conductor will be alternating. If you
look at the above figure, you will know how the direction of the induced current is
alternating in an armature conductor. But with a split ring commutator, connections of the
armature conductors also gets reversed when the current reversal occurs. And therefore,
we get unidirectional current at the terminals.

11. Describe the construction of an induction motor with neat diagrams. (M/J 2016)
Explain the construction of three phase induction motor with neat diagram? (A/M 2017)
Construction of Induction Motor
The three phase induction motor is a preferable type of motor. It is mostly used in industrial
drives because it is very reasonable and vigorous, economical and reliable. It is also called
asynchronous motor because it does not run at a synchronous speed. The induction motor requires
very little maintenance and also it has high overloading capacity.
 Construction of Stator
 Construction of Rotor
A three phase Induction motor mainly consists of two parts called as the Stator and the Rotor.
The stator is the stationary part of the induction motor, and the rotor is the rotating part. The
construction of the stator is similar to the three-phase synchronous motor, and the construction of
rotor is different for the different machine. The construction of the induction motor is explained
below in detail.

Construction of Stator

The stator is built up of high-grade alloy steel laminations to reduce eddy current losses. It
has three main parts, namely outer frame, the stator core and a stator winding.
Outer frame

Stator Core
The stator core is built of high-grade silicon steel stampings. Its main function is to carry the
alternating magnetic field which produces hysteresis and eddy current losses. The stampings
are fixed to the stator frame. Each stamping are insulated from the other with a thin varnish
layer. The thickness of the stamping usually varies from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. Slots are punched on
the inner side of the stampings as shown in the figure below.
Stator windings
The core of the stator carries three phase windings which are usually supplied from a three-
phase supply system. The six terminals of the windings (two of each phase) are connected in the
terminal box of the machine. The stator of the motor is wound for a definite number of poles,
depending on the speed of the motor. If the number of poles is greater, the speed of the motor
will be less and if the number of poles is less than the speed will be high.
As the relationship between the speed and the pole of the motor is given as

The windings may be connected in start and delta.

Construction of RotorThe rotor is also built of thin laminations of the same material as the stator. The
laminated cylindrical core is mounted directly on the shaft. These laminations are slotted on the outer side
to receive the conductors. There are two types of rotor.

Squirrel Cage Rotor

A squirrel cage rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core. The circular slots at the outer
periphery are semi- closed. Each slot contains uninsulated bar conductor of aluminium or copper.
At the end of the rotor the conductors the short-circuited by a heavy ring of copper or aluminium.
The diagram of the cage rotor is shown below.

The rotor slots are usually not parallel to the shaft but are skewed. The skewing of the rotor
conductors has the following advantages given below.
 It reduces humming and provide smooth and noise free operation.
 It results in a uniform torque curve for different positions of the rotor.
 The locking tendency of the rotor is reduced. As the teeth of the rotor and the stator attract each
other and lock.
 It increases the rotor resistance due to the increased length of the rotor bar conductors.
 Advantages of Squirrel Cage Rotor
 The following advantages of the cage rotor are given below.
 The cage rotor is cheaper, and the construction is robust.
 The absence of the brushes reduces the risk of sparking.
 Its Maintenance is less.
 The power factor is higher
 The efficiency of the cage rotor is higher.

Phase Wound Rotor

The Phase wound rotor is also called as Slip Ring Rotor. It consists of a cylindrical core which is
laminated. The outer periphery of the rotor has a semi-closed slot which carries a 3 phase
insulated windings. The rotor windings are connected in star.
The slip ring induction motor is shown in the figure below.

The slip rings are mounted on the shaft with brushes resting on them. The brushes are connected
to the variable resistor. The function of the slip rings and the brushes is to provide a means of
connecting external resistors in the rotor circuit. The resistor enables the variation of each rotor
phase resistance to serve the following purposes given below.
 It increases the starting torque and decreases the starting current.
 It is used to control the speed of the motor.
 In this type also, the rotor is skewed. A mild steel shaft is passed through the center of the
rotor and is fixed to it. The purpose of the shaft is to transfer mechanical power.
 Advantages of Phase Wound Rotor
 Following are the advantages of the Phase Wound Rotor.
 High starting torque and low starting current.
 For controlling the speed of the motor, an external resistance can be added in the circuit.

12. Derive the EMF equation for the alternator? (A/M 2017)
EMF Equation of a Synchronous Generator
The generator which runs at a synchronous speed is known as the synchronous generator. The
synchronous generator converts the mechanical power into electrical energy for the grid.The
Derivation of EMF Equation of a synchronous generator is given below.
Let,
 P be the number of poles
 ϕ is Flux per pole in Webers
 N is the speed in revolution per minute (r.p.m)
 f be the frequency in Hertz
 Zph is the number of conductors connected in series per phase
 Tph is the number of turns connected in series per phase
 Kc is the coil span factor
 Kd is the distribution factor
Flux cut by each conductor during one revolution is given as Pϕ Weber. Time taken to complete
one revolution is given by 60/N sec
Average EMF induced per conductor will be given by the equation shown below

Average EMF induced per phase will be given by the equation shown below

The average EMF equation is derived with the following assumptions given below.
 Coils have got the full pitch.
 All the conductors are concentrated in one stator slot.
Root mean square (R.M.S) value of the EMF induced per phase is given by the equation shown below.
Eph = Average value x form factor
Therefore,