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Wireless Technology Part 2

wireless technology in mobile computing

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38 views24 pages

Wireless Technology Part 2

wireless technology in mobile computing

Uploaded by

mijanursardar1999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture-4, Wireless Transmission Part-2

BY; PROF. TANMOY BISWAS,


ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN COMPUTER SCIENCE,
SYAMAPRASAD COLLEGE
Objective

Spread Spectrum.

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum.

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum.

Cellular System.
Spread Spectrum Technique

In spread spectrum (SS), we also combine signals from different sources to


fit into a larger bandwidth.

Spread spectrum is designed to be used in wireless applications (LANs and


WANs).

Spread spectrum techniques add redundancy; they spread the original


spectrum needed for each station.

If the required bandwidth for each station is B, spread spectrum expands it


to BSS, such that BSS >> B.
Spread Spectrum Technique
The bandwidth allocated to each station needs to be, by far, larger than
what is needed. This allows redundancy.

The expanding of the original bandwidth B to the bandwidth BSS must be


done by a process that is independent of the original signal. In other
words, the spreading process occurs after the signal is created by the
source.
Spread Spectrum

Frequency Hop
Direct Spread
Spread Spectrum
Spectrum (DSSS)
(FHSS)
Spread Spectrum

• (i) Shows an idealized


narrowband signal from a sender
of user data (here Power density
dP/df versus frequency f).

• The sender now spreads the


signal in step ii), i.e., converts the
narrowband signal into a
broadband signal.

• The energy needed to transmit the signal (the area shown in the diagram) is
the same, but it is now spread over a larger frequency range.
Spread Spectrum
• The power level of the spread
signal can be much lower than
that of the original narrowband
signal without losing data.

• Depending on the generation


and reception of the spread
signal, the power level of the
user signal can even be as low
as the background noise.

• This makes it difficult to


distinguish the user signal from
the background noise and thus
hard to detect.
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

• The frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) technique uses M


different carrier frequencies that are modulated by the source signal.

• At one moment, the signal modulates one carrier frequency; at the


next moment, the signal modulates another carrier frequency.

• Although the modulation is done using one carrier frequency at a


time, M frequencies are used in the long run.

• The bandwidth occupied by a source after spreading is BFHSS >> B.


Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
• A pseudorandom code generator,
called pseudorandom noise (PN),
creates a k-bit pattern for every
hopping period Th.

• The frequency table uses the pattern


to find the frequency to be used for
this hopping period and passes it to
the frequency synthesizer.

• The frequency synthesizer creates a


carrier signal of that frequency, and
the source signal modulates the
carrier signal.
FHSS Example
• The pattern for this station is 101, 111,
001, 000, 010, 011, 100.

• Pattern is pseudorandom; it is
repeated after eight hopping's.

• At hopping period 1, the pattern is


101 and frequency selected is 700
kHz; the source signal modulates this
carrier frequency.

• The second k-bit pattern selected is 111, which selects the 900-kHz carrier;
the eighth pattern is 100, and the frequency is 600 kHz.

• After eight hopping's, the pattern repeats, starting from 101 again.
FHSS Example
FHSS Example
FHSS Slow Hopping
• In slow hopping, the transmitter uses one frequency for several bit periods.

• Figure shows five user bits with a bit period tb. Performing slow hopping, the
transmitter uses the frequency f2 for transmitting the first three bits during the
dwell time td.

• Then, the transmitter hops to


the next frequency f3. Slow
hopping systems are typically
cheaper and have relaxed
tolerances, but they are not as
immune to narrowband
interference as fast hopping
systems. Slow frequency
hopping is an option for GSM.
FHSS Fast Hopping
• For fast hopping systems, the transmitter changes the frequency several times
during the transmission of a single bit.

• The transmitter hops three times during a bit period. Fast hopping systems are
more complex to implement because the transmitter and receiver have to
stay synchronized within smaller tolerances to perform hopping at more or less
the same points in time.

• However, these systems are


much better at overcoming the
effects of narrowband
interference and frequency
selective fading as they only stick
to one frequency for a very short
time.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• The direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technique also expands the
bandwidth of the original signal, but the process is different.

• In DSSS, we replace each data bit with n bits using a spreading code. In
other words, each bit is assigned a code of n bits, called chips, where the
chip rate is n times that of the data bit.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• Barker sequence, where n is 11. We assume that the original signal and the
chips in the chip generator use polar NRZ encoding.

• Figure shows the chips and the result of multiplying the original data by the
chips to get the spread signal.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• Barker sequence, where n is 11. We assume that the original signal and the
chips in the chip generator use polar NRZ encoding.

• Figure shows the chips and the result of multiplying the original data by the
chips to get the spread signal.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• If the original signal rate is N, the rate of the spread signal is 11N. This means
that the required bandwidth for the spread signal is 11 times larger than the
bandwidth of the original signal.

• The spread signal can provide privacy if the intruder does not know the
code. It can also provide immunity against interference if each station uses
a different code.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• If the original signal rate is N, the rate of the spread signal is 11N. This means
that the required bandwidth for the spread signal is 11 times larger than the
bandwidth of the original signal.

• The spread signal can provide privacy if the intruder does not know the
code. It can also provide immunity against interference if each station uses
a different code.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
DSSS- Benefits
Security
SS prevents unauthorized listening. Unless a receiver has a very wide
bandwidth and the exact pseudorandom code and type of modulation, it
cannot intercept an SS signal.

Precise timing.
Use of the pseudorandom code in SS provides a way to precisely determine
the start and end of a transmission. Thus SS is a superior method for radar and
other applications that rely on accurate knowledge of transmission time to
determine distance.

Resistance to jamming and interference


Jamming signals are typically restricted to a single frequency, and jamming
one frequency does not interfere with an SS signal. Similarly, unintentional
interference from a signal occupying the same band is greatly minimized
and in most cases virtually eliminated.
DSSS- Benefits

Band sharing.
Many users can share a single band with little or no interference. (As more
and more signals use a band, the background noise produced by the
switching of many signals increases, but not enough to prevent highly reliable
communication.)

Resistance to fading and multipath propagation.


Frequency-selective fading occurs during signal propagation because signals
of different frequencies arrive at a receiver at slightly different times due to
reflections from other objects. SS virtually eliminates wide variations of signal
strength due to reflections and other phenomena during propagation.
THANK YOU

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