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Success wishes
To all those who believe in the power of success, to all who believes
in achieving their aims no matter the circumstances, trials and
temptations to all AAUAITES, forever strong, agile, talented and
unrelenting I say roll on unstopping. Never give up your dreams no
matter what may come your way. Believe only in the power of your
abilities never let anyone take over your destiny believe me when I
say this “you are the anchor of your destiny”

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

GST 121(COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH) 3

GST123B (COMMUNICATION IN ARABIC) 45

GST 111 (USE OF LIBRARY) 65

GST 113 (NIGERIA PEOPLE CULTURE AND LANGUAGE 76

ENT 114

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 CHAPTER ONE

COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH

Module A: ELEMENTS OF GRAMMAR AND USAGE

Elements of the English Sentence
A simple sentence is often defined in terms of the clause structure
or elements that
make up the sentence. Sentence elements or parts are made up of
group of words or
phrases. These groups are possible due to grammatical and
meaning relationships that
words have with each other. A phrase is a meaningful group of
words without a finite
verb. It usually has a headword and its modifiers. Phrases combine
to form clauses. If a

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noun for example occurs with another word which describes it or
adds to its meaning, it
is called a noun phrase, e.g.
•A library
•The standard library
•Many libraries 3
•A few libraries
Notice that a noun phrase has ‘a head’ (a noun) and a modifier (an
article, or a
determiner – many, a few etc.). Notice also that a noun may be
modified by more than
one modifier, e.g. the standard library.
Elements (parts) of the Sentence

A sentence has two basic parts: (i) the noun or noun phrase, i.e.
something being talked
about, also known as the subject, because it performs the action of
the verb. (ii) Thepredicate, i.e. the part of the sentence that gives
information about the subject, or tells us what the noun does. The
predicate is made up of the verb (the action word) often followed by
an object (a noun phrase) or a complement. Examples: (i) The
standardlibrary provides excellent services (ii) A few libraries provide
excellent learning resources.
Notice the positions occupied by the word classes.
(i) The standard library (a noun phrase/NP) provides (verb) excellent
services
(object/complement).
(ii) A few libraries (a noun phrase) provide (verb) excellent learning
resources
(noun phrase).
Note: In sentences (i) & (ii) the NP performs the action and is
therefore the Subject; the
verb is the action performed by the subject; the object is the receiver

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of the action
performed by the subject. So the two sentences can be analysed as
SVO (or SPC), i.e. the
standard library (S) offers (V) excellent services (O). A noun phrase
can have a modifier in
front of the headword, e.g. a few libraries (pre-modifier) or at the
back of the headword,
e.g. libraries nowadays … (post-modifier). From the examples above
you can see that a
noun phrase can occur in the predicative position either as an
object, or complement of
a preposition (e.g., at the library etc.)
The Verb Phrase (VP)
The verb phrase comprises all verb forms that can occur between
the NP and the
Complement (or object). The main/lexical verb (the action word) is
obligatory in the
verb phrase. The other forms which are optional are called
auxiliary verbs(is, has, does etc) because each of them performs a
‘helping’ function, i.e. helps the main verb convey some certain
conditions which the main verb alone may not express. Auxiliary
verbs are
of two types: (i) Primary Auxiliaries(HAVE - have, has, had; BE –
am, is, are, was, were, being, been; DO – do, does, did). (ii) Modal
Auxiliaries (may, can, will, must, will, might etc.) Auxiliary verbs
usually occur in front of the main verbs.

Examples
(i) The library will provide excellent learning resources (will
provide/VP)
(ii) A few libraries are offering standard services (are offering/VP)
(iii) The standard library has been given the right to provide
electronic services
(has been given/VP

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Note that any of the primary auxiliary verbs can perform the
function of the main verb,
e.g. the university is great (is); A few universities have a highly
qualified faculty.
The Complement
The complement of the verb may be an NP or an adjective (eg. The
university is great). In a simple sentence, the predicate or the verb
phrase may be followed by an adverb or an‘adverbial phrase.
Hence, the structure of a simple sentence may be SPA or SVA,
where ‘A’ stands for Adverbial or Adverbial phrase. E.g. the
university (S) performs (P)excellently (A); many universities prefer to
be noticed from a distance (a prepositional phrase (PP)/Adverbial).
Conclusion
The elements of the simple sentence are therefore the various parts
of the sentence
occupied by the word classes. The word classes often function in
groups or phrases. The noun class forms the nominal group; the
verb class– verbal group; adjective class adjectival group; Adverb
class – adverbial group.
Problems related to the components of Sentences (parts of
speech)
(i) Number restrictions in nouns
(a) Some nouns do not have the plural forms but suggest plural
ideas and take plural verbs e.g. the blind, the poor, the needy; the
youth etc. e.g. (i) the youth are hopeful (ii) the poor need help. Other
nouns in this category include police, clergy, cattle etc.
However ‘youth’ may be used with an (s). i.e. youths.
(b) Some nouns appear in the plural and used in the plural sense,
e.g. glasses, scissors,trousers, shorts etc. Some nouns however
appear in the plural but used in the singular sense, e.g. news,
measles etc. Note: When plural nouns are used as measure of
weight, time and distance singular verbs go with them. E.g. (i) Five
kilometres is a long distance (ii) Four litres of fuel moves my car (iii)
Ten hours is too much to sleep.

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Reading exercise: consider (i) case in plural nouns (e.g. the boys’
balls) (ii) case in
nouns (e.g. the boy’s ball)
(ii) Pronouns
(a) Pronouns used as subjects must be in the subjective case .e.g.
Ore and I are cousins (not me)
(b) Pronouns used as objects must be in the objective case. e.g. The
car almost ran
Tunde and me over (not I)
(c) Pronouns used after prepositions appear in the objective case
e.g. To us
Nigerians, suffering is normal (not we)
(d) After a comparisons marked by ‘than’ it is better to use a
pronoun in the
subjective case, e.g. he is older than I or my mother appears to love
my younger
sister more than me.
(e) Relative pronouns (i.e. they introduce relative clauses) e.g. who,
whom, which, that etc, also follow the same rules. E.g. who
(subjective), whom (objective).
Thus (i) the man who (or that) drove the car is not an expert (ii) the
man whom
we spoke to, drove the car.
(f) Possessive pronouns are used to indicate ownership. E.g. (i)
yours faithfully or
the money is yours (not your’s). (ii) The car lost its tyres (not it’s).
(g) Indefinite pronouns such as everybody, everything, someone,
nobody, nothing etc suggests one in a group and therefore takes
verbs in the singular sense e.g. (i) everyone is aware (ii) somebody
has done the job (iii) everything happens as planned.
(h) Each other and one another are both used interchangeably
nowadays depending on whether the speaker is speaking the British
or American English
(iii) Determiners

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(i) Some/any e.g. (i) I will make some decisions soon (ii) I bought
some fuel. Any
appears to be used more in the negative sense e.g. (i) I have not
taken any
decision yet (iii) I did not by any fuel. It also occurs often with
adverbs such as
seldom, barely, hardly etc. e.g. we hardly read any books nowadays;
we rather
watch movies.
(j) Many/much; Many is used for plural count nouns e.g. my father
built many
houses at Abuja. Much is used for non-count nouns or mass. E.g.
my mother
bought much Garri during the weekend.
(k) Few/a few are used for plural count nouns e.g. Few suggests
‘not enough’ e.g.
they have few men; they are not likely to finish the work. A few
suggests ‘nearly
enough’ e.g. we have a few cars; my father doesn’t have to buy any
more.
(l) Little/a little used to modify mass nouns. Little suggests ‘not
enough’. A little suggest ‘nearly enough.’
(iv) Problems associated with comparison of Adjectives
(i) In comparing adjectives, there are three levels absolute,
comparative,superlative. There are comparisons with the use of –
er and –est and more and most constructions. Adjectives that have
one syllable e.g. fine are compared with the use of er and est. i.e.
fine, finer, finest. Adjectives of two syllables
ending in (y), (ow), or (le) e.g. merry, narrow, subtle also take the er
and est constructions. However, other adjectives such as honest,
sincere etc form their comparative and superlative degrees with
more and most.
(ii) Note: the more beautiful of the two girls; the most beautiful of all
the girls

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(v) Problems associated with Auxiliary Verbs
(i) Recall that the primary auxiliaries BE, DO and HAVE have their
different
forms.
(ii) Been and Being. Been is used to indicate a past action and
usually occurs with have, has, had. E.g. (i) we have been told (ii) the
job has been done perfectly
(iii) The robbers had been arrested by the youth before the
policemen arrived. Being is used to indicate a progressive action
and occurs with am, is,are, was, and were. E.g. She was being
harassed; they were being victimized but they suddenly stood for
their right.
Reading exercises: consider (i) problems associated with modal
auxiliaries (ii) verbs –
tense (iii) adverbs (See Problem Areas in English Grammar and
Usage. Ogbulogo (1990)
Types and Functions of Sentences
A. Types (in terms of function)
(i) Declarative Sentence – makes a simple statement, e.g. (i) I
didn’t pass my first semester examination. (ii) We love children. (ii)
(ii) Imperative Sentence –
gives a command/an order e.g. (i) Leave my office immediately! (ii)
Declare your
assets now!

(iii) Interrogative Sentence – asks a question, e.g. (i) How did you
know my name? (ii) What happened to you?

(iv) Exclamatory Sentence –

exclaims – e.g. (i) what a day! (ii) Congratulations on your success!
B. Types (in terms of Structure)
(i) A simple sentence – one clause (a main/independent cl.) e.g. (i)
My bother studiedEngineering (ii) Our family runs a drug store.

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(ii) A compound sentence – one main
clause. + 1 main clause. (a combination of two simple sentences,
i.e. two clauses of equal grammatical status), e.g. my brother
studied Engineering and hopes to make a careerin Civil Engineering.
(ii) Our family runs a drug store but does not intent to set up a
clinic.

(iii) A complex sentence – one main cl. + 1 subordinate cl. (i) Our
family runsa drug store because of our love for those with health
challenges (ii) My brotherstudied Engineering in order to pursue a
career in Civil Engineering, (iii) My brotherthat/who studied
Engineering hopes to make a career in Civil Engineering.

(iv) Amultiple sentence – one main cl./two main cls. + one or more
subordinate clauses,
e.g. Our family runs a drug store but does not intend to set up a clinic
because of the
cost of setting up one. (2 main cls. + 1 sub. cl) (ii) My brother studied
Engineering in
order to pursue a career in Civil Engineering which offers him ample
opportunities inthe Building sector.
THE PARAGRAPH: Its Structure and Development
A paragraph is usually made up of a group of sentences that form a
unit. It may have a topic sentence and combine with other
paragraphs through linking processes. The series of sentences in a
paragraph form a unit and deals with only one aspect of the topic.
The sentence that summarises the main concern of a particular
paragraph is called the topic sentence. The topic sentence may
come anywhere in the paragraph – beginning – middle or end. A
paragraph may not have a topic sentence but may simply develop
the theme of the entire writing.
An illustration:

Essay topic: The Grasshopper

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An outline:
The body structure of a grasshopper
Habitat and general characteristics
Reproduction
Economic Importance
PARAGRAPH 1 (Introduction)
Grasshoppers general belong to the group of winged orthopteran
insects that live on vegetation. They include the longhorned
grasshoppers, pigmy grasshoppers …etc
PARAGRAPH 2 (Body Structure)
The body of a grasshopper has three segments namely the head, the
thorax and the abdomen (topic Sentence). The head is joined to the
head by …etc.
PARAGRAPH 3 (Habitat &Characteristics)
Grasshoppers produce their young by laying eggs which later hatch
into wingless nymphs (topic sentence). They develop by gradual
stages of metamorphosis…etc.
PARAGRAPH 4 (Economic Importance)
Grasshoppers are a very good source of protein and are eaten in
many parts of the world (topic sentence)…etc. Because a paragraph
treats a particular segment of the essay, it is often called a text
within a text and they are linked with each other by means of
linking devices such as:
•First, second (or secondly), third (or thirdly), finally or in
conclusion
•In contrast with…, compared to the above… in addition etc.
•Furthermore, however, similarly, nevertheless etc.

Module B: PROCESS OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

Essays
Essays that are generally written by university undergraduates
include narrative, descriptive argumentative, and expository. A
narrative writing enables you share your experience or thought

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with others. This might be in form of creative writing, or a
narration of a factual event, a report or an article. A descriptive
essay gives you an opportunity to describe a particular procedure or
process, about how things work or are done. Good descriptions give
vivid account of what you feel, see, or perceive, so that the reader
may “see” the objects you describe with his mind’s eyes. An
argumentative essay presents a balanced and consistent argument
about a topic often considered as controversial. So your essay will
be required to present an objective judgment in support or rejection
of the proposition in question based on some facts or evidence.
Your argument must be logical and unbiased and should be able to
persuade or convince the reader. In an expository essay, you
present facts as they are, offering explanation about a system, or a
process. Your essay should be able to answer some basic questions
about some social or scientific phenomenon. Here, you analyse and
evaluate, compare and contrast facts, opinions or ideas on the
subject you are dealing with. In either of these writings you are
either writing to educate, persuade, inform or to give pleasure.
Writing an Essay
For either of the above essay types, you will need some planning.
This will involve:
▪Determining your sources of information,
▪Your work presentation.
▪The length of your writing
▪Your time span
All writings – technical, creative or academic seek to answer some
basic questions.
Therefore think up questions, which your writing must answer.
Such questions will guide your reading and initial research. In a
nutshell:
Discuss your topic with someone who can give you useful
information
Consult relevant materials and reference books
Consult the Internet

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 Read with research questions and read to gather information to
answer those
questions. Make note of information that is relevant to your subject
matter.
The actual process of writing an essay involves the following:
▪ Understanding the subject
▪ Choosing a topic area; then narrow the topic to a specific focus
▪ Asking Questions
▪ Gathering materials/initial research
▪ Determining the length of composition 8
▪ Drawing out the outline. The outline gives you a sense of
direction. Remember that each point in your outline is to be
discussed in a paragraph.
The Structure of an Essay
A composition usually comprises three broad parts: the introduction,
the body and theconclusion.
The Introduction highlights what your composition or essay is about.
It gives a general background to your subject and what your reader
should expect. Some begin with definition of key terms in the topic,
what the paper is about and the approach to be adopted in order to
view a particular proposition. The Body of your composition is the
content of your argument. You present your points in details with
supporting facts or evidences. Points here are presented in
paragraphs and coherently weaved together. The body is usually the
longest part of the essay because of all you have to say with
illustrations, examples or diagrams. The body of your composition
should be elaborate and persuasive enough to convince or inform
your reader.

The Conclusion summarizes the body of the essay depending on the

nature of the essay. The conclusion can summarize points of the
essay or end with the most important point without a formal
conclusion. Argumentative essays usually conclude with a position
that re-iterates the thesis statement, after giving the points or

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evidences that support the position. It can also end with your
recommendations or suggestions to solving a problem. The general
nature of conclusions is that they repeat briefly what has been said
in the body, reminding the reader what you told him at the
beginning.
Essential Features of Good Writing
For an effective writing, we recommend the following features:
▪Clarity - the quality of being clear, precise and unambiguous
▪Simplicity - information is expressed in simple words and therefore
easy to read
▪Coherence - the way all the units of sentences and paragraphs are
effectively
weaved together, to produce a coherent text. This is achieved by
cohesive
devices, e.g. and, but, which, when, who , however, nevertheless,
▪Good grammar
Conclusion
Writing is one expressive skill that could be developed for pleasure
as well as for academic purpose. Effective writing is such in which
the writer presents his information in a clear and interesting
manner to the reader. It is very important that you develop your
writing skills to ensure growth and standard in writing – making
your writing stronger, better and interesting.
LETTER WRITING
Letters are a very important type of written communication that is
used for personal or business transactions. Generally, letter writing
enables the writer to share information, make a request or enquiry
etc in both private and business contexts. There are two basic
types of letters: (i) informal/personal letter (ii) Formal/business
letters.
Informal Letter
An informal letter is a letter written by an individual usually
addressed to a relative, friend or an acquaintance on a subject that
is private and targeted at meeting specific individual needs. It may

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be offering a piece of advice, or expressing emotions towards
someone, asking for someone’s opinion, or expressing concern
about family or health issues etc.
The layout of an informal letter is flexible and usually not
complicated. Most informal
letters simply begin with a date and the writer’s address. The latter
is often omitted depending on the relationship that exists between
the writer and the sender. Most informal letters begin with a
complimentary opening comprising a salutation e.g. (Hi,hello, or
dear xx); some may simply begin with the addressee’s first name
(e.g. Mark,Biodun) or a combination of salutation and the first name
(e.g. Hi Biodun, or Hello Mark).
The opening or closing of an informal letter may reveal the kind of
relation that exists between the writer and the addressee, for
instance parent-child relationship (e.g. HiDad/Mum, or dear
son/daughter). Some salutations reflect respect, solidarity or social
distance, (e.g. Hi sir, dear prof, Hello Chief or dear bro/sis xx).
The content of informal letters is often brief and concise on the any
subject matter. To achieve the purpose of the intended,
communication letters are supposed to be informative, clear, simple
and courteous. Most informal letters end with a subscription or
complimentary close/sign off such as the writer’s first name. Letters
written by youths to youths sometimes do not include any form of
closing.
Business Letters
Business letters are written in a purely business environment that
may be conveying either of the following: Fresh information or a
decision; requesting information on a decision; expressing or
responding to a request or criticism; making or replying to an
application; seeking to change the receiver’s attitude; trying to
persuade the receiver to act or acknowledge the receipt of a (written
or spoken) message. Thus, a business letter must have a defined
purpose, planning and preparation.
Types and Purpose of Business Letters

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A. General
(i) Information seeking (to make an enquiry - seek information or
confirmation)
(ii) Acknowledgement (to provide information/confirmation)
(ii) Complaints (to seek redress of a deficiency)
(iii) Adjustment (to rectify a complaint)
(iv) Introduction (to introduce a business organization)
B. Financial
(i) A letter of credit to authorize an advance of credit; also to confirm
the financial standing of the recipient or check credit worthiness.
C. Sales, Advertising - to sell goods & services (i) Sales letters (ii)
Follow-up sales letters (to remind of sales offers) (iii) Unsolicited
sales letters (to advertise goods & services)
D. Orders
(i) Estimates - confirmation of order (to place an order/confirm a
subscribed letter)
(ii) Estimate (to submit a projected price)
(iii) Tender (to submit a contractual price)
E. Appointment
(i) Application (to apply for a post)
(ii) Resignation (to confirm resignation from a post)
(iii) Reference Enquiry (to seek confidential particulars)
(iv) Reference reply (provide confidential particulars)
F. Circulars (to personnel or circular to customers)
G. Legal
(i) Solicitor’s letters (to recover outstanding debts)
(ii) to warn of impending court action
(iv) to seek out - of court settlement
G. Personal
(i) Disciplinary (warning – discipline)
(ii) Recruitment (letters confirming application receipt/letter of
appointment)
(iii) Invitation to interview
(iv) Rejection (letter rejecting a job application)

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Layout of a Business Letter
Unlike the informal letter, the structure, layout or format of the
letter is very important to a business letter writer. Most business
letters contain the following items:
(i) Address (the writers and addresses in block style, appearing on
the left hand side)
(ii) Letter reference (many print the ‘our ref’ and ‘your ref’ items
appearing in their standard positions on their letter head papers)
(iii) The date
(iv) The addressee’s address
(v) Salutations (usually ‘Dear sir,’ ‘Dear Madam,’ Dear Mr…)
(vi) Heading
(vii) Content
(viii) Complimentary close (yours faithfully, yours sincerely)
(ix) Name and signature of writer.
THE MECHANICS OF WRITING
Punctuation Marks
Punctuation in English is a carrier of meaning. It is a way of
signaling an intention or attitude. It may also indicate that
something has been completed or is to follow. A poor handling of
punctuation marks in sentences is likely to render expressions
vague or ruin the intended meaning completely. Look at the
following examples:
(i) I hate fanatics: like you, I find them irritating
(ii) I hate fanatics like you; I find them irritating. 11
There are many punctuation marks in English. We shall consider
some of them with their uses.
Punctuation Mark Functions
The full stop (.) End a sentence; mark of initials; end an
abbreviation. E.g. A.I. Eka; B.A.; Feb. etc.,
The Comma (,) Itemize; mark off appositives; mark of co-ordinate
adjectives; mark of incomplete sense groups (e.g. subordinate
clauses); separate quotations and generally indicate pauses.
The Question Mark (?) End a question; indicate uncertain

17
information
The Exclamation Mark (!) Show emotion, surprise, emphasis or
command end an
exclamatory sentence.
The Semi-colon (;) Separate independent clauses (though not often
used
nowadays).
The Colon (:) Introduce a list; sometimes to separate main clauses
instead of the conjoin ‘and’. Quotation Marks (“…”) Indicate a
quotation, titles or borrowed items
The Apostrophe (‘) Indicate possession; contracted forms e.g. Mike’s
car;doesn’t (for does not); ’88; indicate plurals of letters/numbers
(A’s; 7’s)

The Hyphen (-) Divide words not regarded as units e.g. anti-war;
join compound adjectives e.g. self-contained man
Note the following specialized punctuation marks:
• Asteriks (*) – for special attention
• Caret (^) - to show that something is mistakenly omitted
• Ellipsis (…) – indicate that something is deliberately left
• Parenthesis (or bracket) (---) for additional information
• Dash (-) – for additional information; for appositives, lists and
explanation e.g.
He came with only three items – a ruler, pen and a writing paper.
Here introducingthe winner – Umaru Shehu Yar’Adua
• Brace – to show that information enclosed in them should be
taken together
Capitalisation
Capital letters are important conventional writing mechanic. Note:
Every sentence begins with a capital letter; hence a capital letter
begins at the end of a full-stop; a question mark and anexclamation
mark. The pronoun ‘I’ occurring in an isolated position is usually
written in capital.
The following often begin with capital letters:

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(i) Proper nouns i.e. names of:
•Persons – Adeleye, Nwachukwu, Ibrahim, James 12
•Organisations – National Universities Commission; Covenant
University
•Racial, political and religious groups – the Afenifere; the Ohaneze
•Countries, states, cities and streets – Nigeria, Ghana, Abuja,
Martins Street
•Companies and buildings – Leventis Motors; Mobil Petroleum
•Geographical locations and features (mountains, rives etc) - Suez
Canal
•Days, months, and holidays – Friday, April; Christmas
•Trademarks – Wrangler, Prentice-Hall
•Languages – English, Igbo, Efik
•Ships and aircrafts – Boeing 747; Olokun 5
•Abbreviations for academic degrees – PhD; B.A.
•Sacred writings and pronouns standing for God and Jesus – the
Bible
•Titles in place of names – the Oba of Lagos; the Emir of Kano
(ii) Proper Adjectives (adjectives created from proper names)
•E.g. He is a Nigerian; She is of Brazilian ancestry; They are Irish
(iii) Abbreviations (especially if the words they stand for are
capitalized)
•E.g. NEC (National Executive Council); IRS (Internal Revenue
Service).
(iv) Personal Titles e.g. the Doctor confirms the result; the President
is here; the Dean has cancelled his admission.
(v) Titles of Literary and Artistic Works, e.g. Achebe’s Arrow of
God; Okotie’s INeed Someone; I watch The Gardner’s Daughter every
evening. Capitalisation is a very important writing convention which
you should learn to use.

Module C: INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL WRITING

Writing a PROPOSAL
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A proposal is a written document which presents facts and
information about how to execute a particular project. There are
types of proposals e.g. a business proposal or an academic proposal.
Generally proposals provide answers to questions such as:
(i) What is there to be done? What new fact/information is
discoverable?
(ii) What is there to be learnt from the project?
(iii) Why is the new information worth acquiring?
(iv) How can the validity of the results be test?
Features and Components of a Proposal
(a) A clear title, e.g. Reducing the Risk of Obesity among
Undergraduate Girls
(b) An Introduction; usually a background
(c) State, define and explain the problem you plan to investigate and
possibly solve. Where there are problems enumerate, e.g. problems
associated withobesity in girls
(d) Objectives of the research i.e. what you aim at achieving.
(e) Proposed Approach/Methodology. This will include instruments
to use, e.g. questionnaires, interviews or tests; data analysis
procedures etc.
(f) Action Standard/Hypothesis, i.e. what you envisage the result of
the study will achieve
(g) Time frame. How long will the study last? Proposals usually have
clearly defined duration
(h) Costing or budgeting. This is the breakdown of all expenses to
be incurred. A business proposal will include a fee to be paid to the
researcher
(i) Appendices. A good proposal should attach copies of
questionnaires, interview guide or other documents that will be of
interest to the commissioning agent (in case of business proposals).
A proposal must:
•Identify the problem of the client (if it’s a business proposal); if it’s
academic it must have a defined focus
•Contain convincing information about the need of the research

20
•Provide detail explanation of issues raised
•Be thorough and clear
•Be consistent in form, techniques and standards
•Good grammar and proper punctuations.
•Be plain and simple enough for anyone to read
A good proposal leaves no one in doubt of its purpose and goal.
Most academic proposals are written before a major research
project, the writer briefly explains the focus and scope of study and
research objectives.
Writing a Report
A report - information or feed back on activities such as meetings,
interviews, investigation research, transactions etc. A report is
believed to be authentic/reliable account of activities or
experiences. An effective business report aids management
decisions.
Classification and Context of Reports
•Regular/Routine Reports
•Occasional Reports
•Especially Commissioned Reports
Note: business reports are classified based on their:
(a) Regularity
(b) Function
(c) Subject matter
(d) Formality/informality
(e) Outlook. E.g. regular routine report; occasional report; specially
commissioned report.
(a) Regular Routine reports include (i) equipment maintenance
report (ii) sales report (iii) Progress report (iv) production report etc.
(b) Occasional reports include (i)accident report (ii) disciplinary
report etc.

(c) Specially Commissioned reports

include (i) investigatory report (ii) market-research report (iii) staff
(personnel) report

21
Types of Report
(i) Extended Formal report
(ii) Short Formal report
(iii) Market research, Investigatory research etc). 14
Format/features
i. Title page
ii. Background/problem of the study
iii. Objective of
iv. Methodology
v. Data Analysis
vii. Findings
viii. Summary/ conclusion
ix. Recommendations
Short Formal Report
Short Formal report is used for reporting situations
(monthly/quarterly) internally. e.g. production report, progress
report etc.
Components
(i) Heading
(ii) Terms of reference (objectives/motivation of report
(iii) Procedure/ identification of report
(iv) Findings
(v) Conclusions
(vi) Recommendations
(vii) Appendices
Short Informal Report
Sometimes related orally- this is when information of lower
status/less complex is required e.g. secretary and head of Dept.
Terms of Reference
Terms of reference is about why the report is written i.e, motivation,
scope or background; (e.g. this report examines the general causes of
the fall on performance ofHebron water during the 4th quarter of
2005).
Objectives

22
What the report/research aims at achieving.
Procedure (Methodology)
(i) How the research is to be conducted e.g.
(ii) Scrutinizing documents (staff report)
(iii) Interviewing staff
(iv) Visiting boards
(v) Personal observation
(vi) Examinations
(vi) Personal observation (Market-research report)
(vii) Interviews
(viii) Questionnaires
(viii) Visiting markets
(ix) Interviewing retailers etc.
Findings (results of research)
(Detailed information is arranged in descending order of
importance) e.g.
(i) Effects of competition / more bottled water in the market 15
(ii) Inadequate adverts
(iii) Influence of middlemen
(iv) High price
Conclusion
Make a summary of your experience
Recommendation
What action should your report generate?
Methods of presentation
Reports are (i) written as letters, memos, short report or (ii)
presented in tabular form or statistics. This includes graphics,
charts (bar/pie) etc.
Module D: ASPECTS OF LITERATURE
•Written works, e.g. fiction, poetry, drama, and criticism that are
recognized as
having important or permanent artistic value.
•the body of written works of a culture, language, people, or period
of time (Encarta)

23
•Imitation or representation of reality (‘mimesis’ – poor
imitation)(Plato)
•A mirror of life (approximates the ideal life – about universal
truths) (Aristotle)
Genres of Literature
Poetry (verse, poem) – a writer of poems – poet
Drama (play) – a writer/former of plays – playwright
Prose (novel, fiction) – a writer of novels - novelist.
POETRY
Written in lines or verses (some are written in ‘blank verse’)
May have a regular rhythmic pattern
Written in words that express emotions and aesthetics of language
Often full of symbols, imagery and figures of speech
Often divided in stanzas
Best appreciated by recitation
FORMS OF POETRY
Epic – a long narrative poem that tells about adventures and
exploits of a hero(s), often expresses the ideals of a culture or race,
e.g. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey.
Lyric – a song poem, often accompanied by a musical instrument.
It expresses the poet’s feelings or thoughts.
Elegy – a poem that mourns the dead; often expresses sorrow or
the poet’s meditation on death.
Dirge – Funeral song expressing grief or mourning
Ode – a poem that celebrates nature, person(s) or object, e.g.
Keats’s Ode to aNightingale
Pastoral – a poem about hinterland, shepherd and rustic life.
Ballad – a poem that expresses the heroic past of a community,
about the culture and events of a rural community. It is sometimes
sung.
Sonnet – a fourteen-line poem, divided into 8 (octave) and 6 (sestet)
Epigram – a short crispy poem that displays a lot of wits.
DRAMA
Performed on stage

24
 Involves dialogue and actions
May involve mime (acting without speaking)
May be an operatic (in song form)
Usually divided in Acts and Scenes
May involve soliloquy (voicing a character’s thoughts)
Forms of Drama
•Tragedy – a play that ends in tragedy, especially with the death of
tragic hero. It may begin well but usually marred by some destined
ill-lucks and mishaps.
•Comedy – a play with a happy ending, usually with marriages,
fortunes and comical events. Some forms of comedy are:

(a) Satire – ridicules the society or people and often pokes fun with
the way the society and its people are run

(b)Farce – a comedy that provokes laughter and humour on

situations rather than characters

(c) Burlesque – a comedy that treats serious subject in a trivial

manner in order to render certain values ludicrous.
•Tragi-comedy – combines the elements of tragedy and comedy,
involving
serious and happy and mood; often ends happily.
PROSE
Usually written in straightforward everyday language
Usually divided into chapters
Best appreciated by reading it
Often written as fiction with fictional characters performing roles
in wellordered story line.
Types of Prose
•Non – fiction – based on real life story, not fictional. Non-fictions
include (a)Biography – a story of someone’s life, written by another
person (b) Autobiography – a story of a person’s life written by
himself/herself. (c) Articles about real events; news reports;
research papers, travel guides; diaries, memoirs etc.

25
•Fiction – novel/novella/short story – story that is credible, based
on the creative imagination of the writer; often showing possible
events of real life and how society functions. Story is often weaved
round a protagonist and how he/she unravels the mystery of
existence having to contend with a hurdle. It may end tragically or
happily. The difference between the types of fiction is basically
the length.
•Fable – a short narrative conveying moral instructions often
conveyed by animal or non-human characters e.g. Orwell’s Animal
Farm.
•Epistolary Novel – a novel written in the form of a letter e.g. Maria
ma Baa’s Solong a letter
Elements of Poetry
Diction – choice of words in a poem or any work of art.
Tone – the poet’s attitude expressed in the words of the poem
showing
seriousness, optimism, sarcasm, humour or pessimism.
Symbolism – the use of symbols to represent an idea, experience
event or a value.
Mood – a poet’s emotion or state of mind as expressed by the
words of the poem, showing sadness, joy, nostalgia etc.
Rhyme – correspondence of sound in the words or syllables in a
piece of verse achieved by consonant sounds, usually occurring in 2
lines (couplet); 3 lines (sestet), 4 lines (quatrain).
Imagery – the use of images or descriptions that create a mental
picture.
Rhythm – the sound system of a poem, i.e. the beat, tempo or
time.
Figurative language – use of metaphors, Euphemism, hyperboles,
similes, personification etc.
Elements of Fiction/Drama
•Theme – the central idea or subject matter of the work of art.
•Setting – the location of the story, reflecting time, space or period
•Characterization – the way the writer reveals the qualities of his
26
characters; the characters are the actors in the story. The main
character or the hero/heroine is the protagonist, usually in conflict
with the antagonist.
•Plot – the storyline – the organisation of the event often following
the principle
of cause and effect.
•Allegory - the symbolic expression of a deeper meaning through a
story or scene acted out by human, animal, or mythical characters.
The characters and events are to be understood as representing
other things and symbolically expressing a deeper, often spiritual,
moral, or political meaning. The Animal Farm is a political allegory
•Conflict – the struggle that results in the interplay of two opposing
forces or parties in a plot, providing the elements of interest and
suspense.
•Comic relief – comic elements in a tragic work to relieve tension
•Flashback – a scene in a play or novel that depicts events that had
happened earlier.
•Catharsis - is the emotional/spiritual purge which the audience
derives at the point of the resolution of the conflict in a tragic play.
•Prologue – an introductory speech preceding a play
•Epilogue – a final remark by an actor at the end of a play
•Dramatic Irony – the words or acts of a character which is in
contrast to his supposed character or the meaning which his
character represents. It is often unperceived by the character but
the audience understands.
AFRICAN LITERATURE
“African Literature” refers to oral and written literatures produced
on the African continent. Africa has a long literary tradition,
although very little of this literature was written down until the
20th century. In the absence of widespread literacy, African
literature was primarily oral and passed from one generation to
another through memorization and recitation. Most of Africa’s
written literature is in European languages due to European

27
colonization of the continent from the 16th century to the mid-20th
century. English is the most widely used language of African
literature, followed by French and Portuguese. Works written in
African languages and traditional oral texts were not usually
acknowledged until the late 20th century, but today they are
receiving increased attention.
Predominant themes of African Literature
(a) Pre-colonial African Literature explores mainly the issues of
cultural revival – most writers reacted against Africa’s cultural
alienation. This is mostly captured in negritude literature
spearheaded by Aime Cesaire, Leopold Sedar Senghor, Ferdinand
Oyono, Mongo Beti etc. Negritude extols African values and calls on
Africans to return to their cultural roots. It stood for black
expression, anit-colonial consciousness and black identity. In
Nigeria these themes are captured in the works of Achebe and
Soyinka.
(b) Post-colonial African Literature explores contemporary social
issues such as gender, economic exploitations, ethnic violence and
wars, religious intolerance, corruption, and development issues.
The works of Ngugi, Iyayi, Ayi kwei Arma among others highlight
these themes. Songs in a Time of War (1985) by Ken Saro-Wiwa; The
Fate of Vultures andOther Poems (1990) by Tanure Ojaide (also a
Nigerian) and The Graveyard also has Teeth (1980) by Sierra
Leonean Syl Cheney-Coker all explore socio-political concerns.
Somali’s Nuruddin Farah for instance wrote of a family's struggles
before and during the civil war that broke out in Somalia in the
1990s in the trilogy Blood in the Sun, which comprised the novels
Maps (1986), Gifts (1992), and Secrets (1998).
An Overview of African/Nigerian Literature
Poetry
The first collection of African poetry in English translation is An
Anthology of WestAfrican Verse (1957), edited and compiled by the
Nigerian Olumbe Bassir. It includes a large number of Francophone
poems in English translation; Anglophone literature developed

28
much later. And whereas French-speaking writers in Africa
celebrate African culture and blackness in the negritude movement,
English-speaking writers and intellectuals in Africa were not all
optimistic about it. However early Anglophone poems resembled
négritude verse in their examination of the effects of European
colonialism on Africa. One of the first African poets to publish in
English is Lenrie Peters of The Gambia, whose poems examine
discontinuities between past and present in Africa. His book Poems
came out in 1964 and Selected Poetry, his third anthology, in 1981.
Nigerian Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka has published several
volumes of poetry, including Idanre andOther Poems (1967).
Christopher Okigbo another Nigerian had already established
himself as one of the most important Anglophone poets in Africa
before his death in 1967 during the Biafran war. His collected
poems were published as Labyrinths, withPath of Thunder (1971).
Ghana’s Kofi Anyidoho emerged in the 1980s as one of the most
impressive African poets writing in English, earning critical praise
for his treatment of both personal and political subjects. A Harvest
of Our Dreams (1984) is regarded as his best work so far.
Francophone African poetry became known internationally with the
publication of Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry in
the French Language, (1948) in Paris edited Léopold Sédar Senghor
of Senegal. Among the best-known African negritude poets, along
with Senghor, is his compatriot David Diop. Diop’s poetry is much
more combative in tone than Senghor’s conciliatory verse, which
tends to favour a mixture of European and African cultures that
assimilates the best of each. The title of Diop’s anthology, Hammer
Blows, (1973), indicates the bitterness of his attitude toward
colonialism. East Africa writers began producing significant poetry
in the 1960s. Okot p’Bitek of Uganda published, among other
volumes, Song of Lawino (1966), in which a woman derides her
husband’s European airs. The poetry of Okello Oculi of Kenya is
included in the anthology Words of My Groaning (1976).
In South Africa apartheid stimulated important protest verse, much

29
of it written in exile. Prominent among the black South African
poets are Dennis Brutus, who published Letters to Martha in 1968;
Mazisi Kunene, author of Zulu Poems (1970); and Oswald Mtshali,
author of Sounds of a Cowhide Drum (1971). Later works include
Brutus’s Stubborn Hope (1978), Sipho Sepamla’s The Soweto I Love
(1977), and Frank Chipasula’s Whispers in the Wings (1991).
Fiction
Anglophone fiction is the richest genre of African literatures in
English. Joseph Ephraim Casely-Hayford of Ghana set the pace and
revealed the preoccupation of prose in English in his novel Ethiopia
Unbound: Studies in Race Emancipation (1911). Several years later
his compatriot, R. E. Obeng, in Eighteenpence (1943), depicted the
procedures of the different judicial systems in use in the then Gold
Coast. The Palm-Wine Drinkard and His Dead Palm-Wine Tapster in
the Dead’s Town (1952), by Nigerian writer Amos Tutuola, the first
written literature in Nigeria was significant in Anglophone fiction.
The book achieved tremendous success in Europe and the United
States, in largely because of its idiosyncratic English which critics
take for a sample of African English. The book’s success inspired
African writers who were better educated than Tutuola to produce
fiction. Soon after Tutuola’s work appeared, Chinua Achebe
published Things Fall Apart (1958), the first of five novels in which
he chronicled the consequences of British colonialism in his
country. Other Nigerian writers of midcentury include Cyprian
Ekwensi, whose most popular work is Jagua Nana (1961), the
life story of a charming Lagos prostitute, and Flora Nwapa, who
writes of the social problems women in her culture face in Efuru
(1966).
The Gambian William Conton published an improbable solution to
South Africa’s racial problems through a new political party in The
African (1960), while Ghanaian Ayi Kwei Armah criticized political
corruption in The Beautiful Ones Are Not Yet Born (1968). Armah’s
compatriot and Kofi Awoonor lamented the political woes of Ghana
and their impact on individuals in This Earth, My Brother (1971).The

30
Biafran War, a civil war that raged in Nigeria from 1966 to 1969,
produced several works. They include Soyinka’s Season of Anomy
(1973), Eddie Iroh’s Forty-Eight Guns for the General (1976),
Destination Biafra (1982) by Buchi Emecheta and Festus Iyayi’s
Heroes (1982) African fiction in French emerged in the 1920s, with
the publication in Senegal of Ahmadou Mapaté Diagne’s Malik’s
Three Wishes, 1920). This book, like Ousmane Socé’s Mirages of
Paris, (1937), is typical of early Francophone fiction in its
admiration of the French. These works were superseded in the
years leading to independence by fiction with a markedly different
attitude toward France. Houseboy, (1966) by Ferdinand Oyono of
Cameroon and the Poor Christ of Bomba (1971) by another
Cameroonian writer, Mongo Beti criticised French colonialism.
In fiction as in poetry, writers turned their attention to social
problems soon after independence. A good example of this shift is
Xala by Senegalese writer Ousmane Sembène, which denounces
corrupt government officials. Other works attest to the increasing
visibility of women on the Francophone literary scene. They include
So Longa Letter, (1981) by Senegalese writer Mariama Bâ and The
Beggars’ Strike, (1981) by Aminata Sow Fall, also of Senegal. Fiction
developed later in the eastern and southern sections of English-
speaking Africa than in the western part. Kenya’s Ngugi Wa
Thiong’o 20 lamented the loss of land to colonizers in Weep Not,
Child (1964). With her novel ThePromised Land (1966), Grace Ogot,
also from Kenya, became the first woman from English-speaking
East Africa to be published. Two other Kenyan female writers are
Rebeka Njau, whose Ripples in the Pool (1975) discusses a woman’s
marital problems and Lydia Nguya, who writes of the conflict in her
country between rural and urban cultures and values in The First
Seed (1975). The Tanzanian Ismael Mbise’s Blood on OurLand
(1974) dramatizes the importance of the land to Africans who lost
their ancestral lands to colonizers. J. N. Mwaura’s Sky is the Limit
(1974) explores a troubled father-son relationship. Discussions of
racial conflict predictably dominate English-language fiction by

31
black South Africans. Among the earliest works are Tell Freedom
(1954) by Peter Abrahams, Down Second Avenue (1959) by Es’kia
Mphahlele, and A Walk in the Night (1962) by Alex La Guma. Later
works—including Miriam Tlali’s Muriel at Metropolitan (1975),
Mongane Serote’s To Every Birth Its Blood (1981), Mphalele’s The
Unbroken Song (1981), and Sipho Sepamla’s A Ride on the
Whirlwind (1981) dwelled on the race problem.
Drama
The first African play published in English was The Girl Who Killed
to Save: Nongquasethe Liberator (1935) by Herbert Isaac Ernest
Dhlomo of South Africa. Its subject of resistance to white
oppressors reflected in Lewis Nkosi’s The Rhythm of Violence (1964)
and other later works from South Africa. Early drama from West
Africa portrays conflicts between parents and children in such
works as Sons and Daughters (1963) by Joe de Graft of Ghana and
Dear Parent and Ogre (1965) by Sarif Easmon of Sierra Leone.
Ama Ata Aidoo of Ghana focuses on intercultural marriage in her
The Dilemma of a Ghost (1964). Her compatriot Efua Sutherland
also discusses marriage in The Marriage ofAnansewa (1975), a play
based on traditional lore. Nigeria’s Wole Soyinka, who later
dominated drama from the continent, also wrote on social themes
in such plays as TheSwamp-Dwellers (1963).
Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s The Black Hermit (1968) marked East Africa’s
debut in drama. The play is concerned with stamping out tribalism
among African ethnic groups. A later work, The Trial of Dedan
Kimathi (1976), written in collaboration with Micere Mugo, deals
with the Mau Mau rebellion. The Tanzanian Ebrahim Hussein’s
Kinjeketile (1970) received wide acclaim as a masterpiece meant to
motivate responsible social action The souring political atmosphere
on the African continent had a profound impact on drama, as on
other genres. Nigerian Femi Osofisan’s Once Upon Four Robbers
(1980) bases its political commentary on the government’s practice
of publicly executing armed robbers. Soyinka’s A Play of Giants
(1984) ridicules Africa’s flamboyant dictators. In South Africa,

32
apartheid continued to generate powerful drama with such plays as
Percy Mtwa’s Bopha! (1986) and Woza Albert! (1986), written jointly
by Mtwa, Mbongeni Ngema, and Barney Simon. One of the most
celebrated Francophone playwrights is the Cameroonian Guillaume
Oyono-Mbia; his best works include Three Suitors, One Husband
(1968). La mort deChaka The Death of Chaka, (1961) by Saydou
Badian of Mali and The Zulu (1977) by Tchicaya U Tam’si of the
Republic of the Congo are also noteworthy plays in French.
Conclusion
Whether in poetry, drama or fiction, African literature bears the
burdens of the African identity, exploring themes that seek the
place of Africa after a chequered history of colonial exploitation.
Contemporary literature explores themes of social and political
concern, about how to make Africa a better place to live.
Ref. Oyekan Owomoyela (Encarta 2006)
TEXTS TO STUDY:
POETRY
1. “Piano and Drums” by Gabriel Okara
2. “The Earth is Ours to Plough, not to Plunder”
DRAMA
The Trials of Brother Jero by Wole Soyinka
PROSE
Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe

QUESTIONS AND ANSWER SECTION

Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions

that follow:

PASSAGE A

Our wartime experience brought out the lopsided nature of our

scientific education. We had between 200-300 scientists and
engineers, about 20-30 technologists, and about 3,000-4,000
technicians and semi-skilled labourers. The technologist, a new and

33
all important group, constitute the key to all creative and productive
work. They understand what the professional scientist/engineer is
trying to create as well as being able to go to the laboratory/workshop
and supervise actual production. We need these men more than the
professional scientists/engineers. I suggest a ratio of one scientist to
five technologists. In the light of the above, the craze for each State
to have a university of its own cannot help us. Today, we talk about
setting up a university, next we talk about unemployed graduates.
How many mechanics have B.Sc.? We need to train man who can
create and invent.

1. What group of people has the largest number of unemployed

people in Nigeria? (a) The scientists (b) the engineers (c) the
technologists (d) the mechanics (e) the graduates
2. The craze for states to have their universities cannot help us
because? (a) We already have enough graduates (b) there are no
teachers in the universities (c) the university doesn’t offer
professional courses (d) emphasis should shift to vocational training
(e) university graduates bloat up the labour market and increase
unemployment
3. ‘Lopsided’ as used in this passage means (a) distribution (b)
uneven (c) by the side of (d) a share of (e) to side someone
4. Who does the writer see as the most important group?
(a) The university lecturers
(b) The university graduates
(c) The mechanics with B.Sc.
(d) The trained technicians
(e) The civil servants
5. In what way was Nigeria’s scientific education lopsided?
(a) because of lack of universities
(b) because of too many institutions
(c) because of emphasis in producing university graduates
(d) because of too many mechanics
(e) because mechanics lack B.Sc.

34
 PASSAGE B

Some 45% of the populations of Africa are under 15 years and

only 3% are over 65, according to a report on the UN Commission for
Social Development. High birth rates and short life expectancy – only
35, the lowest, in Gibon and 60.5, the highest in Mauritius – are the
reasons.
The youthfulness of population means a heavy burden of
creating jobs and providing social services, particularly when half of
the countries in Africa have a gross national product of under $200
per capital, the report says. While the birth-rate of about 47 per 1,000
is higher than in other developing areas, population increase is at
level of that in Latin America and South Asia because of the high
death rate.
The report notes that Nigeria, even with the estimated
population of only 58 million in 1972, was Africa’s most populous
nation followed by Egypt (34m), Ethiopia (26m) and Zaire (23m).

6. The population of Africa is (a) increasing at the rate of 47 per 1,000

(b) lower than that of Latin America and South Asia (c) lower than 47
per 1,000 because of high death rate (d) more than 47 per 1,000
because of increase in birth rate
7. The amount produced per person per year is under $200 in (a)
Africa as whole (b) most of the countries in Africa (c) half of the
countries of Africa (d) less than half of African countries
8. Nigeria has (a) a very large population (b) a very small population
for its size (c) a population of 58 million at present (d) a population
more than half of Africa’s
9. In Gibon (a) the average life span is 35 years (b) the birth rate is
higher than in Mauritius (c) the average life span is 60.5 years (d) the
death rate is lower than 15%
10. In Africa (a) 65% of the population is over 15 (b) 45% is over 15
(c) 55% is over 15 (d) 62% is over 15

35
Choose the word or group of words that best completes each of
the following;

11. You should not blame me, it is no fault of _______ (a) me (b) I (c)
my (d) mine
12. We have waited for too long; it’s high time we _______ (a) had left
(b) leave (c) have left (d) live (e) left
13. The woman _____ husband deserted home committed suicide (a)
whom (b) whose (c) to whom (d) that (e) who
14. The portrait was designed by a/an (a) artist intelligent young
Nigeria (b) intelligent young artist Nigerian (c) intelligent young
Nigerian artist (d) Nigerian artist young intelligent (e) young
intelligent Nigerian artist
15. The police _____ committed to ensuring the safety of citizen (a) is
(b) was (c) has (d) are (e) is going
16. The members of the panel were _____ (a) discussing about it (b)
discussing on it (c) discussing upon it (d) discussing it
17. The hall was virtually empty; we had expected one hundred
people at the very _____ (a) lowest (b) most (c) least (d) little (e) highest
18. The doctor asked me to come back ______ (a) by upper week (b)
the week after next (c) in the upper week (d) in the week after next
19. The coffee is still bitter, you have not added _____ sugar (a) plenty
(b) some (c) enough (d) much (e) bit
20. The chief, together with his elder sisters, ______ welcomed to the
durbar (a) was (b) is (c) were (d) are (e) has
21. The ____ gown was stolen (a) chief daughter’s bridesmaid (b)
chief’s daughter bridesmaid (c) chief daughter’s bridesmaid (d) chief’s
daughter’s bridesmaid’s (e) chief’s daughter’s bridesmaid
22. On his way back, the boy ran into a long procession of men,
women and children in _____ (a) white beautiful exceedingly flowing
gowns (b) exceedingly flowing white beautiful gowns (c) exceedingly
white flowing beautiful gowns (d) white flowing exceedingly beautiful
gowns

36
23. My aunt said that she would not buy me ____ of those two books
for school (a) neither (b) either (c) all (d) b and c (e) none of the above
24. John and James were good friends; they are very fond of _____ (a)
themselves (b) themselves (c) each other (d) one another (e)
theirselves
25. It was on Wednesday that we met in Accra, _____? (a) Hasn’t it (b)
didn’t we (c) haven’t they (d) wasn’t it (e) isn’t it
26. I was looking forward to ______ from you (a) hear (b) be hearing
(c) have heard (d) hearing (e) heard
27. I am quite sure that I did not see ______ (a) nothing (b) anyone (c)
none (d) no one (e) none of the above
28. Bimbo said two of her chickens ____ eggs yesterday (a) layed (b)
laid (c) lied (d) lain
29. Ada and _____ are intimate friends (a) her (b) him (c) I (d) me (e)
them
30. “Don’t study on the examination day,” What did he tell you? He
told me _____ on the examination day. (a) Don’t study (b) to not study
(c) not to study (d) not study

Pick the correct answer from the list of options provided below;
31. When a reader derives implied meaning from a text, the reader’s
reading comprehension is said to be at (a) applied level (b) literal level
(c) critical level (d) interpretive level
32. When a cashier takes a sweeping look at a cheque presented by
a customer such a cashier is (a) scanning (a) skimming (c) reading
rapidly (d) skip reading
33. The table of contents of a book may contain all the following
except???? (a) The relationship of major topics (b) the scope and sub-
topic (c) The topics treated (d) The organization of topics
34. One of the statements below is not true (a) Rapid reading is the
same as skim reading (b) Rapid reading does not required detailed
analysis of style (c) Rapid reading can be externally influenced (d)
Rapid reading requires more than a general idea

37
Use the following options to answer questions 35-40:
(A) The conclusion to the lecture
(B) The beginning of a new topic or idea
(C) The introduction to the lecture
(D) The presentation of an explanation

Now, read the following passages and choose the option that best
describes each passage
35. Now I’m really happy to be here today. We’re going to discuss a
theory that deals with the aquatic origin of language. And along the
way, we‘ll be taking a look at a few other theories.
36. And to make this a little clearer, I’d like to go into this business
in a little more detail
37. So, let’s review all that.
38. Ok and it’s time to turn now to the most important question and
discussion
39. What does it mean when I say that pre-humans went back to the
ocean? Doesn’t mean they became fish? No not really. It
means............
40. Good morning. Today’s lecture is about Charies Darwin

Choose the option that can best serve as a topic sentence in each
case:
41. (A) To most people in Lagos, the lagoon represents not only a great
commercial water way, but also a source of delight. (B) For these
people, the Lagos lagoon is a worthy holiday resort. (C) The Lagos
lagoon is the largest and most famous lake in Nigeria. (D) In the
festive period s, thousands of pleasure seekers throng the banks of
the Lagos lagoon while ferries conveying picnickers thrust their way
up as far as Ikorodu.
42. (A) Theatre in the recent past used to be a very popular art in
traditional African society. (B)Theatre used to be a point of
intersection where members of the community not only come to
entertain themselves, but “Join heads together” (C) Theatre was

38
popular with the people because it emphasized community
participation, peace and progress (D) Threatre was a popular and
respectable institution which preserve the peoples’ culture and
tradition.
43. (A) Imagination plays an important role in both processes (B)
There is careful observation (C) There is intelligent section of detail
(D) There are two important mental processes necessary as
preliminary to good descriptive writing.
44. (A) Every regime that comes to power wants to eradicate poverty
(B) Those thinking for the government always have brilliant ideas
about how to alleviate poverty (C) We have seen “Better Life for Rural
Women”, “Family Support”, “Child Care Trust” and so many others
(D) But the poor people set out to liberate from the bondage of poverty
have nothing to show that their poverty has been reduced.
45. (A) When the topic sentence begins with paragraph, it opens or
introduces the theme of the paragraph (B) If the topic sentence is
located at the middle of the paragraph, it juxtaposes between the
facts stated at the beginning and the idea expressed at the end (C) If
the topic sentence occurs at the end of the paragraph, it serves to
summarize the point that all the preceding sentences have been
trying to develop (D) None of the above
46. (A) Our geography master would forever stick to his theory of
Africans suffering from a curse inflicted on them by the Almighty God
for some heinous sins committed centuries ago (B) Our Geography
master would ask listeners “why would our mosquitoes inflict deadly
malaria on us whereas the British mosquito does not bite?” (C)
Returning home after a decade-and-half abroad, our geography
master remained incurably addicted to foreign ways and ideas for
years landing here (D) None of the above
47. (A) Imagination plays an important part in both processes (B)
There is careful observation (C) There is intelligent selection of detail
(D) There are two important mental processes necessary as
preliminary to good descriptive writing.

39
48. (A) Theatre in the recent past used to be a very popular art in
traditional African society (B) Theatre used to be a point of
intersection where members of the community not only come to
entertain themselves, but “join heads together”. (C) Theatre was
popular with the people because it emphasized community
participation, peace and progress (D) Theatre was a popular and
respectable institution which preserves other peoples’ culture and
tradition.
49. (A) To most people in Lagos, the Lagos Lagoon represents not only
a great commercial water way, but also a source of delight (B) For
these people, the Lagos Lagoon is a worthy holiday resort (C) The
Lagos Lagoon is the largest and most famous lake in Nigeria (D) In
the festive periods, thousands of pleasure seekers throng the banks
of the Lagos Lagoon while ferries conveying picnickers thrust their
way up as far as Ikorodu.
From A – D, choose the most appropriately punctuated option:

50. (A) Mr. F. M Bamigbose is a Ph.D. holder. (B) Mr. F. M. Bamgbose

is a PhD holder. (C) Mr. F. M. Bamgbose is a Ph.D. holder. (D) Mr. F.
M Bamgbose is a Ph.D holder.
51. (A) This is her bag, its hers. (B) This is her bag. Its her’s. (C) This
is her bag. It’s her’s (D) This is her bag. It’s hers.
53. (A) “Where are you?” , asked the man. (B) “Where are you?”
asked the man. (C) “Where are you”? , asked the man. (D) None of the
above
54. (A) I ve read Whole Soyinka’s “The Lion and The Jewel.”
(B) I’ ve read Wole Soyinka’s “The Lion and the Jewel.”
(C) I’ ve read Wole Soyinka’s “The Lion and the Jewel.”
(D) I’ ve read Wole Soyinka’s “The Lion and the jewel”.
55. (A) Ojo’s father read law at the university of Lagos. (B) Ojo’s father
read law at the university of Lagos (C) Ojo’s father read Law at The
University of Lagos. (D) Ojo’s father read Law at the University of
Lagos.
56. Its tail is long. Its longer than that of a dove

40
 Read the passage below carefully and answer the questions that
follow.
This passage sums up the two problems peculiar to the book trade
which made it difficult from any other trade the problems of selection
and the problem of stocking. How is the bookseller to tell what, in an
enormous output, will prove a saleable, before the full weight of
unsold items affects the balance of his business and how is he, at the
same time, to hold a stock large enough to enable the public to choose
freely? He may seek the escape from this dilemma by becoming the
passive sales representative of large publishing houses or
distribution networks, but he is then no longer bookseller. He may
take refuge in the sales of safe items to a restricted circle of customer
but he thereby cuts himself off from all that is vital in his trade and
dooms him to mediocrity and stagnation. On the other hand, he may
protect his business from the danger of idle stock by speculating on
the latest publications, but this is a dangerous game in that it implies
a constantly changing clientele: readers remain a failure to follow up
a book; an author of a type of literature means dismissing the public
responsible for their success.
This brings us back to the fact that books are indefinable. The story
is told of a certain country with a great many generals where it was
decided to present a rare valuable edition of an old book to a general
about to retire. The old soldier looks at the volume and remark, ‘a
book? What’s the point? I’ve already got one

1. Goods are different from other goods because: A. customers for the
book trade are much restricted B. books are not manufactured but
printed C. one cannot tell so easily what books will prove sealable D.
books can be kept in the stock much longer than any other goods
2. The problem of selection in book trade involves: A. holding a stock
large enough for the public to choose from B. determining which
books sell fast C. being a sales representative of large publishing
houses D. being able to review the latest publications

41
3. How many solutions to the bookseller problems are offered in this
passage? A. two B. three C. four D .five
4. How many of the solution proposed for the booksellers problem are
actually positive A.1 B.3 C.4 D.5
5. The story of the old soldier and a book in the passage is an
illustration of the point that A. the general had already got a book B.
a book is of interest only to those whom that books means something.
Soldiers do not like book trade because a book is enough for the
general D. bookseller face a real dilemma because of constantly
changing clientele.

READ THE PASSAGE BELOW AND ANSWER THE QUESTION

THAT FOLLOW

I have so far catalogue our post-civil wars crimes of violence and

criminals involved but that is only one side of the story of the crime
in our society. There are other crimes and criminals. some of these
other criminals do untold havoc to the economy and the general well-
being of the society. Some of them are social parasites who suck and
drain the life blood out of our nation. But they are dressed in clean
white collars and wear suites of delicate taste and thus assume an
air of respectability. They operate scarcely noticed, let alone being
ranked as criminals, which I what they are, or crime problem may
tossed by much serious than is reflected in violent and bloody reports
of the gun s of the firing squad. The more serious our crime problem
is, the more important it is that we should look at it’s coolly and
rationally, because the problem stares us in the face. If is becoming
a real threat, we cannot afford the luxury of indulging our feelings.
The first step, therefore, is to determine just how serious the problem
is, to define what we mean by crime, to probe and understand the
phenomenal of crime in Nigeria and the cause of criminal defiance.
To cure a disease, one need first to know something about it,
diagnose it, associate the particular virus and finally prescribe the
adequate and appropriate remedy. But just as, pain, through

42
 unpleasant, is no more than symptoms of an underlying process of
disease so crime may be merely outward indication that something
more fundamental wrong in our society. Crime may just be a revolt
by the criminal against the ills and the shortcomings of the society
itself.

6. The style of this passage can best be describe as: A. simple B.

decorative C. expository D. argumentative
7. The best title for this passage is: A. crime in our society B. criminal
in our society C. the horror of crimes D. crime in Nigerian society

GENERAL STUDIES UNIT

FISRT SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2012/13
GST111: COMMUNICTION IN ENGLISH (1hr)
Choose the sentence that contain an error in punctuation mark,
capitalization, or usage. If there is no error
1. A. Suzie said I’m going to the store” B. The president gave a
speech last night. C. Martina arrived on Tuesday February 8 D.
No mistake
2. You may have dessert after you eat your dinner B.Please carry
these book for me. C. Bob and Aretha are the best in singer in
the choir D. No mistake
3. We watched Treasure Island yesterday afternoon B. My sister
told me, Mail the letter” C. Where is the bus stop jose asked D.
No mistake
4. What time is it? B. Independence day is july 4 C. Howard’s aunt
is 50 years old D. No mistake
5. We hope to vist the Museum of history B. Dave drives the bus
every morning. C. The teacher asked jane to close the window
D. No mistake

In each of the question below choose the option nearest in

meaning to the word or phrase in Italics

43
6. My plans are still up in the air. a. Being publish b. Uncertain c.
Uncovered d. Unprotected
7. The juge always take a hardline on such issue. a complex stand
b. Simple stand c. Uncompromising stand d. Difficult stand
8. The headmaster decided to make good his promise to the
stundet. a. Fulfil b. Improve c. Complete d. Realize
9. The advertisement is smoke-screen for the company’s activities
a. Camouflage b. Protection c. Promotion d. Background
10. That team has become indomitable quite recently a. Incorrigible
b. Disobedient c. Unconquerable d. Unruly

44
 CHAPTER TWO

COMMUNICATION IN ARABIC (GST 123B)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

➢ Historical Background of Arabic

➢ Arabic Consonants

➢ Arabic Short Vowels (Harakaat)

➢ Arabic Long Vowels (Huruful-Madd)

➢ Shadal

➢ Tanwin

➢ Quamariyyah & Shamsiyyah (Moon and Sun Letters)

45
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ARABIC

Arabic came to Africa during 11th century. Arabic Language came to

Nigeria in the 13th century and that was in Borno State.

Arabic is not a foreign Language in Nigeria, because some ethnic

group in the eastern part of Nigeria has been speaking the language

right from the concept . These people are the SHUWA-ARABS.

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING ARABIC.

❖ Arabic is an adopted language in the UN (United Nations).

❖ Arabic is an adopted language in ECOWAS

❖ Arabic is a language of Islamic religion

❖ Arabic makes non-muslim to get familiar to the religion.

❖ It is an academic field of study

INTRODUCTION TO FOREIGN RELIGION IN NIGERIA

46
➢ ISLAM: It came first in the 11th Century. Presently, researchers

said it was introduced in the 9th Century to Nigeria. In the (16th –

17th) Century. It was spread to the western part. The first

mosque was built in Oyo, in the 15th Century.

IMPACT OF ISLAM

❖ POLITICAL IMPACT: The first political impact was

introduced by Emirate Chief into the North. The Caliphate

was headed by UTHMAN DAN FODIYO.

❖ UTMAN DAN FODIYO: It is divided into two which are the

son and his brother. The Southern part of Sokoto is the

head of all Hausa Emirs.

❖ SOCIAL IMPACT: Polygamy came by Islam in a different

way by marrying four (4) wives with a condition of satisfying

all.

❖ LEGAL SYSTEM: Islam has been able to affect the legal

system of the North, known as the SHARIA LAW. In the

year 1999, a debate was held about the law of Sharia. It

was concluded that Nigeria has its own law, so it was not

legal throughout Nigeria.

47
 ❖ DRESSING PATTERN: The women use head veil called

Ijahb to cover themselves an in turn it becomes their mode

of dressing while the male use turban to cover their against

dust and this become an adoption of dressing.

❖ LANGUAGE: The Yorubas have been able to borrow some

words. E.g

i.e. ARABIC YORUBA

Lafia Alafia

Albasa Alubasa

Wat Wakati

Sanmo Sonmo

❖ ISLAMIC SCHOOL: What we had in Nigeria was Informational

Education. Presently, we have Formal Education. i.e. gathering

somewhere with no other motive, intention or aim but to learn.

CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM

❖ ATTEMPT: The first attempt to introduce Christianity to

Nigeria was in the 15th Century but it failed. The people

thought they were there to cheat on them. In the

18thCentury, different missionaries came through the South

in different Areas through the sea.

48
❖ IMPACT: Western Education was accessible through the

Christian Missionaries.

❖ MARRIAGE: One man, one woman.

❖ LEGAL SYSTEM: This was affected by the Western which

access were made possible through Christianity before

judgment being done instantly within a pronounced interval

e.g. days by the gods by swearing of oaths.

❖ ECONOMIC IMPACT: These Missionaries were economists

and traders. They introduced large plantation (Commercial

Farming) before subsistence form of farming was adopted

presently in Nigeria Nationwide. We have so many large

plantations across the nation e.g. Ondo-Cocoa plantation,

e.t.c.

49
 ARABIC CONSONANTS

Alif and Hamzah cannot stand on their own, since we have Alif we

don’t need Hamzah. Since we have ‘Lam and Alif’ no need of LamAlif.

The Consonants will now be 28 alphabets.

NB: Arabic alphabets are 30 when written down i.e. In practical

use or in actual sense.

Arabic is written from right to left unlike English Language.

50
 VOWELS

❖ Short Vowels (Harakaat)

- Fathah: that appears on the top of an alphabet and it sounds

‘a’(-)

- Kasrah: a vowel sound that appears at the bottom of an

alphabet and it gives the sound ‘i’ (.)

- Dommah: It appears at the top of an alphabet and it gives the

sound ‘u’. These are considered as short vowels.

- NB: Dommoh gives the sound ‘Hu’

Sukun is a silent vowel and is put under consonant (o).

❖ Arabic long vowels are (3) huruful-Madd.

i. Alif-madd-haa

ii. Waw-madd-huu

iii. Yaw-madd-hii

NB: Alif goes with Fatihah

Waw goes with Dommah

Yaw goes with Kasrah.

Sukun cannot be elongated because it is a silent vowel.

NB: Tanwin means: Double short vowels.

Shaddah means: Double consonant vowels.

51
Huruful-Madd means: Long vowels.

Harakaat: Short Vowels.

Fatihahtan means Two Fatihahs e.g. ‘Ba will change to Ban.’

Dommatan means Two Dommahs e.g. ‘Bu will change to Bun.’

Kasratan means Two Kasrahs e.g. ‘Bi will change to Bin.’

Elongation of Consonants:

✓ Yah with Kasrah will give us ‘Yi’

✓ Waw with Dommah will give us ‘Wu’

✓ Alif with Fatihah will give us ‘Alifi’

TYPES OF ARABIC LANGUAGE

▪ CLASSICAL OR STANDARD ARABIC: The Holy Qur’an

revealed in classical form which has its grammatical

rules/principles that guides its constructions and it is used

in FORMAL DISCUSSIONS e.g. writing of articles, letters and

lecturing other formal interaction. It is referred to as

FUSHAH.

▪ COLLOQUIAL ARABIC: It is an INFORMAL LANGUAGE

which does not have any grammatical rules or principles, and

is being used for INFORMAL DISCUSSION e.g. market,

homes e.t.c. It is referred to as LAHJAH.

52
▪ MORDERN ARABIC: It is a new trend in technology that

brought about the modern Arabic. It is being known due to

modern technology inventory. It is referred to as ASRIYAH.

QUAMARIYYAH AND SHAMSIYYAH

Quamariyyah are referred to as MOON LETTERS while

Shamsiyyah are referred to as SUN LETTERS.

In order to get familliar with those letters, that is, to different

between them, below is a tabulated form of those letters.

Q U A M A R I Y Y A H S H A M S I Y Y A H

A l i f T a

B a T h a

J i m D a l

H a Z h a l

K h a R a

A i n Z a i n

G a i n S i n

F a f S h i n

Q u a f S a d

K h e f D a d

53
 M i m T a h

W a w Z h o d

H a w L a m

Y a N u n

ARABIC ALPHABETS

• Shamsiyyah – Sun letters

54
 • Quamariyyah – Moon letters

NB: From the above Arabic alphabets, Shamsiyyah are called sun

letters and they are those letters that seems to be fading. While

Quamariyyah are called moon letters and they are those letters that

appear darker.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWER

55
(The answers are in bold letters)

1. When Arabic consonants are written, we have ______

(a) Twenty-eight (b) Twenty-nine (c) Thirty (d) Twenty eight or
Thirty
2. The sixth Arabic consonants (a) Ta (b) Tha (c) Kha (d) Ha
3. Which of these is true of Arabic language in Nigeria (a) Arabic is
a foreign language in Nigeria (b) Arabic is old as Nigeria (c) Arabic
is a foreign language (d) Nigeria is an Arabic
4. The Shuwa Arabs are found (a) Among the Fulani (b) In the North
(c) Among the Hausas (d) In Borno State.
5. The third to the last Arabic consonants is (a) LamAlif (b) Hamzah
(c) Han (d) war
6. Arabic primary speakers spread across the (a) NorthernAfrica (b)
Part of Europe (c) Middle east (d) All of the above
7. Lahjah is known as (a) Classical Arabic (b) Colloquial (c) Modern
Arabic (d) Original Arabic
8. The Asriyah type of Arabic can be used in (a) Market Place (b) At
home (c) Informal discussion (d) None of the above
9. Asriyah is known as (a) Classical Arabic (b) Colloquial Arabic (c)
Modern Arabic (d) Original Arabic
10. Fushah is known as (a) Classical Arabic (b) Colloquial (c) Modern
Arabic (d) Original Arabic
11. The tenth Arabic consonant is (a) Ra (b) Zain (c) kha (d) Ha
12. A consonant with falilah will give ________ sound (a) ‘i’(b) ‘u’ (c)
‘a’ (d) fatihah

56
13. Colloquial type of Arabic is commonly spoken in (a) School (b)
Formal Meeting (c) Markets (d) None of the above
14. Kasrah sign is put (a) Under consonants (b) on consonants (c)
under or on consonants (d)All of the above
15. A consonant with kasrah will give (a) ‘I’(b) ‘u’ (c) ‘a’ (d) Kasrah
16. A consonant with kasrah can be elongated by using (a) war (b)
Alif (c) Yau (d)Kasrah
17. Punyin is called ‘Nunation Signs’ because (a) It gives ‘n’ sound
occasionally (b) it may give ‘n’ sound (c) it must give ‘n’ sound
(d) all of the above
18. A consonant with dommah will give ______ sound? (a) ‘i’ (b) ‘u’ (c)
‘a’ (d) Dommah
19. A consonant with dommah can be elongated by using (a) waw (b)
Alif (c) Yam (d) Fatihah
20. A consonant with Fatihah can be elongated by using (a) waw (b)
Alif (c) yau (d) Fatihah
21. The classical type of Arabic can be used in (a) Market place (b) at
home (c) informal discussion (d) formal discussion
22. The common type of Arabic in the Islamic world is (a) Asriyah (b)
Lahjah (c) Asariyah (d) Fushah
23. The common type of Arabic in the Arab world is (a) Asriyah (b)
Lahjah (c) Asariyah (d) Fushah
24. Consonant ‘Thi’ with Kasratan will be pronounced (a) ‘Thi’ (b)
‘Thii’ (c) ‘Thun’(d) ‘Thin’
25. The last Arabic alphabet is (a) waw (b) Hamzah (c) Yaw (d) Alif

57
26. Quamariyyah letters are also known as (a) Sun letter (b) Moon
letter (c) Sun and moon letter (d) None of the above
27. Shamsiyyah letters are known as (a) Sun letter (b) Moon Letter
(c) Sun and moon letter (d) None of the above
28. Shamsiyyah letter is (a) kaf (b) Zain (c) Jim (d) Qaf
29. Quamariyyah letter is (a) Ghain (b) Lam (c) Sin (d) Sad
30. A consonant with Sukun will be pronounced (a) force and lightly
(b) with full force (c) Lightly (d) With force
31. Sukun can be categorized under (a) kasrah (b) hun madd (c)
harakat (d) Tawin
32. Consonant ‘Ha’ with kasratan will be pronounced as (a) Hi (b) Hii
(c) Han (d) Hin
33. Consonant ‘Dhal’ with kasrah will be pronounced as (a) Dhi (b)
Dhali (c) Dhan (d) Dhin
34. Double consonant are called (a) Huruful-madd (b) Harakat (c)
Shaddah (d) Shaddah-madd
35. Major Short vowels comprises (a) Dommah (b) Kasrah (c) Fatihah
(d) All of the above
36. Silent vowel can also be called (a) Dommah (b) Kasrah (c) Fatihah
(d) Sukun
37. Consonant ‘Jim’ with ‘Fatihah’ will be pronounced as (a) Jima (b)
Ja (c) Jan (d) Jiman
38. A consonant with shaddah will be pronounced (a) Forcefully and
lightly (b) with full force (c) lightly (d) with little force
39. Long vowels are called (a) Huruful (b) Madd (c) Huruful-harakat
(d) Huruful-madd

58
40. Consonant ‘Waw’ with Fatihatan will be pronounced as (a) Wawa
(b) Wawan (c) Wan (d) Waa
41. A consonant with long vowels will have pronunciation (a)
Occasionally elongated (b) Usually elongated (c) Always
elongated (d) Partly elongated
42. During elongation, Alif goes with (a) Fatihah (b) Dommah (c)
Kasrah (d) Madd
43. During elongation, ‘Waw’ goes with (a) Fatihah (b) Dommah (c)
Kasrah (d) Madd
44. During elongation, ‘Yau’ goes with (a) Fatihah (b) Dommah (c)
Kasrah (d) Madd
45. One of the following of Tawin is that it can be used as (a)
Quamariyyah (b) Article ‘A’ (c) Article ‘The’ (d) Madd
46. Arabic consonants are (a) 30 (b) 29 (c) 28 (d) 14
47. Lam and Alif can also be referred to as (a) Alif, Lam and Hamzah
(b) Lam and Alif (c) Alif and Lam (d) LamAlif
48. The combination of Lam and Alif is (a) Alif, Lam and Hamzah (b)
Lam and Alif (c) Alif and Lam (d) LamAlif
49. Assalamu Alaykun means (a) Good morning (b) Good afternoon
(c) Good evening (d) Mode of greeting
50. Was-salam at the end of each lesson means (a) Goodbye (b) Peace
(c) You can leave (d) Period
51. The second to the last Arabic alphabet is (a) Hamzah (b) Haw (c)
LamAlif (d) Alif

59
52. One of the characteristics of Arabic is that (a) it is the language
of the Arabs (b) it came from Maccah (c) It came from maccai (d)
It is written from right hand to left hand
53. One of the importance of learning Arabic in Nigeria is that (a) it
can be used as supplications (b) it is one of the international
languages (c) it is written from right to left (d) All of the above
54. The second Arabic alphabet is (a) Ta (b) Hamzah (c) Alif (d) Ba
55. Which of the following is true of Sukun? (a) Sukun is strong (b)
Sukun is pronounced lightly (c) Sukun is stronger than Fatihah
(d) Sukun is not relevant in Arabic
56. Hau belongs to (a) Quamariyyah letters (b) Shamsiyyah letters
(c) Huruful-Madd (d) None of the above
57. Shin belongs to (a) Quamariyyah letters (b) Shamsiyyah (c)
Huruful-Madd (d) None of the above
58. Alif is a member of (a) Harakaat (b) Shamsiyyah (c) Huruful-
Madd (d) None of the above
59. Nun belongs to (a) Quamariyyah (b) Shamsiyyah (c) Huruful-
Madd (d) None of the above
60. The Glorious Qur’an was revealed in (a) Classical Arabic (b)
Mordern Arabic (c) Original Arabic (d) Colloquial
61. Consonant ‘Ra’ with Fatihah will be pronounced as (a) Ra (b) Ra
Fatahah (c) Rara (d) All of the above
62. Consonant ‘Faf’ with fatahah will be pronounced as (a) Fafa (b)
Fa fatahah (c) Fa (d) All of the above
63. Which of these is true of Arabic alphabets (a) Arabic alphabets
are also known as consonants (b) Arabic alphabets can also be

60
 used as short vowels (c) None of Arabic consonants can be used
as long vowels (d) All of the above.
64. Consonant Alif with Kasrah will be pronounced as (a) A (b) I (c)
Alifi (d) Alif Kasrah
65. Which of these is true of Lam Alif (a) It is not part of Arabic
alphabets (b) It is not different from Hamzah (c) It is stronger than
Hamzah (d) None of the above
66. Which of these is true of Arabic Language? (a) It is a member of
semectic language (b) It is not different from Chinese Language
(c) It is like Greek and Hebrew (d) All of the above
67. Consonant ‘Yau’ with Dommah will be pronounced as (a) Yaa (b)
Yayu (c) Yu (d) Ya Dommah
68. ‘Tawin’ means (a) Double Fatahah (b) Double Kasrah (c) Double
Dommah (d) Double short vowels
69. Consonants ‘Qaf’ with Dommah will be pronounced (a) Qafu (b)
Qa Dommah (c) Qu (d) Qafa
70. Consonant ‘Jim’ with Fatahah will be elongated with (a) Ja (b)
JaAlif (c) Jaya (d) Ja Fatahah
71. Vowel of elongation is (a) Fatahah (b) Dommah (c) Kasrah (d) Waw
72. To elongate a consonant, we may use (a) Fatahah (b) Dommah (c)
Alif (d) Kasrah
73. We may use _________ to elongate a consonant (a) Yau (b)
Dommah (c) Kasrah (d) Fatahah
74. Consonant ‘Lain’ Dommah will be pronounced as (a) Lam (b)
Lamu (c) Lu (d) La Dommah

61
75. One of the importance of learning Arabic Language in Nigeria is
that (a) It can be used as supplications (b) It is a course of study
in higher institution (c) It is written from right side to left side
(d) None of the above
76. Consonants ‘Waw’ with Fatahah will be elongated with (a) Yau (b)
Alif(c) Waw (d) Yau, Alif and Waw
77. A consonant ‘Waw’ with Dommah will be pronounced as (a) Wu
(b) Waw (c) Bu (d) WaDommah
78. Consonant Hamzah with Fatihah will be pronounced as (a) Yau
(b) Alif (c) Waw (d) Yau, Alif and Waw
79. Consonant Hamzah with Dommah will be pronounced as (a) Huu
(b) Hu (c) Hawu (d) Hamzah Dommah
80. Fatihatan means (a) Two Fatihah (b) Two Fatihahs (c) Two Fats
(d) Two Fatihs
81. Dommatan means (a) Two Dommahs (b) Two Dommah (c) Two
Dammah (d) Two Damihs
82. Kasratan means (a) Two Kars (b) Two Kasrahs (c) Two Kasras (d)
Two Kosrahs
83. Fatihah sign is put (a) under consonants (b) On consonants (c)
Under or On Consonants (d) All of the above
84. Dommah sign is put (a) Under consonants (b) On consonants (c)
Under or On consonants (d) All of the above
85. Shaddah sign is put (a) Under consonants (b) On consonants
(c) Under or On consonants (d) All of the above
86. Sukun sign is put (a) Under consonant (b) On consonant (c)
Under or On consonant (d) All of the above

62
87. Doubled vowels are known as (a) Shaddah (b) Sukun (c) Tanwin
(d) Balinga (e) Ennylex-Gold
88. Hamzah belongs to (a) Quamariyyah (b) Shamsiyyah (c)
Harakaat (d) None of the above
89. LamAlif belongs to (a) Quamarriyyah (b) Shamsiyyah (c)
Harakaat (d) None of the above
90. Tanwin signs are put (a) Under consonants (b) On consonants
(c) Under or On consonants (d) All of the above
91. Which of these is true of Alif (a) It is not part of Arabic alphabets
(b) It is not different from Hamzah (c) than Hamzah (d) None of
the above
92. Which of these is true of Alif (a) It is not part of Arabic alphabets
(b) It is not part of vowels (c) It is stronger than Yau (d) It carries
Hamzah at times
93. Alif belongs to (a) Harakaat (b) Shamsiyyah letters (c)
Quamariyyah letters (d) None of the above
94. Za belongs to (a) Harakaat (b) Shamsiyyah letters (c)
Quamariyyah letters (d) None of the above
95. Dad belongs to (a) Harakaat (b) Shamsiyyah letters (c)
Quamariyyah letters (d) None of the above
96. Tha belongs to (a) Harakaat (b) Shamsiyyah letters (c)
Quamariyyah letters (d) None of the above
97. Which of these is true of Quamariyyah and Shamsiyyah (a) They
are not part of Arabic alphabets (b) They are not part of Arabic
consonants (c) They do not have vowels (d) They share the same
Numbers of Arabic letter

63
98. The course code of Communication in Arabic is (a) GST 121 (b)
GST 123A (c) ENT 123B (d) GST123B
99. Sukun has sign (a) a (b) I (c) u (d) o
100. Vowels in Arabic are divided into (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 14 (d) 28

64
 CHAPTER THREE

USE OF LIBRARY AND ICT (GST 111)

TABLE OF CONTENT

SUMMARIES OF USE OF LIBRARY

SUMMARIES OF ICT

QUESTIONS AND ANSWER

65
 USE OF LIBRARY SUMMARIES

➢ According to UNESCO, the library is an organized collection of

published books, readings and audio-visual materials and the
services of the staffs who are able to provide and interpret
such materials as required to meet the information, research
and recreational needs of its users
➢ Aluauzu (2002) defined library as collection of books and non-
book materials arranged in an orderly manner and made
accessible to users
➢ Ogunleye (2000) defined library as planned collection of
documents organised in such a way to meet the need of users
➢ An encompassing definition: library is a system designed to
acquire printed materials (monographs, books, journals,
indexes, reference materials) and non-book materials
(microtexts, films, audio-visuals, microforms, microfiche)
organised and interpreted with the aid of a library staff and
their services in an exclusive and deliberate attempt to
providing information and knowledge to library users in
solving their information related problems vis-a-vis acquisition
of knowledge.
➢ "Library" is derived from a Latin word "Liber' meaning books
➢ The history of library started around 3rd and 12th century in
Egypt and Mesopotamia (3,500BC)
➢ China also contributed to the history of library through the
invention of paper in the 12th Century
➢ A great deal of writing was done at about 3,500 BC
➢ Those that featured prominently during the writing era were
the Egyptians, Sumerians, Phoenicians, the Greeks and the
Romans
➢ The Egyptians were known for their hieroglyphic writing by
using reeds; the material produced using reeds is called
Papyrus

66
➢ The famous library in Egypt was the Alexandria library
established by Ptolemy I (304 - 283 BC)
➢ Sumerians' writing is called Cuneiform (Invented around
3000BC) They were also refer to the Babylonians
➢ made by baking clay, matching it and drying it with fire.
➢ The famous library of the Sumerians was established by King
Senacherib and Ashurbanipal
➢ The Phoenicians (Also known as Semitic people) invented
alphabets around 1,500BC ,They Phoenician invertd the
writing of Alphabet.
➢ The Phoenicians did their writing on animal skin (Parchment)
➢ The first public library was established in Athens, Greece in
330 BC
➢ Oneofthereputablescholarsbecameanaristosy.
➢ heGeekscametolimelights.Bookbecamespartofthesocietyandlim
elightsbecame
➢ Books came to Rome as loots of war from Macedonia
➢ Libraries were established by the Romans and the greatest of
them was the BibliothecUlpano founded by Trajan.
➢ Meddle or The dark ages was the period of transition to
modernity.
➢ During the dark ages, knowledge was preserved by the
establishment of monasteries e.g. Monte Casino (589 AD0;
development of the Moslem World; enlightened individuals e.g.
Bishop Richard De Bury who wrote Philobiblion; and medieval
universities e.g. Sobone University in France and Oxford
university in Britain
➢ Renaissance means "Reborn"
➢ The renaissance was followed by the reformation age
➢ The reformation age was the period when enlightened
individuals like Martin Luther and Gabriel Nande championed
the fight against Catholic Hegemony

67
 ➢ Martin Luther promoted literacy in Germany through the
establishment of libraries after his excommunication from the
church in 1519
➢ Gabriel Nande published "Advis Pour
DresseuUneBibliotheque" in 1627

In 1857, the national library of Britain was established

➢ In 1789, the national library of France was established

➢ Library development in Nigeria was influenced by: Islamic
impact, Trans-Atlantic impact, World War veterans, nationalist
movements, abolition of slave trade, the scramble for Africa,
Elliot commission recommendations and the UNESCO seminar
of 1953
➢ Tom Jones library was established in 1990
➢ One of the recommendations of Elliot commission was the
formation of West African Library Association (WALA)
➢ WALA was dissolved in 1962 and Nigerian Library Association
(NLA) was formed.
➢ Academic libraries, public libraries, national libraries, special
libraries and school libraries are all types of library
➢ According o the Oxford concise dictionary, a book is a written
or printed work consisting of papers glued or sewn together
along one side and bound in covers
➢ A staff in the library is either of the professional or Para-
professional categories
➢ Library materials should be carefully selected by:
understanding the collection, insight into users needs,
funding, awareness of the subject fields in question
➢ Acquisition procedures: searching, verification, placing order,
receiving order and resolving problems
➢ Types of acquisition: Purchase, Donation/Gift, Exchange, legal
deposit, bequeath and membership.
➢ Weeeding is the process of disposing from a library's collection
unwanted or obsolete materials.

68
➢ Mutilation is the illegal practice of removing pages from a
book.
➢ A serial is an occasional publication in printed or non-printed
form issued in successive parts usually having numerical or
chronological design intended to be continued indefinitely
➢ ISSN means international standard serial number
➢ ISBN means international standard book number
➢ Primary serials, secondary serials and tertiary serials are all
types of serial
➢ A library's catalogue is the list of library materials contained in
a collection arranged according to some definite pattern
➢ Cataloging is the process of generating a library catalogue
➢ Librarians involved in cataloguing are called cataloguers
➢ Card catalogue, book catalogue, sheaf catalogue, microfiche,
Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) are all forms of
catalogue
➢ There are basically three catalogue practices in libraries:
Dictionary catalogue, classified arrangement and divided
arrangement. Others are Author/Title catalogue, subject
catalogue and shelf list catalogue
➢ Cataloguing and classification are the processes involved in
library organisation
➢ Classification deals with the arrangement of ideas, subjects or
things in a systematic order
➢ Library-wise, classification is the arrangement or grouping of
books or documents according to likeness
➢ There are six classification schemes commonly used in
libraries: Library of congress classification (LC), Dewey decimal
classification (DDC), Universal decimal classification (UDC),
Colon classification (CC), Bibliographic classification (BC) and
Moys classification (MC)

The library of congress classification schemes are as follow:

A - General works

69
 B-BJ - Philosophy, psychology

BL-BX - Religion

C - Auxiliary science of history

D - History: General

E-F - History: America (Western Hemisphere)

G - Geography, maps, Anthropology, Recreation

H - Social science

J - Political science

K - Law

L - Education

M - Music

N - Fine Arts

P - Languages and literature

Q - Science

R - Medicine

S - Agriculture

T - Technology

U - Military science

V - Naval Science

Z - Bibliography, Library Science

The library is usually departmentalized into five units: Readers

Service department, administrative department, technical service

70
department, research and documentation department and
Information Technology department

➢ The Readers services department provides direct services to

library users that patronise the library.
➢ The readers services department is sub-divided into the
following sections: circulation section, reversed books section,
audiovisual section, reprographic unit, security unit
➢ The admission of users into the library is restricted to the
qualified registered users who can be allowed at any point in
time to take use of the library facilities
➢ The first thing that the circulation section does at the
beginning of a session is registration of new users
➢ Registration requirements for both students and staffs are;
admission letter, two passport photographs, filling of library
registration form to be attested to by the users HOD,
presentation of old or expired library cards by returning
students, letter of appointment.
➢ Cross references are guides to the headings required in the
catalogue
➢ The "See reference" refers the user from his searching term in
the catalogue to the term that is actually used the catalogue

LECURERS
SEE
COLLEGE TEACHERS

➢ The "See also reference" directs the user from a broader or

general term used term used in the catalogue to a more
specific term used in the catalogue. One is general while the
other is specific

PHYSICS
71
 SEE ALSO

ELECTRICITY

➢ Library card contains personal information about the user of a

library. It is used as entry pass into the library.
➢ Shelf reading is one of the daily routines carried out in the
library. It is done once in a year to ascertain lost items.
➢ Book loans take place in the library when information
materials (books) are charged out for home use.
➢ For the misused, mutilates or lost books, the library user
found guilty of these offences could be asked to pay double the
cost price of the material plus 10% the total cost as admin
charges.
➢ User education is a special service rendered by the library to
enable users exploit all the available materials of the library
➢ Library clearance is officially issued out to all members of the
academic community leaving the institution
➢ Library furniture are the essential materials needed in the
library to provide comfort for library users when they visit the
library either for studying, reading or research.
➢ Audio-visual section is the section that accommodates non-
printed materials in the library.
➢ The reference section is a service section that provides direct
services to library users in the readers services department of
a library.
➢ Reference materials contain facts that have been brought
together from many sources and organised for quick and easy
use
➢ An abstract is a summary of a publication or an article which
accompany full bibliographical citations of the work
➢ Almanac is an annual compendium containing miscellaneous
useful facts and statistical information that can be used to
supplement and compliment information in an encyclopedia.

72
➢ Bibliography is a systematic listing of publications on a
particular field of knowledge or subject
➢ A biography source is a reference material which provides
information or brief sketches on a person or group of person
from all walks of life.
➢ Dictionary is a reference book containing words and concepts
arranged with explanation of their meanings, pronunciations,
usages, spellings, syllabication, origin and other information
concerning them
➢ A directory is a list of persons or organisations that are
systematically arranged either alphabetically or in a classified
order stating the names, addresses, affiliations for individuals
and names.
➢ Encyclopedias are generally repositories of information in a
branch of knowledge. They are literary works containing
extensive informational articles on every field of knowledge
➢ Geographical sources are source types of informational
materials that provide graphical representation and general
geographic information such as location of a place or town
➢ Atlas is a collection of geographical pictorial information which
are volume of maps, plates or charts
➢ A map is a drawing of any part of the earth's surface showing
geographical and other features such as positions of towns,
roads, etc
➢ Gazetteer is a geographical reference book published either
separately or as a part of a book which list place names and
describe the place
➢ Gazette are the publications that emanate from the
government−state, federal or local−which contain diverge
information on government activities−legislations, decrees,
etcs
➢ Guide is a reference material that provides adequate info
which could be of help or direction to information seeker on a
subject or research topic of interest

73
➢ Handbook is a small reference book which can be held
conveniently in the hands, containing info items on cultural,
economic and historical events of a country.
➢ An index is a pointer to where an important info item can be
retrieved in a book or journal. it enlists all the names and
terminologies used in a book indicating the exact page where
they can be located.
➢ Yearbooks are reference materials that provide info about the
happenings in the previous year.
➢ The reference librarian is a professional library staff who is in
charge of the reference section of the library where users
queries are answered
➢ A reference librarian must be attentive, resourceful, confident,
sympathetic and cheerful

ICT

➢ A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data

through input devices, process the data through processing
device and produce an output in softcopy or hardcopy through
output devices
➢ Computer systems are classified in three ways: size, purpose
and types
➢ On size, a computer could be Mini, Micro, Mainframe or Super
computer. Super computer is the biggest (Could be as big and
tall as a two-storey building).
➢ Mainframe computer is less bigger in size compared to the
super computer.
➢ Mini computers are smaller in size compared to Mainframe
computers.
➢ Micro computers are smaller in size compared to Mini
computers. Examples are Laptops, Palmtops and Desktops

74
➢ According to purpose, a computer could be general purpose
which is used to perform variety of functions, for example,
laptops; or Special purpose which is used to perform a
particular function, for example calculators and thermometers
➢ On types, a computer could be Analogue which is used for
measurement, digital which works with numbers and hybrid
which combines the functions of digital and analogue
computers.
➢ SOME ‘ICT’ ABBREVIATIONS:
RAM - Random access memory
ROM - Read only memory
VDU - Visual display unit
CPU - Central Processing unit
ALU - Arithmetical and Logical unit
PC - Personal Computers
LCD - Liquid crystal display
MS - Microsoft
USB - Universal serial bus
CRT - Cathode ray tube
FTP - File transfer protocol
OS - Operating system
WWW - World wide web
CD - Compact disk
DVD - Digital versatile disk
HD - High definition
3D - Third [or X3] definition
POS - Point of sale
ATM - Automated teller machine

PARTS OF A COMPUTER
There are two parts of a computer namely: Software and
Hardware.

75
 ➢ Hardware are the physical parts of the computer that can
be seen, felt and touched eg Keyboard, Monitor, System
Unit, etc
➢ Software are the parts that cannot be touched eg, words
displayed on a monitor screen.

CHAPTER FOUR

NIGERIAN PEOPLES AND CULTURE (GST 113)

SUMMARY

ONE
1. The Kanuri Empire developed in the North-East of the Lake
Chad Region.
2. The early settlers in the North-East were believed to have
developed a sophisticated socio-political culture based on
Agriculture and the knowledge and use of iron technology.
3. The land was rich and fertile, this encourage human settlement
and agriculture activities.
4. The king known as ‘MAI’ was the highest political office holder.
5. The Queen’s Mother called “MAGIRA” and the Queen’s sister
called “MAGARA”.
6. The Chief Judge of the empire known as MAINI KANENDIwho
was the king legal adviser.
7. The most important nobles in the Kanuri Empire were;
GALADIMA, KAIGIRA, YERIMA, and MESHEMA.
8. The Kanuri Empire derived revenue through TAXATION.
9. The main occupation of the people of (Kanuri’s)was Chiefly
FARMERS and PASTORALISTS.

76
10. Communities that were close to the Lake Chad engaged in
FISHING and CANOE MAKING.
11. An account supplied by KIRK-GREEN and A. S JOHNSON
suggested that the Hausa were products of inter-marriage
between BERBER migrant from the SAHARA and a NEGRO
population of the savannah.
12. An account also revolved around a founder hero of Hausa states
known as BAYAJIDDA.
13. The HAUSA can also be taken to be the result ofa complex
historical process which transcends the range of COMMON
LANGUAGE AND CULTURE.
14. The Hausa lived in a small agriculture settlement known as
KAUYE.
15. There are two distinctleaders; SARKIN NUMA (King of
Farmer)and MAIGIDA (Head of House).
16. The DALA HILL located in KANO.
17. A major feature that emerges with URBINIZATION was SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION in HAUSALAND.
18. The ruling class was stratified into TWO; THE HEREDITARY
CLASS known as MUSA SARANITA and THE NON-
HEREDITARY CLASS.
19. The commoners are called TALAKAWA.
20. In the Hausa political structure there was FUSION OF POWER.
21. Islam was introduced in the Hausaland as from the14thCentury.
22. The Alkali and Quadis were known as Islamic Judges.
23. The Hausa pre-colonial economy depends considerably on
TRADING ACTIVITES and TAXATION.
24. The Hausa States were known to have developed a number of
Fiefdoms and Clientele relationships in their pre-colonial history.
25. The Fulani otherwise known asFULBE or FELATA.
26. The Fulani probably were the only ethnic group in Africa without
a distinct territory of their own.
27. There is evidence that the Fulanis were originated from FUTA
JALON AREA OF WEST.

77
28. The Fulanis were basically of TWO TYPE; TOWN FULANI and
CATTLE FULANI.
29. The woven around certain personalities of the Igala Peoplesare
LEGENDS and MYTHS.
30. The kingdom of Igala with its headquarter at IDAH.
31. Settlements of the Igala-speakingpeoples were also located on the
right bank below the confluence opposite ETOBE.
32. The Igala People were principally FARMERS and FISHERMEN.
33. The Political Organizationof the Igala was under ATTAH.
34. The founder of Nupe Kingdom is TSOEDE THE ETSU-NUPE (The
King).
35. Tsoede believed to have Igala Father and Nupe Mother.
36. The Capital of Nupe is GBARA.
37. Islamic was established in Nupe in the 18th Century.
38. Nupe pre-colonial administrative structure was of TWO LEVEL;
CENTRAL and PROVINCIAL.
39. The village was the main political unit at the Provincial Level.
40. The Pre-Colonial Economy of Nupe revolved around Farming,
Trading and Fishing.
41. The River Niger was to Nupe, while River Nile was Ancient Egypt.
42. Tiv Landconsists of the Relics of Rain, Forest mixed with Guineas
Savannah to the South and pure Savannah to the North.
43. The origin of the Tiv is shrouded in MYTHS and LEGENDS.
44. The word Tiv was coined to refer to both the Language and
Myths.
45. The Tiv Political Organization was Uniquely Decentralized.
46. The Family was the Largest Entity or Unit and the Political
Culture.
47. The pre-colonial economy of the Tiv depends Largely on
Farming.
48. The Jukun were otherwise known as KAWARARAFA.
49. The Jukun occupied the area between the BENUE and IBI
RIVER.
50. Wakari area is indicative of the large size of the Jukun Kingdom.

78
51. The Political Structure of Jukun had a Theocratic Character.
52. Aku-Ukawas personally recognized as Divinely Commissioned
to Represent the Gods.
53. Aku ukaconduct was regulated by money, taboo and traditional
belief.

TWO
1. The term pre-colonial is used simply refers to the period before
official colonialism was imposed on Nigeria in 1900.
2. The Region South of the Niger is the home of the Yoruba, Igbo,
Edo and other ethnic groups found along the coast and in the
Niger Delta.
3. The pre-colonial Nigeria People Economic Activitieswere
influenced by Climate Factors and Agriculture.
4. In the Igbo homeland, the conspicuous absence of major hills
and mountains has made for ease of mobility of men, materials
and ideas.
5. What exist in the oral traditions about the Igbo is mainly
speculative, non-definitive and lacking in the time depth.
6. Radio carbon dates obtained from archeological excavation
confirm that the Igbo were in their present location by
250,000BC with a stone using culture.
7. The Igbo progresses to the village framing stage before 3000BC
and were using Iron by the beginning of Christian era.
8. The Igbo Agricultural Economy was dominated by YAM
CULTIVATION.
9. The Influence of Royalty is Less Significantamong Igbo.
10. The Social Structureof the Igbo is based on the Kinship and
Lineage Systems.
11. The Igbo recognized achievement rather than hereditarily
bestowed greatness.
12. The Igbo society recognizedtitled men as being very high in the
social setup.

79
13. The Political Configuration of the Igbois to serve both the
political and administrative needs of the people.
14. The Nuclear Family is the smallest or lowest unit of Political
Organization.
15. Family headship follows the rule of PRIMOGENITURE (Power
of Father to Son).
16. The Igbo Political Strata include the lineage head, age-grades
and title societies.
17. The large part of the Yoruba consist of LOW FLAT
PLATEAUwith only a range of hills running from East to West.
18. The Yoruba’s possessa strong tradition of historical
consciousness that trace their origins to Ile-Ife, the spiritual
home or spiritual centre of theYoruba.
19. The Monarchial System of Govt. was recognized in the Yoruba
Political Structure.
20. Oyo Kingdom grew to become the most powerful state in
Yorubaland the pre 1800.
21. Agriculture became so fundamental to the economy of the
Yorubaland in the 19th Century.
22. At the head of political strata of the Yoruba’s was the ALAAFIN
(King) the constitutional monarch.
23. Alaafin was assisted by the OYOMESI – that also serve as a
check to the power of the Alaafin.
24. The Oyomesi was headed by the BASORUN, who was the next
to the ALAAFIN in power and authority.
25. During the reign of ALAAFIN ONISILE wealth increased as a
result of increased in the economic activities.
26. During the same reign of the SEKERE DRUMwas made with
expensive materials.
27. The social norm of the Yoruba people also served to maintain
LAW and ORDER.
28. The name BENINhasTHREE CONNOTATIONS – EMPIRE,
KINGDOM and THE CAPITAL CITY OF BOTH.
29. The Benin shares some cultural similarities with the Yorubas.

80
30. The origin of the Benin is equally shrouded in mystery.
31. The Benin was famous for its conquering WARSandARTS.
32. The political history of Benin could be divided into TWO
PERIODS – THE OGISOandTHE EWEKA DYNASTY.
33. The Ogiso rule emanated from the ODIONWERE SYSTEM(the
rule of the king).
34. The first Ogiso ruler was IGODO also called OBAGODO.
35. The Political Organization of Benin is centre on the OBA and
THREE GROUPS OF SENIOR TITLE HOLDER.
36. The Uzama formed the highest ranking order of Chiefs; the
second is which function tied tothe palace (EGHAEVBO-N-
OGBE),and the third group wasEGHAEVBO-N-ORE (Town
Chief).
37. From the ethnography and oralliterature, it is proper to suggest
that the Cross River was one of the earliest occupied sections
east of the Delta.
38. The age grades, kinship and lineage system were recognizedin
the NIGER DELTA.
39. The most prominent in the Niger Delta Administration were the
EPKE (Leopard)and EKPO(Ghost).
40. Among the Niger Delta (Ijo, Isoko, Urhobo)the most important
Political Unit remained the village and the age-gradesplayed
relevant roles.
41. The pre-colonial Nigeria-South of the Niger is rich in cultural,
economic and social history.

THREE
1. The word Nigeria was coined by FLORA SHAWin 1914 after the
amalgamation of Southern and Northern protectorates.
2. Culture can be defined as the totality of the way of life evolved by
a people in their environment.
3. There are TWO TYPES of culture – MATERIAL & NON-
MATERIAL CULTURE.
4. Nigerian culture is related to TOURISM.

81
5. Culture embraces CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS.
6. Culture in Nigeria is as old as diverse communities in Nigeria.
7. Cultural transformation has led to MODERNITY(Computer Age).
8. Cultural change is achieved through acceptance of new culture
element.
9. The process of transformation includes Contact, Diffusion,
Socialization and Acculturation.
10. Language serves as a Medium of Communication.
11. Language facilitates the integration of new cultural elements in
the society.
12. Nigerian culture system can be classified into THREE SUB-
SYSTEM; POLITICAL CULTURE, SOCIALCULTURE &
ECONOMIC STRUCTURE.
13. The impact of foreign influence like Christianity and Arabic
civilization (Islam) affect the growth of cultures.
14. Institutional culture deals with the political, social, legal,
economic structure and spiritual objective.
15. OYO was the largest and most militarily powerful of all
kingdoms.
16. The Igbo political institutions are characterized by non
centralized society.
17. Muslim Jihad (Holy war) between 1804-1809.
18. The Fulani is refers to as Fulbe or Felata.
19. The Fulani language is called Fulfulde or Fula.
20. In 1943, during Tin-mining operation in Jos, area there was an
evidence of a unique collection of ancient sculpture in Terracotta
which is dated back around 500BC and 200AD.
21. In 1938, at the village of Igbo-Ukwa near Uwka where bronze
were dug up by British archaeologist called Thurstan Shaw.
22. Large number of portrait like naturalist sculpture in the ancient
town of Ile-Ifewas discovered.
23. Igbo believe system was centered on an oracle popularly known
as Arochukwu.

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24. The Igbo oracle was considered important for its impartial
verdict/justice.
25. Among the Tiv, daughters are not given out of free will in
marriage to another Tiv family without collecting bride price.
26. Marriage institution is unique for its social interaction and the
manner conducted.
27. Marriage by Purchase is referred to as in which there is a
period of courtship and the payment of the bride price.
28. Marriage among the Fulani teaches Courage and Perseverance
later in the social or marriage union.
29. Kolanut is a factor in the cultural history of the communities
in Igbo land.
30. Kolanut has a symbol of Peace and Brotherhood.
31. In the cosmological history of the Yoruba,Ile-Ife is known as
The Centre of Universe.

FOUR
1. Before the Jihad, there was little cohesion among the Hausas
States.
2. Fulani Jihad was led by Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo.
3. Uthman Dan Fodiyo began to preach in Degel in the year 1774-
1775.
4. Uthman Fodiyo began preaching at the age of Twenty (20).
5. Shehu power had grown by turn of the 19th Century.
6. Jihad war 1804-1809.
7. Fulani Jihad is premier among the 19th Century Jihad in West
Africa.
8. The Jihad war was primarily a reform movement calculated to
reactivate Islam by destroying syncretism and heresies among the
Hausas.
9. Shehu and his Muslim scholar declare a Jihad first against Yunfa
the Sultan of Gobir and his Apostate subjects.

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10. In 1813, Shehu divided the administration of the Caliphate into
TWO PARTS between his brother Abdullahi and his son
Mohammed Bello.
11. Mohammed Bello’s territories include; Zamfara, Kastina,
Kano, Daura, Bauchi and Katagum.
12. Abdullahi territories include; the emirates of Nupe, Dendi,
Borgu, Ilorin and Liptako.
13. Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo dies in1817.
14. The Jihad war unites the Hausa States.
15. After the Jihad, the title of the Kings was changed to Emirs.
16. British conquest at the Caliphate.
17. Yoruba interstate war was between (1793 – 1893).
18. Yoruba war was caused by struggleover trade routes to the coast.
19. Over 150 Egba settlementswere destroyed by Oyo, Ife and Ijebu
element.
20. Basorun Oluyole (1830 – 1847) was ranked among the
greatest farmers of his time.
21. Trade came to stand still owing to insecurity and closure of
roads.
22. The history of Niger Delta in the 19th Century is closely tied to
Slave Trade.
23. The Niger Delta was the nerve centre of the obnoxious
commerce in human cargoes.
24. The last recorded ship left in 1854.
25. Social Political Organization in the Niger Delta State in the 19th
Century was the House system or House Rule.
26. By the beginning of 19th Century, house heads acted as
Kingmakers.
27. The following people gained prominence during the house rule
–ALALI, OKO-JUMBO, JAJA, NANA.
28. The house system was equally a Military Organization.
29. The wealth acquired by the house head was seen as the Sinews
of War.

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30. House system was a hierarchical society of THREE LAYERS;
ROYAL PRINCE, FREE BORN COMMONERS, THE SLAVE
BORN.
31. Littoral State in Nigeria is made up of the following; EDO,
DELTA, BAYELSA, RIVERS and AKWA-IBOM.
32. The Igbos were not united under one paramount chief and they
lack a Central Organ of Government.
33. Igbo political systemwas based on LINEAGE.
34. Igbo socio structures were based on LINEAGE and KINSHIP.
35. ARO covering the whole of Igboland and ibiobioland as well as
part of Igala, Idoma and Tiv territories.

FIVE

1. Nationalism can be seen inTWO WAYS–the loyalty & patriotism

one has for his country and the strong & emotional feeling for the
survival for the survival or development of his country or people.
2. There are THREE STAGES or PHASES of Nigeria Nationalism; a.
RESISTANCE MOVEMENT AGAINST THE PENETRATION OF THE
EUROPEANS (Traditional Nationalism). b.POLITICAL
PARTICIPATION OF EDUCATED ELITE. c. AIMED EXPRESSLY AT
CREATING A SOVEREIGN STATE OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
(Struggle for Self-rule).
3. The evolution of Nationalism in Nigeria transcends the advent of
British colonial rule.
4. From 1854, it marked the beginning of British Rule in Nigeria.
5. The crucial stage in the development of Nationalism in Nigeria is
Formation and Socio-political ethnic based GROUPING.
6. The level of Nationalism was the product of kinship, sameness of
language, culture and common historical ancestry.
7. Modern nationalism in Nigeria was largely unfolded in the 20th
Century.

85
 8. Nationalism developed in Nigeria in the 20th Century owing to
ambition of Nigeria leaders to rule.
9. British bombardedor attacked Lagos in 1851.
10. British annexed or takeover Lagos in 1861.
11. Modern militant nationalism was Zikist movement (1946 –
1950) using the national church of Nigeria as the Religious Wing.
12. Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) was used as the Economic Wing.
13. Western Education exposes most Nigerians to political
consciousness.
14. The first/oldest political party in Nigeria is Nigerian National
Democratic Party (N. N. D. P) formed in 1922, led by Herbert
Macaulay (Father of Nationalism).
15. Nigerian Youth Movement (N. Y. M.) was formed in 1934.
16. The National Council of Nigerian and Cameron (N. C. N. C)was
formed in 1944.
17. The Action Group (A. G) and the Northern People Congress (N. P.
C) formed in 1951.
18. Political Party was used as vehicle to hardness and conveys
nationalist agitation or grievances during period.
19. In 1912, there wereonly four (4) News Papers on regular
publication.
20. In 1926, there was onlythirteen(13) News Paperson regular
publication.
21. Through the newspaper obnoxious govt. Policies were exposed and
attacked.
22. FRED OMU describes Nigerian press of that time as “THE
GUARDIAN OF THE RIGHTS AND LIBERTY OF THE PEOPLE
AS WELL AS INPRETERS OF THE IDEALS AND
ASPIRATIONS”.
23. The West Africa Student Union (W. A. S. U.) was formed in 1925
by LADIPO SOLANKE, a Yoruba Law Student based in London.
24. The post-first WorldWar Economic depression/crisis was a vital
factor that provokes the rise of Nigerian Nationalism.

86
25. The economic hardship stimulates nationalist agitation and
makes the British government unpopular.
26. In 1924 – 1925, Nigeria received 3 pence a pound for its
American Cotton.
27. In 1930 – 1931 Nigeria received half a penny.
28. The outbreak of World War II 1939 – 1945.
29. The African ex-service men who fought during the war became
exposing, since they found nothing unique/special in the White
Man.
30. The first separatist movement was the United African Church
separated from the Anglican Church in 1891.
31. Babalola of Ilesha founded the Christ Apostolic Church.
32. Orimolade Moses of Lagos founded the Cherubim and
Seraphim.

SIX

1. Development is synonymous with Economic Development.

2. Economic growth is synonymous with Economic Development.
3. Economic growth connotes; increases in national income
(increases in total output of a country) and increases in per capital
income.
4. Economic Development involves the unity of two elements; these
are quantitative growth and qualitative change.
5. Colonial rules ensure the effective control and integration of the
Nigeria economy to that of Britain.
6. Rail transport started during the colonialrule.
7. The Nigeria economy during the first decade after independence
could reasonable is described as an Agriculture Economybecause
agriculture served as the engine growth of the overall
economy.
8. Agriculture sector contributed over 60% of the GDP in the
1960s.

87
9. Since the 1940s, Nigeria has been concerned with how to achieve
rapid socio-economic development.
10. Apart from Agriculture, another area that can hasten the
diversification of the resources base of Nigeria Economy is the
Solid Mineral Sector.
11. Before the 1960, industry’s contribution to the GDP was
negligible.
12. The 1960s witnessed the birth of assembly plants for the
production of electronics, bicycle, sewing machine etc.
13. The defunct ECN means Electricity Corporation of Nigeria.
14. ECN took over the Supply and Generation of Electricity in 1951.
15. In 1969, the KAINJI DAM was commissioned.
16. The Dam was under the control of the Niger Dam Authority
(NDA).
17. In 1971ECN and NDAwere merged to form the National Electric
Power Authority(NEPA).
18. As at 1988, Nigeria was among the top 20 producers of oil in the
world and the 7thlargest producer withOPEC.
19. In the same year, Nigeria was the 4th largest exporter of crude oil
in the world and 2nd largest with OPEC.
20. In 1995, the Human Development Index (HDI)ranked Nigeria as
the 13th poorest country in the world.
21. Important strategy for Nigeria Economic Development is to
embark on a Knowledge Driven Economy(KDE).
22. The high level of development in these countries is largely due to
the availability of a highly skilled workforce.
23. Life expectancy is between 50 and 52 years.

SEVEN
1. The Christian Missionaries wasted no time in building schools to
educate the converts.
2. The Christians Missionaries advocated the doctrine of Trinity –
Christianity, Commerce and Civilization.

88
3. Native Baptist Church broke away from the Southern American
Baptist Mission in 1888.
4. United Native African Church broke away from the Anglican
Church in 1891.
5. The First Storey Building in Nigeria is located at BADAGRY.
6. The Holy Cross Cathedral in Lagos.
7. In 1850, Henin Venn of CMS encourages the Cultivation of
Cotton in Abeokuta.
8. The society of African Mission encouraged the cultivation of cotton
at TOPO in BADAGRY.
9. In 1897, brick making in OKROFIONG at CALABAR was
established by the Anglican Mission.
10. The Presbyterian established the Hope Waddle Institute at
Calabar in 1895.
11. T. BOWEN wrote Grammar and Dictionary of the Yoruba
language in 1895.
12. MACLNTYRE wrote Nupe Reader and Grammar.
13. Hugh Goldie’s wrote Efic Dictionary and Grammarin 1874.
14. The missionaries also published journals and Magazines, among
these is; African Church Gleaner, Nigerian Baptist and the African
Church Chronicles.

EIGHT

1. Thrings believed that education is the transmission of life by the

living to the living.
2. Education is best described as sum total of the experience
acquire by human being in life.
3. Education is geared towards stimulating the moral and intellectual
needs of the child.
4. Education takes place in every society because; Everything about
the way of life is learned, The young child is receptive to experience
and The child is totally dependent from birth upon other people.
5. Traditional Education is Informal.

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6. In traditional education, the child learn from; HIS PARENT,
ELDERS and OTHER SIBLINGS.
7. Traditional African Education focuses on the development of the
child mentally, socially, physically and morally.
8. Education is dynamic instrument of change.
9. The aim of traditional education is to; Inculcate correct attitude
and values in the child, To integrate individual into the wider
society and Produce an honest individual.
10. Modern Education is synonymous with Formal and Informal.

NINE

1. Nigeria was clef into two opposing power blocs: North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) headed by USA and the Warsaw
pact under USSR.
2. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa the prime minister made his official
foreign policy statement on 20th August 1960 in the federal house
of rep.
3. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa speech was described as “a brief and
strong worded policy statement”.
4. October 7th 1960, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa further
expounded on the aims and principles of his govt. foreign policy.
5. Nigeria was admitted as the 99th memberof UNO.
6. Anglo-Nigeria Defense Pact – 1958.
7. The SOVIET UNIONwas established in Lagos in 1961.
8. Amechidescribe the relationship between Nigeria and Soviet
Union as Zero or Minimal Relationship.
9. The First Military coup-de-eta was on January 15th 1966 led by
Gen. Aguiyi Ironsi to July 29th 1966.
10. Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon emerges as the new military head of state
on August 1, 1966.
11. Two major events that influenced Nigeria external relations in
1966 – 1975 (Oil Boom and Civil War).
12. Gowon promulgates the indigenization decree in 1972.

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13. Gowon committed N19.5 million to common wealth.
14. Paid salaries of civil servant in Grenada in 1974.
15. The major achieved of Gowon’s post – War Diplomacy is the
establishment of ECOWAS.
16. The term and instrument of establishing ECOWAS were finally
ratified by all the status involved on 28th, May 1975.
17. Muritala/Obasanjo came on board through a bloodless coup on
July 29,1975, the exhibit “No Nonsense” posture.
18. UNITA: Union for the Total Independence of Angola.
19. MPLA:Popular Movement for Liberation of Angola.
20. FNLA:National front for Liberation of Angola.
21. Nigeria support MPLAled by Augustino Neto on Nov. 25th, 1975.
22. In December 8th 1975, Nigeria grants Angola $20 million.
23. February 1976,Muritala was killed in a coup sponsored by
Britain.
24. In 1979, Nigeria nationalized Shell – Bp to African
Petroleum(AP) when commonwealth conference was in progress
in Lusaka, Zambia.
25. The army relinquished power on October, 1st 1979 and a Civilian
Regime under Alhaji Shehu Shagari was ushered in.
26. Shehu Shagari 1979 – 1983.
27. OAUChairman in 1979 was President Siaka Stevens.
28. Alhaji Shehu Shagari marks the beginning of a new epoch of
debtor – creditor relationship in Nigeria external relations.
29. General Muhammadu Buhari, Dec. 31, 1983 to 1985.
30. Buhari foreign policy speech was made on December 3rd 1984.
31. Buhari Regime was at the front rank against the Anti-Reagan
Linkage Policy on Namibian independence.
32. General Ibrahim Babangida, August 27, 1985 to 1993.
33. General Ibrahim Rallied support for the formation of ECOWAS
monitoring group (ECOMONG) in 1990.
34. General Sanni Abacha, Nov. 17, 1993 to June 8th 1998.
35. Nigeria external relations underwent the darkest moment under
Abacha.

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36. Abacha Regime embraced the following Pariah States –Libya, Iraq,
Iran, North Korea and others.
37. Abacha drove Nigeria to the fold of a group of D-8, made up of
Islam States like Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Turkey, Malaysia,
Iran and Pakistan.
38. Abacha visit South Africa in 1994 during sworing in ceremony of
Nelson Mandela.
39. Nigeria was suspended from common wealth due to the
execution of Ken Sarowiwa and eight kinsmen.
40. Gen. Abdusalami Abubakar became the head of state of Nigeria
in 1998.
41. Abubakar came to saddle with two tasks to midwife democracy
and bring sanity into our foreign policy.
42. Three months to his regime, he (Abubakar) visited Britain and
hand audience with the Prime Minister Tony Blair.
43. Abubakar travelled to USA to address the 53rd Session of the UNO
general assembly.
44. Presidential Election was conducted on February 27th 1999.
45. Chief Olusegun Obasanjo was sworn in on 29th May 1999.
46. Nigeria was re-admitted back to the common wealth body in 2000.
47. From 1960 – 2000, the country has been governed by THREE
CIVILIANS and SEVEN MILITARY REGIMES.

TEN

1. Establishing a state from colonial ruins based on the African

experience has been both violent and peaceful.
2. The problem of Nigeria is largely attributed to bad leadership and
governance.
3. UNESCOdescribes human rights as “neither a new morality nor a
lay religion and are much more than a language common to all
mankind.”

92
4. Human Rights are classified into THREE: Civil and Political
Rights, Economic and, Social and Cultural Rights and
Environmental Rights.
5. Civil and Political Rights enjoy prominence than the other two.
6. With particular reference to Africa human rights are extracted
from African Chapter on Human and People’s right.
7. What makes rights fundamental is the CONSTITUTION.
8. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are referred to as “Non-
justiciable”.
9. A Right that is “Non-justiciable” is a right that cannot be subject
of Litigation in court.
10. The tradition means of livelihood of the people of Oil Producing
Communities in Niger Delta is Fishing and Farming.
11. The Organic Farming Techniques widely used in the Niger Delta
is highly susceptible to Environmental Change.
12. Oil extraction and Production has led to adverse environmental
impact on the soil, forest and water of Niger Delta Communities.
13. Royal Niger Company secured royal charter in 1886.
14. Royal Niger Company used force to bring under colonial rule the
Urhobo, Ibiobio, Igbo, and many other sub-group of the
Southern Nigeria.
15. The problem associated with oil extraction and production is OIL
SPILL, FOREST DESTRUCTION and BIO-DIVERSITY LOSS.
16. The HIV/AIDS disease was first reported in 1986.
17. HIV/AIDS is now regarded as a potent national public threat that
threatens to wreck havoc on the nations delicate demographic.
18. Nigeria now occupies the second position in HIV prevalence in
West Africa.
19. Nigeria places amongst the first four countries with the highest
figure of HIV infected people in the world.
20. Empowering women is increasingly being recognized as a
precondition for and as an indicator of the level of success in the
attainment of sustainable human development.
21. Women are portrayed as SEX OBJETS.

93
22. Democratization emphasizes the fostering of the democratic
process that is the institutionalization of democracy.
23. A state is regarded as “Democratic”, if its government is
accountable to the people through competitive election to public
office.
24. Nigeria returned to civilian rule after sixteen (16) years of
repressive military autocracy.
25. Nigeria has continued to manifest persistence energy crises.

ELEVEN
1. Traditional religion is autochthonous religion i.e it is not imported
to Nigeria.
2. Christianity came to Nigeria in the 18th Century via freed slave.
3. The core of religion is hinged on TRANSCENDENTALISM.
4. During the time of crises and threat, man needs supernatural
forces to depend on.
5. The Genesis of religion starts with the Fear of the Unknown and
Perplexity.
6. The economic and political decisions in rural area are significantly
determined by the ever present spirits.
7. Islam came to Nigeria in the11th Century A. D.
8. The theoretic movement of Islams has Sharia as its legislation.
9. In 1800, Islam was properly ossified in Nigeria via 3 stages as
Balogun Putil islam begun as a religion of Athens, it became the
religion of an influencial or ruling elite (It got accepted by the
masses), and finally it became a militant religion.
10. As at December 2001, the number of registered churches by the
corporate affairs commission is 1018.
11. Religion in Nigeria provides employment.
12. Education institutions owned by missionaries were taken over by
the government in the 1970s.

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 TWELVE
1. Kanem-bornu empire was also known as __________ Ans: Kanuri
Empire
2. Which of these was not associated with the early setters of Kanuri
Empire? Ans: Brass Making.
3. ________land encouraged human settlement and agricultural
activities. Ans: Fertile.
4. The ________ Dynasty was the longest-lasting ruling dynasties in the
pre-colonial West Africa. Ans: Seifawa Dynasty.
5. The King of Kanuri Empire is called ______ Ans:Mai.
6. The Magira is the _______ Ans: Queen Mother.
7. The imperial council of state is otherwise known as ______Ans:
Council of Twelve.
8. Maini Kanedi is the ______ Ans: King legal adviser and Unit Judge.
9. In the early period, the Hausa elements lived in small agricultural
settlements called. Ans: Kauye
10. Sarkin Numa is the _______ Ans: King of Farmers.
11. Maigida is the ________ Ans: Head of House.
12. The Sharia legal system was introduced into the Hausa Ans:
Judicial Administration.
13. Alkali and Quadis were the _______ Ans: Islamic Judges.
14. The Hausa pre-colonial economy also depended considerably on
_____ Ans: Trading and Taxation.
15. Tax on Income is called ____ Ans: Zakat.
16. Tax on livestock is called ______ Ans: Jangali
17. Tax on land is called ______ Ans: Kharat
18. Tax on conquered people is called _____ Ans: Jizyah
19. The Igala people were principally___Ans: Farmers and Fishermen.
20. Tsoede founded the ______ kingdom. Ans: Nupe
21. Gbara is the capital of _____ Ans: Nupe
22. The nobles of the Aku Uka is headed by the Prime Minister known
as ______ Ans: Achuwo

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23. What is the meaning of the term Pre-colonial Period? Ans: An epoch
formally referred to as the period before colonialism was imposed
on Nigeria in 1900.
24. The major occupations in this region are ______ Ans: Fishing,
vegetable, cultivation or agriculture.
25. Radiocarbon date obtain from archaeological excavations confirms
that the Igbo were in their present location by _____ Ans:
250,000BC.
25. Igbo social structure is based on ______ Ans: Kinship and lineage
system.
26. _______ was basically responsible for political military, economic
and social hierarchy. Ans: Age grade.
27. ______ was also viewed from one’s origin and upbringing depending
on whether one was freeborn or slave (ohu) or cult slave (osu, ume).
Ans: Social Status.
28. _____ is the head politically, socially, economically and religiously.
Ans: The father or the oldest male member.
29. Family headship follows the rule of ______ Ans: Primogeniture
(Power from father to son).
30. The political strata including the lineage heads, age grades and title
societies.
31. ______ was the mainstay of the people and the most economic
activity, yam, cocoyam, cassava and vegetable was their major
crops. Ans: Agriculture.
32. The Yorubas are culturally homogeneous and possessa strong
tradition of historical consciousness that traces their origin to
______ Ans: Ile-Ife, the spiritual and ancestral home of the Yoruba.
33. The Yoruba practice a ______ system of government. Ans:
Monarchial.
34. The Oyo Kingdom emerge as the most powerful in the Yoruba land
in the year _______ Ans: 1800
35. The head of the political strata of Oyo Kingdom is ____ Ans: The
Alaafin (King).

96
36. The Alaafin was assisted by the______which also serve as check and
balance to the Alaafin. Ans: Oyomesi.
37. The Oyomesi is headed by ______ Ans: Basorun.
38. The Alaafin can be impeached by the Oyomesi if he goes against
_______ Ans: Rules and regulations of the land.
39. Oyo empire economy structure was center on ______ Ans:
Agriculture and Trade.
40. The Benin People share cultural similarities with ______ and their
origin is shrouded in mystery. Ans: The Yorubas
41. The Benin was famous for _____ Ans: Its conquest in wars and Arts
design.
42. The political history of the Benin could be divided two _____ Ans:
Ogiso period and Eweka Dynasty.
43. The Ogiso period emanated from ______ system (The rule of the
oldest man) Ans: Odionwere
44. The first Ogiso Ruler was ______ Ans: Igodo also called Obagodo.
45. The Benin Political Organization was centered _____ Ans:
Agriculture, crafts industries and trade.
46. _______ was one of the earliest to occupy sections East of the Delta?
Ans: The Cross River.
47. The geographical peculiarity of Niger Delta region compelled the
people to be experts in ______ Ans: Maritime activities.
48. The primary occupation of the Niger Delta were? Ans: Fishing,
shellfish collectors, Hunters and Salt processors.
49. Age-grades, kinship and lineage system were recognized in the _____
Ans: Niger Delta region.
50. The word “Nigeria” was coined by who and in what year? Ans: By
Flora Shaw in 1914.
51. We have more than ____ ethnic groups in Nigeria? Ans: 250 ethnic
groups, but the major ones are Yoruba, Igbo and Hausa.
52. Nigeria culture system is classify in to how many sub-system and
name them? Ans: Into 3 systems, i. Political system ii. Social sub-
system iii. Economic Sub-system.

97
53. Culture can be defined as ______? Ans: The totality of the way of life
evolved by people in their environment.
54. We have how many types of culture and what are they? Ans: 2 types;
i. Material ii. Immaterial.
55. After the Jihad of 1804, Islamic civilization dominated the socio-
cultural life of which people _______? Ans: Hausa people
56. What is an important aspect of Nigeria cultures ________? Ans: Age.
57. The Igbo believed system was centered on an oracle called what?
Ans: Arochukwu
58. Nok, Igbo-Ukwu, Benin, Owo, Ile-Ife cultures are important aspects
of what? Ans: Nigeria cultural artifact.
59. In cosmological history of Yoruba, Ile-Ife is known as ____? Ans:
Centre of Universe.
60. _____ have contributed to the economic advancement of the
country? Ans: Foreign Influence.
61. Historically, ______ and ______ have in some ways negatively impact
on Nigeria culture? Ans: Colonialism and External trade.
62. Tools, clothing, food, housing, utensils, machines, and others are
which type of culture? Ans: Material culture.
63. Value, system, religious, beliefs, morals, linguistics activities,
literacy and artistic production are what type of culture? Ans: Non-
material culture.
64. Political system represents Nigeria people’s _____?Ans:Political
culture.
65. Social sub-system represents ______?Ans:Social culture of the
people.
66. Economic sub-system represents ________? Ans: Economic culture
of the people.
67. The Fulani Jihad war was led by _______ Ans: Uthman Dan Fodiyo
68. Uthman Dan Fodiyo began to preach in Degal around ______ Ans:
1774 -1775.
69. The word “Jihad” itself means? Ans: Holy Wars.
70. Previously, the Habe rulers were practicing what religion? Ans:
Syncretism.

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71. Shehu and his Muslim Scholars declared Jihad first against _______
Ans: Yunfa, the Sultan of Gobir and his apostate.
72. Shehu armies consist of various elements which are ________ Ans:
Hausa, Fulani and the Tuarags.
73. Uthman Dan Fodiyo, as a Commander took part in the warfare.
True or False? Ans: False.
74. What year was the administration of the Caliphate divided? Ans:
1912.
75. The administration was divided between whom? Ans:Between his
brother, Abdullahi and his son, Mohammed.
76. Nupe, Dendi, Borgu, Ilorin and kiptako were territories under the
control of _______ Ans: Abdullahi.
77. Suddenly, death visited Shehu in _______ Ans: 1817.
78. What is the main reason of the Holy War? Ans: It was to establish a
new political order commonly known in Islam as the Caliphate
based firmly on Islamic laws to replace the descendant “Pagan”
government in Hausa land.
79. The title of Kings after Jihad changed to ______ Ans: Emirs
80. After the demise of political entities, the empires that emerge is
known as Ans: Sokoto Caliphate.
81. The central authority and symbol of unit, whose authority was
subjected only to conformity with the Sharia was the _______ Ans:
Caliph (Sultan).
82. Tributes was paid annually to two states which were _____ Ans:
Sokoto and Gwandu.
83. In Yoruba States, 19th Century began with political crises and ended
up with? Ans: The fall of Oyo Empire.
84. The Yoruba interstate war lasted for _______ Ans: 100 years. (1793
– 1893).
85. The last recorded slave ship left in _____ Ans: 1854.
86. British invade Arochukwu between _______ Ans: 1901 – 1902.
87. The first recorded appearance of the European in Igbo was in ______
Ans: 1830.

99
 88. C.M.S. establish a mission station at Onitsha, in what year? Ans:
1857.
89. Legitimate trade began in ______ Ans: 1807.
90. Lagos became the first part of Nigeria to be formally integrated into
the British colony in _______ Ans: 1861
91. Royal Charter was secure in Ans: 1886
92. Lagos was bombarded in _____ and was annexed in _______ Ans:
1851 and 1861 respectively.
93. There are three major religions in Nigeria, which are ______? Ans:
Traditional, Islam and Christian.
94. _______ took over the administration from Royal Niger Company.
Ans: Captain Lugard.
95. Union Jack was hoisted at _______ Ans: Lokoja.
96. The Origin or evolution of modern nationalism in Nigeria is traceable
to the era of British colonization since the late _______ Ans: 19 th
Century.
97. One of the modern and militant nationalist struggles in the 20th
century was the _______? Ans: Zikist movement (1946 – 1950).
98. British introduced the ______ System of government? Ans: Indirect.
99. One of the factors that led to the growth of Nationalism in Nigeria
was _______ Ans: Western Education.
100. The Nigerian National Democracy Party (NNDP) was founded by
________ and in what year? Ans: Founded by Herbert Macaulay,
1922.
101. _______ is known as the father of Nigeria Nationalism? Ans: Herbert
Macaulay.
102. The Nigerian Youth Movement was formed in _____? Ans: 1934
103. In 1912, there were only ______ newspapers on regular
publications? Ans: Four (4).
104. The West Africa Student Union (W.A.S.U) was formed by ______and
on _______? Ans: Ladipo Solanke, 1925.
105. ________ was the charter that was issued during World War II (1939
- 1945)? Ans: Atlantic Charter.

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106. ______ founded the Christ Apostolic Church? Ans: Babalola of
Ilesha.
107. _______ was a notable militant Nigerian-led Christian Movement?
Ans: Orunlaism.
108. Who was the founder of Cherubim and Seraphim? Ans: Orimolade
Moses.
109. NCNC was founded in ________ and by _______? Ans: 1944, by
Herbert Macaulay.
110. ______ is the increase in per capital income in a given country? Ans:
Economic Growth.
111. Development of a country economy can be determined by _____?
Ans: Per capital=total income/total population.
112. _______ is the quantitative increase in national income? Ans:
Economic Growth.
113. ______ is the qualitative improvement in the living standard of the
generality of the population? Ans: Economic development.
114. ______ is the ability of an individual to provide his basic needs? Ans:
Life sustenance.
115. ______ connotes a sense of worth and the dignity of the human
person? Ans: Self esteem.
116. _______ is the economy during the first decade after independence?
Ans: Agricultural Economy.
117. The Agricultural sector contributed ______ of the GDP in the 1960s?
Ans: 60%.
118. In 1957 ______ GDP was contributed by Nigeria? Ans: 2.8% or N37.8
million.
119. Nigeria’s attempt at economic development by way of
industrialization relied on ______? Ans: External stimuli
120. The paved roads in Nigeria were _____ as of 1960? Ans:
8,740kilometers.
121. The paved road move to _____ as of 1980? Ans: 26,632 kilometers.
121. Most infrastructures, especially roads are in terrible states due to
_____? Ans: Effective maintenance.

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122. It is often said that the amount of ______ used in a country is a true
reflection of its state of socio-economic development. Ans: Energy or
Power.
123. Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) took over the supply and
generation of electricity in the country in the year _____? Ans: 1951.
124. Kainji Dam was commissioned in ______? Ans: 1969.
125. NDA & ECN was merged to form NEPA in what year? Ans: 1971.
126. In the year ____ Oil contributed 2.6% and 32.6% in ______ to the
GDP? Ans: 1960 & 1965.
127. The average production of crude oil in Nigeria daily is ______? Ans:
2.5 Million barrel per day.
128. ______ is the hydra headed monster in all strata of the Nigeria
Society? Ans: Corruption.
129. The impact of Christian Missionaries on Nigeria are viewed from
______? Ans: Social, Economic and Political.
130. Africa Church Movement was founded in ______ Ans: 1888.
131. The church that broke away from the southern American Baptist
Mission is _____? Ans: Native Baptist Church in 1888.
132. The United Baptist Church broke away from the Anglican Church
in ______? Ans: 1891.
133. ______ emphasized the usefulness of trade and agriculture to
Evangelism? Ans: Baxton.
134. ______ of C.M.S. encouraged cotton production in 1850 in _____?
Ans: Henn Venn, Abeokuta.
135. ______ encouraged the cultivation of coconut at Topo badagry? Ans:
the SMA (Society of African Mission).
136. ______ established Industrial Institute at Abeokuta? Ans: B. B.
Baize.
137. _____ wrote the grammar and dictionary of the Yoruba land? Ans:
T. Bowen.
138. Macintyre wrote _______? Ans: Nupe reader and grammar.
139. The process of cultural transmission and renewal is called ______?
Ans: Education.

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140. _____ defined education as the process of learning to live as a useful
and acceptable member of the country? Ans: Farant, 1964.
141. _____ defined education as the process by which society through
schools, colleges, universities and other institutions deliberately
transmits its cultural heritage from one generation to another? Ans:
Kneller, 1963.
142. _____ defined education as the social mechanism design to bring
about in the persons submitted to it, certain skills and attitudes
adjudge to be useful and desirable in the society? Ans: O’ Connell,
1963.
143. One reasons for education in our society is ________? Ans: Because
a young child is persistent.
145. In Traditional Africa Society, every child was trained to be _____?
Ans: Socially responsible to himself and the society.
146. The type of education that focuses on the development of a child
mentally, socially, physically and morally is ______? Ans: Traditional
Education.
147. Traditional Education in Nigeria is formal, True/False? Ans: False.
148. According to the WorldBank Development Report, what is the
importance of education? Ans: to promote economy growth and
sustainable development.
149. One of the main functions of education is that ______? Ans: Its
socialized population.
150. ______ is a dynamic instrument of change. Ans: Education.
151. _____ and _____ are the two opposing power blocs after Nigeria was
admitted to the international system in 1960. Ans: NATO and USSR.
152. When did Sir Tafawa Balewa made his first official foreign policy
statement? Ans: 20th, August 1960, 11 days before Nigeria’s
Independence at the Federal House of Representative.
153. Nigeria was admitted as the ______ member of the U.N.? Ans: Ninety-
nine.
154. The Balewa’s Regime operated _____ and _____ foreign policy
Regime? Ans: Non-alignment and Pro-west.

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155. When was the first military coup that terminated the first republic
in Nigeria? January 15, 1966.
Note: Its emerge Gen. Aguyi Ironsi as the first military head of state
of Nigeria.
156. Ironsi government was upstaged on ______? Ans: July, 29 1966.
Note: He was succeeded by Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon on Aug. 1st,
1966.
157. ______ and _____ are the two noticeable factors related to the
Gowon’s Regime? Ans: Civil War 1967 – 1970 and oil boom 1970s.
158. The indigenization decree was promulgated by _____ and in _____?
Ans: Gowon, 1972.
159. Gowon played a leading role in the formation of ECOWAS in _____?
Ans: May 28, 1975.
Note: ECOWAS means, Economic Community of West Africa States.
160. The Muritala/Obasanjo regime came on board through a bloodless
coup on ______? Ans: July 29, 1975.
161. The Muritala/Obasanjo foreign policy regime was described as
_____? Ans: “No-nonsense”
162. UNITA, FNLA, MPLA are nationalists movement in ______? Ans:
Angola crises of 1975.
Note: UNITA means Union for Total Independentof Angola. FNLA
means National Front for the Liberation of Angola. MPLA means
Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola.
163. ______ supported MPLA, _______ supported FNLA and ______
supported UNITA in Angola crises of 1975?Ans: Nigeria and the
East, the West and South Africa respectively.
164. What year did Shell British Petroleum nationalized to Shell Nigeria
Limited? Ans: 1979.
165. Shagari regime succeeded Muritala/Obasanjo on ______? Ans: 1st
Oct 1979.
166. _____ was installed as the head of state after the military struck on
_______? Gen. Muhammad Buhari, Dec. 31st 1983.
167. When did Buhari delivered his foreign policy of speech? Ans: Dec.
3, 1984.

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168. The reason for the military struck was because of the ______? Ans:
Grossly Battered Economy (Corruption).
169. The Babangida foreign policy regime of 1985 – 1995 operated _____
diplomacy. Ans: Economy.
170. ECOMOG was formed on ______ through the railing of ______? Ans:
1990, Babangida.
Note: ECOMOG is ECOWAS Monitoring Group.
171. The Abacha regime came on board through a ________? Ans: Palace
Coup on Nov. 17, 1993.
172. Nigeria External relation underwent ______ in its history under the
Abacha regime. Ans: Darkest Moment.
173. Abacha died on ______? Ans: June 8, 1998.
Note: He was succeeded by Gen. Abdusalam Abubakar.
174. Abubakar regime of June 8, 1998 to May 29, 1999 was described
as ______? Ans: From “Darkness to Drawn”.
175. ____ was the first democratic government in Nigeria? Ans: Chief
Olusegun Obasanjo of 1999 – 2007.
176. Nigeria was re-admitted to the fold of Commonwealth of Nations in
_____? Ans: Year 2000.
177. _____ is the centre piece of Nigeria’s foreign policy? Ans: Africa.
178. The benchmark right which no municipal of national law may fall is
______? Ans: Human Rights.
179. ______, ______ and _____ are the three categories of human rights.
Ans: Civil and Political, Economy, Social and Cultural and
Environmental Rights.
180. The most important Human Rights is _____? Ans: Civil and Political
Rights.
181. Universal Declaration of Human Rights was declared by _____ and
when? Ans: United Nations, 1948.
182. Civil and Political Rights are also called Fundamental Human
Rights. True/False? Ans: True.
183. Fundamental Rights is contained in the _______ of the 1999
constitution on Nigeria. Ans: Chapter 4.

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184. Economic, Social and Cultural rights include _______? Ans: Right to
gainful employment, good standard of living, education, shelter
e.t.c.
185. Environment Rights as to do with ______? Ans: A clean environment.
186. Nigeria Oil industry as affected the country positively and
negatively. True/False? Ans: True.
187. ______ children under the age of 15 years contacted HIV in 2001.
Ans: 1.8 million
188. _____ is the country where HIV/AIDS was first reported in 1986?
Ans: Nigeria.
189. Nigeria has the _____ highest figure of HIV infected people. Ans:
Third. Note: it is 3.5 million.
190. The highest HIV infected area in Nigeria is _____? Ans: Benue State
with 13.5%.
200. The effect of HIV/AIDS on Nigeria Economy are _______?Ans:
Reduction in labor supply and low national production.
201. The five (5)key role played by women are _____? Mother, Producer
Home manager, Community organizer and Social, Cultural and
activist.
202. ___ is argued to be human right? Ans: Women Rights.
203. Institutionalization of democracy is called _____? Ans:
Democratization. Note: Not Democraticalization.
204. _____ define democracy as the Government of the people by the
people and for the people. Ans: Abraham Lincoln.
205. Islam came to Nigeria in what Century? Ans: 11th Century.
206. Christianity came into Nigeria in the _____? Ans: 18th Century.
207. How many major religions are practiced in Nigeria? Ans: Three
religions; Traditional religion, Islam and Christianity.
208. To an extent, religion influenced the economic and occupational
lives of people? True or False? Ans: True.
209. To a large extent, the influence of traditional religion cannot be
disregarde in ____? Ans: The rural areas.
210. The _____ of the Islam has an ideology of administration that
engenders perfect peace and prosperity. Ans:Ummah.

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211. Political power enhance ____ power? Ans: Economic.
212. As at December 2001, the numbers of churches registered with the
corporate affair commission excluding their branches and
fellowship unit were ______? Ans: One thousand and eighteen.
213. According to Professor Ade Odumuyiwa, how many worship centres
are in the 774 local government areas in Nigeria as at 2001? Ans:
77,400.
214. Politically and economically, religion has _______ and ______ effect?
Ans: Negative and Positive.
215. The religion crises that Nigeria witnessed is an example of negative
effect of religion. True or false? Ans: True.
216. Who was quoted to have said “I can die for the course of Islam”. Ans:
Muhammadu Buhari.
217. ______ has been awarded the medal of tolerance, accommodation
and non-violence? Ans:Traditional religion.
218. Educational Institutions were owned by ____? Ans: Missionaries.
219. What year did government take over many educational institution
owned by missionaries? Ans: 1970.
220. ______ charged religions adherents to inculcate the spirit of
commitment, hard work, dedication and efficiency? Ans: John
Wesley.

NB: With all these summaries, you should be able to give answers to
the below following QUESTIONS.

TYPE B
ADEKUNLE AJASIN UNIVERSITY, AKUNGBA-AKOKO.
FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION, 2011/2012 SESSION.
GST 113: NIGERIAN, PEOPLES AND CULTURE.
INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.
TIME ALLOWED: 1 HOUR.

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 1. Ondo State was created on ___ 1976? (a) February 3(b)February 6 (c)
February 13 (d) February 16
2. The highest political office holder in Kanem-Borno Empire was ___?
(a) Mai (b) Moi (c)Mau (d) Magira
3. The Hausa elements in the early period of their history lived in small
agricultural settlement called ___? (a) Gida (b) Kauye (c) Maigida (d)
Numa
4. A major feature that emerged with urbanization in Hausa land was
___? (a) Social Stratification (b)Vassal State (c)Kingdoms (d)Kinship
ties
5. Islam was first introduced to Hausaland in the ____? (a)14th Century
(b)12th Century (c) 13th Century (d)11th Century.
6. Igala political organization was under the leadership of ____? (a)
Attah (b) Igalamela (c) Etsu (d)Galadima
7. The answer to question 6 was assisted by ____? (a)Attah (b) Etsu(c)
Galadima (d)Igalamela
8. The indirect rule was introduced in Nigeria because of ___? (a) British
poverty (b) Commercial status of Nigeria (c)the well-structured
existing traditional political system (d) the demand of the educated
elite
9. One of the following is a significant characteristic of culture. (a)
Stagnancy (b) dynamism (c)Instructive(d) Reproductive
10. A popular Nupe tradition claims that ____ was the founder of Nupe
Kingdom. (a) Bayajidda (b)Tsoede
(c) EtsuNupe (d) Dala.
11. The first republic in Nigeria lasted between?(a) 1960 and 1966 (b)
1960 and 1963 (c) 1963 and 1966(d) 1966 and 1969
12. Traditional education focuses on the development of the child
mentally, ____ and ____? (a) Physically and psychologically
(b)Socially and morally (c)Religiously and traditionally
(d)Formally and informally
13. ECOMOG was formed in ____ (a) 1990(b)1992 (c)1991 (d)1989

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14. The indirect rule in Nigeria was introduced by ____?
(a) Hugh Clifford(b)John Macpherson (c)Fredrick Lugard
(d)Arthur Richard
15. One of the following mechanisms was used to attain independence
in Nigeria? (a) War (b)Terrorism (c) Use of Gun (d) The Press.
16. In the cosmological history of the Yoruba, _____ is known as the
centre of Universe? (a) Igboho (b)Israel (c)Ile-Ife
(d) Heaven
17. The last British officer to govern Nigeria was ____?
(a) James Richard (b)Richard Collins (c)James Robertson(d) Richard
Robertson
18. The Obong title is associated with ___? (a) Urhobo
(b)Calabar(c)Isoko (d)Itsekiri
19 The Commonwealth of Nations expelled Nigeria during ___ regime?
(a) Babangida (b) Obasanjo (c)Idiagbon (d)Abacha
20. Religion emerged from the ___? (a) The fear of the unknown and
perplexity(b)Supernatural forces(c) Faith(d) Belief
21. _____ encouraged cotton production in Abeokuta? (a) R. B. Blaize
(b)Hein Venn(c)Henry Townshend (d)W. B. Dubois
22. Age-grade system played a prominent role among the _____?
(a)Hausa (b) Igbo(c)Tiv (d)Fulani
23. There are ___ Senatorial District in Ondo State? (a) 3(b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 6
24. The pre-colonial economy of the Tiv is otherwise known as ___?
(a)Farming(b) Metal work (c)Hunting (d)Agriculture
25. The Jukun Kingdom is otherwise known as ____?
(a) Kwodrofa (b) Kwararafa(c)Uka Kingdom (d)JukunAku
26. The Efik Dictionary was published in ____? (a)1875
(b) 1874(c) 1841 (d) 1891
27. The highest political authority in Jukun Kingdom resided in ____?
(a)AkuUka(b) Zike (c) Kinda (d) AkuNako
28. All except ___ were Kingdoms in pre-colonial Nigeria?
(a)Benin (b)Nupe (c) Oyo (d)Hausa

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29. The Social Structure of Igbo was based primarily on ___?
(a)Age-grade system (b)Family (c) Kinship and Lineage
(d)Religious
30. In pre-colonial Igbo, family headship was based on ____?
(a)Integrity (b)Achievement (c)Military prowess
(d)Promigeniture
31. Oyo Empire’s Political Structure was headed by whom?
(a)Oyomesi (b) Alaafin(c)Oba (d) Basorun
32. ____ and ____ were the significant features of Oyo politics?
(a)Autocracy and Tyranny (b)Illiteracy and Culture
(c)Kingship and Empire (d) Checks and Balances
33. The first period of Benin political history was the period of _____?
(a)Oranmiyan (b)Ogiso(c)Ohafia (d)Oba of Benin
34. The word “Nigeria” was coined by ___? (a) Flora Shend
(b) Flora Shore (c)Flora Shaw(d) Flora Shawn
35. Marriage among the Fulani is characterized by public flogging of the
bridegroom otherwise known as ____?
(a)Shara(b)Fulbe (c)Shura (d) Sharo
36. In 1812, the administration of the Sokoto Caliphate was divided in
___ sections? (a)Three (b)Six (c)Four (d) Two
37. The Yoruba inter-state wars were between ____? (a) 1793 – 1893(b)
1790 – 1890 (c)1773 – 1813 (d)1793 – 1900
38. The origin of Modern Nationalism in Nigeria is traceable to ___?
(a)British Colonial (b)Pre-colonial era (c)19th Century (d) 17th
Century
39. The Nigerian Youth Movement was formed in ___? (a)1934(b)1944 (c)
1924 (d)1914
40. The Action Group (AG) was a political party popular only in the ____?
(a)Northern Region (b)Eastern Region
(c)Western Region (d) Middle Belt
41. The First Military Head of State in Nigeria is ____?
(a)Murtala Mohammed (b)Kaduna Ezeogwu (c) Yakubu Gowon (d)
Aguiyi Ironsi

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42. The Soviet Union was not allowed to open an embassy in Lagos until
___? (a)1961(b)1962 (c) 1963 (d) 1964
43. The terms and instrument of establishing ECOWAS were finally
ratified by all the member states on ___ May, 1975? (a)25th (b) 28th
(c) 23rd (d)21st
44. Nigeria nationalized ____ in ____? (a) Shell/1979
(b) Chevron/1979 (c) Shell BP/1979(d) Chevron BP/1979
45. The Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) was formed in ____
by _____? (a)1923/Nnamdi Azikwe
(b)1923/Herbert Macaulay (c)1922/Nnamdi Azikwe
(d) 1922/Herbert Macaulay
46. In pre-colonial Hausa, Zakat was ___? (a)Tax on livestock (b)Tax on
Conquered People (c)Land Tax (d)Income Tax
47. The Sokoto Jihad was between ___? (a) 1804-1807 (b)1804-1809(c)
1804-1808 (d) 1804-1810
48. The largest entity of the Tiv socio-political structure was ___?
(a)Family(b)Tiv King (c)Gboko (d) Kwande
49. The last recorded slave ship left the Niger Delta in ___?
(a)1851 (b) 1854(c) 1852 (d) 1952
50. It has been argued that the Ogiso rule emanated from ___?
(a)Odionwere System(b)Eghaevbo n’ Ogbe
(c) Eghaevbonn’ Ore (d) Eweka
51. The term “Pre-colonial” means (a) Before colonial rule(b) After
colonial rule (c) colonial rule (d) Between colonial rule
52. One of the following was the 19th Century erudite Borno Scholar. (a)
Mai Dunama (b) Mai Dunama I (c) el Kanemi
(d) Magira
53. More than ___ Egba settlements were destroyed in early years of the
Yoruba inter-state wars? (a)250 (b) 172 (c) 180 (d)150
54. General Sani Abacha died on ___ June, 1998? (a)7th
(b)10th (c) 8th(d) 9th
55. The Nigerian Civil war occurred between _____? (a) 1976 and 1980
(b)1967 and 1970(c) 1966 and 1970 (d) 1967 and 1969

111
56. In the Niger Delta, the functions of the House System included all
the following except ___? (a)Local government (b)
Castigation(c)Cooperative society (d) Judiciary
57. The Origin of the Peoples of Nigeria South of Niger is mainly? (a)
Accurate (b)Definite (c) Speculative
(d) Traditional
58. One of the following is not a littoral state. (a)Lagos
(b)Rivers (c) Bauchi (d) Delta
59. The Anglo-Nigerian Defence Pact was signed in ___?
(a) 1952 (b)1960 (c)1958(d) 1963
60. One of these crops is ritualized by the Igbo? (a)Yam
(b) Maize (c) Rice (d) Potatoes
61. Nigeria’s problem is largely attributed to ___? (a)Bad leadership and
governance (b)Underdevelopment
(c) Capitalism (d) Petroleum
62. ____ was the mainstay of Nigeria Economy before the1980s? (a)
Farming (b) Agriculture(c) Petroleum (d) Cocoa
63. Nigeria joined the United Nations (UN) as the ___ member in ___?
(a)98th/1960 (b)99th/1960(c)97th/1960 (d)96th/1960
64. The Southern and the Northern Protectorates of Nigeria were
amalgamated in? (a)1914(b)1913 (c)1912 (d) 1960
65. The sole agent of British administration in Northern Nigeria up to
the end of the 19th Century was the ___? (a)Royal Niger British
Enterprise (b) Royal Niger Company(c)Royal Niger British
Corporation (d) Royal Niger British Investment Company
66. The West African Students Union was formed in 1925 by ___? (a)
DuroLadipo (b)OjoLadipo (c)Obafemi Awolowo (d)Ladipo Solanke
67. The British conquered Benin in ___? (a)1887 (b)1897
(c) 1987 (d)1797
68. Nigeria became a Republic in ___? (a)1960 (b) 1963(c) 1966 (d) 1967
69. One of the following enjoyed the longest military reign in Nigeria?
(a)Ibrahim Babangida(b)Sani Abacha (c)Olusegun Obasanjo (d)
Yakubu Gowon

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70 ____ was a major event that led to the reassessment of Nigeria’s
relations with the Soviet Union? (a)The cold war (b)The Nigerian Civil
War (c)The Second WorldWar
(d)The Liberian Civil War.

CHAPTER FIVE

SEMINAR ON ENTREPRENEUSHIP DEVELOPMENT (ENT 101)

113
➢ ENTREPRENEURSHIP GUIDANCE
➢ INNOVATIONS
➢ IDEA CREATION
➢ HOW TO TURN YOUR PASSION INTO PROFIT

DEVELOPING AN ENTREPRENEURIAL MINDSET

114
 “When you determine what you want, you have made the most
important decision of your life. You have to know what you want in
order to attain it.”

Douglas Lurton

“If you imagine less, you will undoubtedly get less than what you
deserve”

Debbie Millman

▪ The first step to getting the things you want in life is believing
you deserve them.

▪ This happens with the mindset

In a 2013 study by the Federal Ministry of Education, it was found

that:

❖ 53% of Graduates in Nigeria are currently unemployed;

❖ 30% of Graduates are underemployed

❖ 3% are running a business (self employed)

❖ 69% of the Graduates give “there is no job” as their major

reasons for being unemployed.

In the Western world:

➢ 90% of them aspire for self-fulfillment, self-accomplishment,

self-achievement and self-reliance.

▪ Unemployment

▪ is a reality in Nigeria

▪ is a global problem

▪ However, it has become endemic, pervasive deeply-seated and

overwhelming in Nigeria

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 ▪ Entrepreneurship is a vision to solving this malaise

❖ Being an entrepreneur implies

✓ identifying opportunity related to needs satisfaction
and converting the need to economic value
✓ Declaring war to mediocrity and saying yes to fulfillment

It implies engaging in activities that contribute positively to the

society for economic returns

What is Entrepreneurial mindset ?

➢ A specific state of mind which orientates human conduct

towards entrepreneurial activities and outcomes

➢ A mindset that draws individual to seeing opportunities in

disappointments; and innovation and/or new value creation in
the existing status quo

➢ The mindset that is unsatisfied with the existing equilibrium

and seeks to destroy it and impose a higher one, that is more
beneficial/profitable to all

A Pareto efficient mind set

➢ The mind set that is creative, innovative and value enhancing

is the one referred to here.

➢ It is the passion within that fans the flame of entrepreneurship

to limelight.

➢ The succeeding table highlight the activity level of

entrepreneurial motivations in Nigeria.

➢ Primarily, most entrepreneurial set up are motivated by the

need to improve opportunity and/or out of necessity.

• In general, an entrepreneurial mindset implies having a

positive image about one selves, i.e. possessing a ‘can-do’
spirit.
116
 • The associated characteristics traits of successful
entrepreneurs includes goal orientation, self confidence,
ambition, delay of gratification, hard work, acceptance of
responsibility, versatile and technical competence.

• In Rick Warren Purpose-Driven Life, these traits were

summarized as SHAPE, meaning:

➢ S – Spiritual gifting – your supernatural gifts

➢ H – Heart – what you have passion for

➢ A – Ability – what you can do better than other people

➢ P – Personality – extrovert or introvert, intuitive or factual,

feeling or judging, etc.

➢ E – Experience – something from your background, family,

education, culture, etc.

Why an entrepreneurship Mindset?

❑ Life does not give you what you deserve but what you ask for;
having an entrepreneurial mindset enables you to get much
from life.

❑ Without entrepreneurship, education becomes a gamble

❑ The simple man adapts himself to the world; the man of value
adapts the world to himself. All of the world’s progress
depends on the man of value.

the man of value here is the entrepreneur, and it is the

mindset that thermostats the world around him.

“The simple man adapts himself to the world; the entrepreneur

adapts the world to himself.”

➢ Life will not give you what you deserve but what you ask for.
Thus, you have to demand for it

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 ➢ To be alive is to be in a perpetual war for self actualization

➢ To survive these imply a change in the mindset.

➢ Stevie Wonder was blind but ruled the world with his
sensational music through the 1960s

➢ The story of these two gentlemen becomes important: Osita

Iheme (Paw Paw) and Chinedu Ikedieze (Aki)

• In this, where the ordinary person perceives a problem, the

entrepreneur sees an opportunity to add value and make
profit.

❖ The mindset of an entrepreneur can be seen in the

following short stories.

Two sales men were sent to a very remote and backward

country to sell shoes. On getting there, each saw the inhabitants
walking around on bare feet. For the two salesmen, it was different
reactions. For one, “there is no market for shoes here, because the
people walk around on bare feet”. But for the other, there is an
unlimited demand because everyone in the country needs a pair of
shoes”. What is inherent in this story is that the second salesman
has the SHAPE of an entrepreneur but this is lacking in the first.

Secondly

Kola Ibitolu and Tope Akiolu were both graduates of University of

Ibadan from Economics and Sociology Departments respectively.
Both happen to attend a job interview around the popular bank
street of Lagos. Having waited for four hours in the huge crowd
invited for the eleven openings of the bank, they became tired, and
were hungry. So Kola went out for food but Tope remained in order
not to miss the interview in case it becomes his turn so soon. In the
course of searching for a nearby restaurant, Kola discovered the
closest was over 500 meters away from the mainland. So, while
eating at the restaurant, an idea came to him of the hurdles the
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workers around would have been passing through every day to take
their lunch. Motivated by the need, he never returned to the
interview and went to procure an open van which he turned to a
mobile restaurant. That action was his hit. Today, he has more
than three of such outlets and Tope though did the interview but
was not employed on the job.

o Another equally interesting story goes like this:

While enjoying a vacation in Florida, Dr. Hauck wondered

about the sand on the beaches where he sat. At night he took a
mineral light out to explore and saw an interesting fluorescence. He
decided to ship samples off to a lab and discovered it contained
important elements for atomic use. He used his connections in
Washington D.C. to get permission to mine the sands along the east
coast of Florida which provided him with hafnium, a metallic
element which is used for control rods, the safety valves for nuclear
reactors. Others sat on the sand too, but they just didn't ask
themselves any questions! - culled from Bamiro (2014)

• It is the perception of opportunity by entrepreneur that has led

to one of the traditional definitions of the entrepreneur as
creative and innovative.

• It is commonly thought that the entrepreneur’s creativity leads

him to breaking new grounds by doing new things or to
discovering an innovative way of doing what other people are
already doing.

• You can only build wealth from activities in which you’re paid
for products and services you create.

Some Facts

❑ The list of wet blanket ideas from Bamiro (2014) will captivate
us:

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 • Drill for oil? You mean drill into the ground to try and find oil?
You’re crazy.”

Drillers who Edwin L. Drake tried to enlist to his project to

drill for oil in 1959.

• “This ‘telephone’ has too many shortcomings to be seriously

considered as a means of communication. The device is
inherently of no value to us.”

Western Union internal memo, 1876.

• “The wireless music box has no imaginable commercial value.

Who would pay for a message sent to nobody in particular?”

David Sarnoff’s associates in response to his urgings for

investment in the radio in the 1920’s.

• “The concept is interesting and well-formed, but in order to earn

better than a ‘C,’ the idea must be feasible”.

A Yale University management professor in response to Fred

Smith’s paper proposing reliable overnight delivery service. Smith
went on to found Federal Express Corp.

• “If I had thought about it, I wouldn’t have done the experiment.
The literature was full of examples that you can’t do this”.

Spencer Silva on the work that led to the unique adhesives for
3-M “post-it” Notepads.

• “Who the hell wants to hear actors talk?”

H.M. Warner, Warner Brothers, 1927.

• “We don’t like their sound and Guitar Music is on way out”.

Decca Recording Co. rejecting the Beatles,1962.

• “Heavier than air flying machines are impossible”.

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 Lord Kelvin, president, Royal Society, 1895.

• “Professor Goddard does not know the relation between action

and reaction and the need to have something better than a
vacuum against which to react. He seems to lack the basic
knowledge ladled out in high schools.”

1921 New York Times editorial about Robert Goddard’s

revolutionary rocket work.

• “You want to have consistent an uniform muscle development

across all of your muscles? It can’t be done. It’s just a fact of
life. You just have to accept inconsistent muscle development as
an unalterable condition of weight training.”

Response to Arthur Jones, who solved the unsolvable problem by

inventing Nautilus.

• “I think there’s a world market for about five computers.”

Thomas J Watson, Chairman of the Board, IBM.

• “The bomb will never go off. I speak as an expert in explosives.”

Admiral William Leahy, US Atomic Bomb Project. [And, of

course, the bombs more than went off!]

• “Airplanes are interesting toys but of no military value.”

Marechal Ferdinand Foch, Professor of Strategy, Ecole

Superieure de Guerre.

• “Man will never reach the moon regardless of all future scientific
advances.”

Dr. Lee De Forest, inventor of the vacuum tube and the father
of television.

• “Everything that can be invented has been invented.”

Charles H. Duell, Commissioner, US office of patents, 1899.

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• A major lesson from the first story is that the second salesman
saw the opportunity the first never saw.

• A successful entrepreneur has a clear and communicable

vision of the opportunity he wants to create or exploit.

• When the two salesmen got to the field, the mindset of the
first saw disappointment while the second saw opportunity.

• In the second story, Kola saw the opportunity and pursued it

but Tope was held to a no risk venture. No risk, no venture,
no success.

❑ In AAUA, I look forward to a time, when students with interest

in transport would walk up to the Vice Chancellor to sign a
10-year contract to manage the transport system of the
University:

➢ Acquire good spacious buses to fleet the campus in the short

term and save students from the stress of long waiting and
queuing time losses.

➢ These looks around the university have limited our landmass,

and constitute a structural constraint to our expansion. Thus,
we need innovation to unbound this limitation

➢ I look forward to the time when students after undergoing this

course would walk up to the Vice Chancellor with ideas on
how to level these rocks, and transform the chippings to
inestimable wealth.

➢ The rocks have wealth content – minerals components of

economic values

➢ I look forward to when this campus would take charge of her

markets – in pure/bottled water, baking, graduation gowns,

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 servicing of vehicles, printing press, etc, under a PPP
arrangement

• The novelty with which Ekiti State Governor, Ayo Fayose

possessed the minds (votes) of the electorates to delivery the
majority votes to him in 2015 general election is still very
green. This feat could not have been without from a talented
‘political innovator’

• This same innovations have moved the likes of Pastors Enoch

Adeboye, Williams Kumuyi, Daniel Olukoya, Bishop David
Oyedepo, Lazarus Muoka and Fr. Ejike Mbaka to swelling the
ranks of Christianity in Nigeria and sustaining spiritual
exploits against the occult alters of darkness in the country.

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 ❑ In the developed worlds, about 10% of the population chooses
to become entrepreneurs rather than seek employment
(Karnani (2007)).

❑ Bianchi (2007) suggests that in economically developed

countries people tend to become entrepreneurs by choice,
while in the poor economies people start businesses out of
necessity, owing to the lack of employment opportunities.

The implication is that with economic development the share of

entrepreneurs in the economically active population is likely to
decrease as those who were forced to run small businesses find
better jobs.

What are the benefits of acquiring entrepreneurial mindset?

✓ The entrepreneurship in an enterprise is in the ability of the

initiator to nurture it into survival and long term existence by
adapting to new innovations and developments.

✓ The key benefit of entrepreneurial mindset to new entrants is

on proper focusing of the mind

✓ While passion may lead you to start your own business, it is

your commitment that will keep you going and allow you to
persevere through the difficult times ahead.

These two case studies would suffice:

The case of a local entrepreneur

❑ Christian Ofonyelu, a local manufacturer of bread-

buns/chinchin/pie. Began in Ikare in 1994 with less than
N20,000. Today, this venture has been duplicated in
Anambra, Akwa-Ibom, Ekiti, Kogi, Edo and many other states,
with assets deep in millions of naira over a twenty-year span
of period and presently provides job for over 1000 workers
across the states

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The case of a state entrepreneur

❑ Innoson Chukwuma, from a local auto/motorcycle spare part

seller, to a manufacturer of motorcycle and vehicle in Nnewi,
Anambra state.

❑ Business failure is not shameful, but provides rich lessons for

entrepreneur

This list of 15 Nigerian entrepreneurs that never finished school

would be helpful in seeing the heights attained by these
entrepreneurs become they had the right mindset.

❑ Late Alhaji Alhassan Dantata – Kolanut trader. He was the

wealthiest man in West Africa during his time. He started the
Dantata dynasty and his descendants are some of the richest
people in Nigeria (Dangote / Dantata family).

❑ Olorogun Michael Ibru – founder of the Ibru Organization and

head of one of the richest family in Nigeria.

❑ Orji Uzor Kalu – billionaire founder of Slok Group. He was

rusticated from university for his participation in a student
protest. Though he was later granted Amnesty by the school
authority, he rejected it and chose to become an entrepreneur.

❑ High Chief Olu Benson Lulu Briggs – silent billionaire

founder of Moni Pulo.

❑ Femi Otedola – Chairman of Forte Oil, SeaForce, etc (largest

diesel importer in Nigeria, also owns the largest fleet of ships)

❑ Rasaq Okoya – founder of Eleganza Group. Did not attend

university

❑ Cosmos Maduka – founder of Coscharis Group (sole

distributor of BMW vehicles in West Africa), dropped out of
elementary school

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 ❑ Cletus Madubugwu Ibeto – founder of the Ibeto Group
(Petrochemicals, Cement manufacturing)

❑ Innocent Ifediaso Chukwuma – Founder of Innoson Group,

manufacturers of IVM motors and Innoson Plastics

❑ Sir Tony Ezenna – CEO of Orange Drugs, Inherited a patent

shop from his father and grew it into a conglomerate.

❑ Vincent Obianodo – founder, The Young Shall Grow Motors

(the largest transport company in Nigeria), RockView Hotels.

❑ Emmanuel Isichei Ugochukwo Ojei – Nuel Ojei Holdings LTD

(Sole distributor of Mazda, Nuel Autos, Emo Oil). Did not attend
university

❑ Ladi Delano – CEO of Bakrie Delano, (a $1billion investment

firm). Did not attend high institution

❑ Bode Akindele – (Modandola Group). Did not attend high

institution.

❑ Michael Collins Ifeanyi Enebeli Ajereh (aka Don Jazzy) –

famous music producer and co-founder of defunct Mo’Hits
Records. Now CEO of Marvin Records. Dropped out of Ambrose
Ali University Ekpoma after his first year.

❑ Mrs Folorunsho Alakija – (Famfa Oil) – Richest woman in

Africa, did not attend university.

More facts

• Why have we come to the university to study?

▪ Add value to our skills so that we can be paid higher

after school

▪ Earn a certificate and means of livelihood

▪ Discover and arm ourselves for the future

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 ▪ Acquire skill that will enable us to make MONEY after
school

Concluding Remarks

• Developing an entrepreneurial mind set begins with

. Learning how to create ideas and figuring out how to

communicate our idea.

. Weber (1930) and Schumpeter (1974) have observed that

entrepreneurship are more appreciated during economic
depression than in booms.

▪ The future wealth of Nigeria rest in the hands of men who

possess the entrepreneurial mindset.

-Are you preparing to be part of the wealth holders?

Practicum:

• Entrepreneurship centre to be autonomuous and self

financing.

• Proposals/partnerships are expected from staffs/students on

viable ideas that can be commercialized in the university

• Areas of Interests:

❑ Developing of the bottling water components of the

sachet water packaged by the university

❑ Building of a quarry site with the university to harvest

the rocks and other solid minerals which are impeding
the physical and full development of the university

• Fashion school: specialists in fashion designing are expected

to engage all the sewing machine acquired by the centre

– For our graduation gowns, departmental wears, sport

wears, etc
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 – Hair Dressing and stylists

➢ Book Binders: for the binding of all the projects, dissertation

and thesis that are turned out of the departments on yearly
basis

➢ A mechanic and rewiring work shop for the repairs of the

school/individual vehicles

➢ Used goods market: out-going and in-coming student

interchange

• Bakery: seeks to harvest consumption of the community by

owning a bakery, domiciling the students within the
university, etc

➢ Fishery: in conjunction with the agric department, the

university seek to designate portions, lands, regions for
fishing, etc

➢ Agricultural use: irrigated yams, vegetables, tomatoes, etc

➢ Poultry: for the raising of broilers, parked frozen foods, meats,

eggs, etc to compete with the outside world

➢ Recreational Drive: zoo, game tourist village, etc

➢ Transportation: taxis/car and bus shuttle system

➢ Car Wash: across the various parks of the university

➢ Quarry: to harvest the solid land mass and free the space for
development

➢ Production of insecticides and chemicals

More ideas …

Overview

The Blue Ocean Strategy

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Finding Opportunities in every challenge

Evaluating a business passion

Personality Characteristics

Choice of Business Ventures

The Magic of Networking

The Blue Ocean Strategy Creating ″blue oceans″ of uncontested

market space. Unlocking new demand and making the competition
irrelevant. Example of creating a new market space, by “blending
oceans″ OR packaging to create uncontested market space. TATA
Motors: In their recent product India's " Nano Car" – 'World's
Cheapest Car' they have adopted combination of differentiation and
low cost as stated in Blue Ocean Strategy.

CCTV & China Media Business.

Finding Opportunities in every challenge

Think Positively. I can. Most people simply do not get what they
want because they have no courage to believe that they can acheive
it.

Don't focus on the problems, focus on finding opportunities. Think

of what it is you really want to achieve. Engage your sub-concious
mind.

Think about how you can accomplish your goal. Look at it from
different perspective; try each of these views: opportunist;
entrepreneur, optimist; child; dreamer; strategist; architect. Make it
a habit to see every problem as an opportunity.

OPPORTUNITY QUOTES"In the middle of difficulty lies

opportunity." ~ Albert Einstein

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"Trouble is only opportunity in work clothes." ~ Henry J. Kaiser
"Opportunity is missed by most people because it is dressed in
overalls and looks like work." ~Thomas Alva Edison

"We are all faced with a series of great opportunities brilliantly

disguised as impossible situations." ~ Charles R. Swindoll

“Think of using all obstacles as stepping stones to build the life you
want." ~ Marsha Sinetar

Evaluating a business passion: Passion is at the heart of

entrepreneurship. Given the uncertain success of launching new
products and services, and the challenges of developing new
organizations with limited resources, passion can become a key
driver of entrepreneurial action.

Passion can “fuel motivation, enhance mental activity, and provide

meaning to everyday work”. It can foster creativity and the
recognition of new information patterns critical to the discovery and
exploitation of promising opportunities.

Passion has been associated with the ability of entrepreneurs to

raise funds from investors and to hire and motivate key employees.

Scholars have pressed for a deeper understanding of passion as a

central element of entrepreneurial efforts. Choice of Business
Ventures/Organization Under the Nigerian Corporate Law and
Practice as regulated by Companies and Allied Matters Act Cap.
C20 Laws of Federation of Nigeria 2004 we have the following
business ventures you can choose from:

Private Company Limited by Shares

Public Company Limited by Shares

Private Company Limited by Guarantee

Public Company Limited by Guarantee

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Private Unlimited Company

Public Unlimited Company

Sole Proprietorship (One Man Business)

Partnership (Limited to 20 Members)

The Magic of Networking Access to Financial Capital Recruiting

Skilled Labour Access to Tacit Knowledge Access to Undisclosed
Market Interconnectivit

B.T.A LOVES YOU

GOD LOVES YOU MORE

THE SKY IS YOUR BEGINNING!!!!

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