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Data and Computer Communications: - Spread Spectrum

Spread spectrum encoding spreads data over a wide bandwidth to make it resistant to jamming and interception. There are two main approaches: frequency hopping spreads a signal across a series of frequencies, while direct sequence represents each bit with a code that spreads it across the spectrum. Code division multiple access allows multiple users to share bandwidth by assigning each a unique spreading code.

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44 views26 pages

Data and Computer Communications: - Spread Spectrum

Spread spectrum encoding spreads data over a wide bandwidth to make it resistant to jamming and interception. There are two main approaches: frequency hopping spreads a signal across a series of frequencies, while direct sequence represents each bit with a code that spreads it across the spectrum. Code division multiple access allows multiple users to share bandwidth by assigning each a unique spreading code.

Uploaded by

rathi_rajat7
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data and Computer Communications

Chapter 9 Spread Spectrum

Spread Spectrum
important

encoding method for wireless communications analog & digital data with analog signal spreads data over wide bandwidth makes jamming and interception harder two approaches, both in use:

Frequency Hopping Direct Sequence

General Model of Spread Spectrum System

Spread Spectrum Advantages


immunity

from noise and multipath

distortion can hide / encrypt signals several users can share same higher bandwidth with little interference

CDM/CDMA Mobile telephones

Pseudorandom Numbers
generated

by a deterministic algorithm

not actually random but if algorithm good, results pass reasonable tests of randomness

starting

from an initial seed need to know algorithm and seed to predict sequence hence only receiver can decode signal

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)


signal

is broadcast over seemingly random series of frequencies receiver hops between frequencies in sync with transmitter eavesdroppers hear unintelligible blips jamming on one frequency affects only a few bits

Frequency Hopping Example

FHSS (Transmitter)

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum System (Receiver)

Slow and Fast FHSS


commonly

use multiple FSK (MFSK) have frequency shifted every Tc seconds duration of signal element is Ts seconds Slow FHSS has Tc Ts Fast FHSS has Tc < Ts FHSS quite resistant to noise or jamming

with fast FHSS giving better performance

Slow MFSK FHSS

Fast MFSK FHSS

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)


each

bit is represented by multiple bits using a spreading code this spreads signal across a wider frequency band has performance similar to FHSS

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Example

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System

DSSS Example Using BPSK

Approximate Spectrum of DSSS Signal

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)


a

multiplexing technique used with spread spectrum given a data signal rate D break each bit into k chips according to a fixed chipping code specific to each user resulting new channel has chip data rate kD chips per second can have multiple channels superimposed

CDMA Example

CDMA for DSSS

Problem
# Consider the seven-channel CDMA shown in the following figure. Enlist the user code for each channel. A positive sum is decoded (at the receiver) as 1 and a negative sum is decoded as 0. If all the channels are transmitting as shown, determine whether the receiver detects the correct bit of channel 1.

Problem

Orthogonal Sequence
Sequence is generated by Walsh Table: W1 = [+1]

W2 = W1 W1

W1 !W1

W4 = W2 W2 W2 !W2

Summary
looked

at use of spread spectrum techniques: FHSS DSSS CDMA

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