Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE

Theoretical Framework and Experimental Set-up

Mohammed Sameed Hussain

Department of Physics
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

May, 2024

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 1 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

6 DUNE and LBNF

7 References

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 2 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

6 DUNE and LBNF

7 References

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 3 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

What are Neutrinos?

• A particle which interacts with other matter only via Gravity

and Weak Force.
• Neutrinos are spin- 21 particles. So they come under the
category of Fermions.
• Do not participate in the electromagnetic interaction or the
strong interaction.

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 4 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Weak Interaction

• One of the four known fundamental interactions.

• Responsible for nuclear decay of atoms.
• Takes place in Nuclear Fission and Fusion
• W + , W − and Z 0 bosons are the force carriers

Figure 1: β decay of the nucleus, Weak Interaction

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 5 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

Neutrino Types
Weak Interaction - Types

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

6 DUNE and LBNF

7 References
Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 6 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

Neutrino Types
Weak Interaction - Types

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

6 DUNE and LBNF

7 References
Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 7 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Neutrino Types

• Three different types ( often called flavor ) of neutrinos:

1 electron neutrino νe
2 muon neutrino νµ
3 tau neutrino ντ
• Created as a result of Weak Interactions corresponding to
e,µ,τ
• Each named after it’s corresponding charged Lepton.

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 8 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

Neutrino Types
Weak Interaction - Types

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

6 DUNE and LBNF

7 References
Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 9 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Weak Interaction - Types

• Two types of interaction:

1 Charged-Current(CC) Interaction
2 Neutral-Current(NC) Interaction
• Classification based on current formation with zero or non-zero
net electric charge current due to weakly interacting fermions

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 10 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

CC Interaction

• Mediated by W ± boson.
• For instance:Interaction between a charged lepton and W
boson

µ− + W + → ν µ
• The term ’charged current’ arises due to currents of fermions
coupled to the W bosons having electric charge

Figure 2: Feynman diagram for CC of electron

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 11 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

NC Interaction

• Mediated by Z boson.
• Emission or absorption of Z by a quark or lepton.

e− → e− + Z 0
• The neutral current that gives the interaction its name is that
of the interacting particles.

Figure 3: Feynman diagram for NC of electron

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 12 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass
Masses of Neutrinos and Hierarchy
Neutrino Mass and Flavors

4 Neutrino Oscillations

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

6 DUNE and LBNF

7 References
Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 13 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass
Masses of Neutrinos and Hierarchy
Neutrino Mass and Flavors

4 Neutrino Oscillations

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

6 DUNE and LBNF

7 References
Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 14 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Neutrino Mass

• Three different and discrete neutrino masses exits.

• Different from neutrino flavor states.
• Extremely tiny in comparison to other particles.

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 15 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Neutrino Mass

• Values of individual masses not known.

• Only differences of squares of the three mass values. i.e.
|∆m21 |, |∆m31 |
• Depending on the sign of the above, we get
• Normal Mass hierarchy (NH); m1 ≤ m2 ≤ m3
• Inverted Mass hierarchy (IH); m3 ≤ m1 ≤ m2

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 16 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass
Masses of Neutrinos and Hierarchy
Neutrino Mass and Flavors

4 Neutrino Oscillations

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

6 DUNE and LBNF

7 References
Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 17 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Flavor, Mass and Mixing

• Neutrino flavor is not the same as the neutrino mass.

• Neutrino flavor- a quantum superposition of mass states
• A simple linear combination.

|νe ⟩ = α |ν1 ⟩ + β |ν2 ⟩ + γ |ν3 ⟩

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 18 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations
Solar Neutrino Problem
Two-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots
3-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 19 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations
Solar Neutrino Problem
Two-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots
3-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 20 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Solar Neutrino Problem

• Neutrino Flux received by Earth from Sun.

• Discrepancy in the theoretical and experimental value.
• Experiments shows only a 13 rd of the expected flux.
• Oscillation of flavors as the proposed solution.

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 21 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Oscillation

• The three neutrino mass states advance at slightly different

rates, due to the slight differences in their respective masses.
• Results in flavor change due to change in superposition’s
mixture.
• This way of change of composition came to be known as
Neutrino Oscillation

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 22 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations
Solar Neutrino Problem
Two-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots
3-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 23 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

2-Flavor Oscillation

• Let α and β be the two flavors of Neutrinos.

• They can be written as :

|να ⟩ = Uα1 |ν1 ⟩ + Uα2 |ν2 ⟩

|νβ ⟩ = Uβ1 |ν1 ⟩ + Uβ2 |ν2 ⟩

• It is known that:
⟨να |να ⟩ = 1
⟨νβ |νβ ⟩ = 1 (1)
⟨να |νβ ⟩ = 0

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 24 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

2-Flavor Oscillation

• We can use matrices to represent the same relations discussed

just earlier.    
να ν
=U 1
νβ ν2
X
2
|να ⟩ = Uαi |νi ⟩ (2)
i=1
 
Uα1 Uα2
U=
Uβ1 Uβ2
• On simplifying Eq.1, we get relations between the matrix
components. All the relations can be given by a single
formula:
U †U = I A Unitary matrix (3)

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 25 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

2-flavor Oscillation

• Let’s consider neutrinos are produced and aimed along x -axis.

A neutrino of flavor-α produced at (x , t) = (0, 0) is denoted
by |να (0, 0)⟩.
• These neutrinos, are detected at a distance L along the x -axis.
• We now evolve the mass states (ν1 and ν2 ) of in space and
time.(Schrodinger Equation)

∂ |νi (x , t)⟩ 1 ∂ 2 |νi (x , t)⟩

i = E |νi (x , t)⟩ = − (4)
∂t 2mi ∂x 2

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 26 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

2-flavor Oscillation

• The solution to the Schrodinger Equation gives:

|νi (x , t)⟩ = e −i(Ei −pi x ) |νi (0, 0)⟩ = e ϕi |νi (0, 0)⟩ (5)
q
• Here Ei = mi2 + p 2 is the energy, and p is the momentum
of the i th state.
• By matrix inversion, Eq.2 can be can be inverted as:
X
∗
|νi (0, 0)⟩ = Uγi |νγi (0, 0)⟩ (6)
γ

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 27 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

2-flavor Oscillation

• Substituting Eq.6 in Eq.2

( )
X
2 X
|να (x , t)⟩ = Uαi e −iϕi ∗
Uγi |νγi (0, 0)⟩
i=1 γ

XX
2
∗ −iϕi
=⇒ |να (x , t)⟩ = Uαi Uγi e |νγi (0, 0)⟩
γ i=1

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 28 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

2-flavor Oscillations

• Transition amplitude to detect a neutrino in state νβ at (x , t)

is defined as:

A(να (0, 0) → νβ (x , t)) = ⟨νβ (x , t)|να (0, 0)⟩ (7)

XX
2
∗
=⇒ = Uβi Uγi e iϕi ⟨νγi (0, 0)|ναi (0, 0)⟩
γ
| {z }
i=1
δαγ

• The oscillation probabillity is give by

P(να → νβ ) = |A(να (0, 0) → νβ (x , t))|2 (8)

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 29 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

2-flavor Oscillation

• The only unitary matrix in 2-D which transforms the mass

states to flavor states is given by
 
cos θ sin θ
U=
− sin θ cos θ

• Substituting U in Eq.8 and simplifying we get the following

Probability equation.
 2

2 ∆m L
P (να → νβ ) = sin (2θ) sin
2
(9)
4Eν
• θ is called the mixing angle

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 30 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations
Solar Neutrino Problem
Two-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots
3-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 31 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Matter Effects

• As discussed earlier, Neutrino oscillations occur because of

different velocity of propagation of the matter states.
• In matter, the phase difference is determined by the total
energy of the mass states.
• If the medium of propagation have a potential of V, then the
total energy is now given by E + V.

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 32 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Matter Effects

• Consider again a neutrino in vacuum with energy E and

momentum p.
q
m2
Ei = p 2 + mi2 ≈ p + i
2p
• Differentiating Eq.5, we get:
   
d ν1 ν
i =H 1 (10)
dt ν2 ν2

• H is the Hamilton Operator given by

 
1 m12 0
H= (11)
2E 0 m22

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 33 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Matter Effects

   
να ν
• Using the transformation relation = U 1 the
νβ ν2
relation 10 becomes
       
d ν1 † d να ν1 † να
i =U i =H = HU
dt ν2 dt νβ ν2 νβ

• Multiplying on the left by U we get :

   
d να † να
i = UHU (12)
dt νβ νβ

• The above equation is a Matrix form of Schrodinger equation

for all sates.

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 34 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Matter Effects

• Hf = UHU † is called the transformed Hamiltonian. On simple

calculation, we can find that
 
† m12 + m22 ∆m2 − cos 2θ sin 2θ
Hf = UHU = 1+ (13)
| 2E{z } 2E sin 2θ cos 2θ
H0

• Now , we consider neutrinos moving in a potential V . To

account for this, we add this potential term in the
Schrodinger equation 12

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 35 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Matter Effects

• The new equation will be

   
d να ν
i = (Hf + V ) α (14)
dt νβ νβ

• Let ∆V be the potential difference between the point

|να (0, 0⟩ and |νβ (x , t)⟩. The above equation tranforms to
  " 2 ∆m2
!#  
d να − ∆m
4E cos 2θ + ∆V 4E sin 2θ να
i = H0 + 2 2
dt νβ ∆m
4E sin 2θ − 4E cos 2θ
∆m νβ
(15)

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 36 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Matter Effects

• Now the addition of this potential means the following

relation no longer holds true
    
να cos θ sin θ ν1
=
νβ − sin θ cos θ ν2

• The equation E 2 = p 2 + mi2 transforms to

(E + V )2 = p 2 + mi2

=⇒ (E + V )2 − p 2 ≈ mi2 + 2EV
q
• New effective mass mi′ = mi2 + 2EV

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 37 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Matter Effects

• The probability of Oscillation can be now expressed in terms

of modified mixing angle and mass in matter.
 2

2 ∆mm L
P(να → νβ ) = sin (2θm ) sin
2
(16)
4Eν
• Here θm and ∆mm are give as :

sin 2θ
sin 2θm = q
(∆V /∆m2 − cos 2θ)2 + sin2 (2θ)
q
2
∆mm = ∆m (∆V /∆m2 − cos 2θ)2 + sin2 2θ
2

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 38 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations
Solar Neutrino Problem
Two-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots
3-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 39 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Plots of Neutrino Oscillation.

Figure 4: The Oscillation Probability Peµ as a function of the

baseline-length with the following parameters:
∆m2 = 0.003eV 2 , sin2 (2θ) = 0.08 and Eν = 1GeV

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 40 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Plots of Neutrino Oscillations

Figure 5: The Oscillation Probability (Pµτ ) as a function of the Neutrino

Flux Energy with the following parameters:
∆m2 = 0.0025eV 2 , sin2 (2θ) = 1 and L = 295km

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 41 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Plots of Neutrino Oscillations

Figure 6: The Oscillation Probability(Pµτ ) as a function of the Base-line

Lenght with the following parameters: ∆m2 = 0.003eV 2 , sin2 (2θ) = 1
and E = 0.6GeV

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 42 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations
Solar Neutrino Problem
Two-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots
3-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 43 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

3-flavor Oscillation

• We follow the exact same procedure as 2-flavor oscillation to

obtain the Probability expressions.
• Here we have superposition of three mass states to give a
flavor state.
    
νe Ue1 Ue2 Ue3 ν1
νµ  = Uµ1 Uµ2 Uµ3  ν2 
ντ Uτ 1 Uτ 2 Uτ 3 ν3

U †U = I
• This matrix U is also refered as the PMNS(Pontecorvo Maki
Nakagawa Sakata) matrix.

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 44 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

3-flavor Oscillation

• U = R23 (θ23 , 0)R13 (θ13,δ )R12 (θ12 , 0)

 
c12 c13 s12 c13 s13 e −iδ
U = −s12 c23 − c12 s13 s23 e iδ c12 c23 − s12 s13 s23 e −iδ c13 s23 
s12 s23 − c12 s13 c23 e iδ −c12 s23 − s12 s13 c23 e −iδ c13 c23

• Here cij = cos θij and sij = sin θij

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 45 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

CPT Symmetry and Violation

• Charge Ĉ , Parity P̂ and Time T̂ are the three discrete

symmetries used in particle physics.
• Ĉ changes particles to antiparticles
• P̂ reverses the spatial components of wave-functions.
• T̂ reverses the interaction by running time backwards

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 46 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

CPT Symmetry and Violatoin

• The weak interaction violates the Ĉ , P̂.

• But the weak interaction does not violates the Ĉ P̂
• Consequences:
1 Ĉ P̂ This changes neutrinos to antineurtrinos and reverses all
the spatial directions. Invariance under Ĉ P̂ implies

P(να → νβ ) = P(ν¯α → ν¯β )

2 T̂ This flips the time direction of the oscillation.

P(να → νβ ) = P(νβ → να )

3 Ĉ P̂ T̂ This changes neutrinos to antineurtrinos, reverses all the

spatial directions and changes the direction of time

P(να → νβ ) = P(ν¯β → ν¯α )

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 47 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

3-flavor Oscillation

• Following the same procedure we get the probability equation

as :
X
3
∗ ∗
P(να → νβ ) = δαβ − 4 Re(Uαi Vβj Uαj Uβi )+
i<j
(17)
X 2 L
∆m21 2 L
∆m31 2 L
∆m32
8J ϵαβγ sin( ) sin( ) sin( )
γ
4E 4E 4E

• Here J is given by

J = cos(θ31 ) sin(2θ13 ) sin(2θ23 )·

 2 L  2 L
∆m32 ∆m21 (18)
sin(2θ21 ) sin sin
4E 4E

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 48 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

3-flavor Oscillation

• On simplifying further with series expansion we end up with

the following expression for muon to electron neutrino
oscillations in vacuum.
P(νµ → νe ) ≈ sin2 θ23 sin2 2θ13 sin2 ∆31
+ sin 2θ23 sin 2θ13 sin 2θ12 sin(∆31 )∆21 cos (∆31 + δcp ) (19)
2 2
+ cos θ23 sin 2θ12 ∆221

• ∆ij = ∆mij2 L/4E

• The mixing angles involved are
1 θ12 :=Mixing angle between electron and muon neutrino
2 θ13 :=Mixing angle between electron and tau neutrino
3 θ23 :=Mixing angle between muon and tau neutrino

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 49 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations
Solar Neutrino Problem
Two-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots
3-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 50 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Matter Effects

• For matter effects, we assume a constant density

approximation
• The modified expression becomes:

sin2 (∆31 − aL) 2

P(νµ → νe ) ≈ sin2 θ23 sin2 2θ13 ∆31
(∆31 − aL)2
sin(∆31 − aL) sin(aL)
+ sin 2θ23 sin 2θ13 sin 2θ12 ∆31 ∆21 cos (∆31 + δcp )
(∆31 − aL) (aL)
sin2 (aL) 2
+ cos2 θ23 sin2 2θ12 ∆21
(aL)2
(20)
√
• where a = GF Ne / 2, GF is the Fermi constant, Ne is the
number density of electrons in the Earth.

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations
Solar Neutrino Problem
Two-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots
3-flavor Oscillation
Matter Effects
Plots

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

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Neutrino Oscillation Plots

2
Figure 7: Parameters used: δcp = 0, ∆m21 = 7.5 × 10−5 eV,
∆m31 = 2.45 × 10 eV, θ12 = 33.5 , θ23 = 42◦ , θ13 = 8.48◦ , base
2 −3 ◦

length(L) = 1300km.

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Neutrino Oscillation Plots-Without Matter Effects

Figure 8: Parameters: ∆m21 2

= 7.5 × 10−5 eV, ∆m31 2
= 2.55 × 10−3 eV,
θ12 = 34.3◦ , θ23 = 49.26◦ , θ13 = 8.58◦ , base length(L) = 1300km
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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Neutrino Oscillation Plots-Without Matter Effects

Figure 9: Parameters: ∆m212

= 7.5 × 10−5 eV, ∆m312
= 2.55 × 10−3 eV,
◦ ◦ ◦
θ12 = 34.3 , θ23 = 49.26 , θ13 = 8.58 , base length(L) = 1300km
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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Neutrino Oscillation Plots-With Matter Effects

Figure 10: Parameters: ∆m21 2

= 7.5 × 10−5 eV, ∆m31 2
= 2.55 × 10−3 eV,
θ12 = 34.3◦ , θ23 = 49.26◦ , θ13 = 8.58◦ , base length(L) = 1300km
Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Neutrino Oscillation Plots-With Matter Effects

Figure 11: Parameters: ∆m212

= 7.5 × 10−5 eV, ∆m312
= 2.55 × 10−3 eV,
◦ ◦ ◦
θ12 = 34.3 , θ23 = 49.26 , θ13 = 8.58 , base length(L) = 1300km
Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

Overview of NSI
Modifications to Neutrion Oscillation Expressions

6 DUNE and LBNF

7 References
Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 58 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

Overview of NSI
Modifications to Neutrion Oscillation Expressions

6 DUNE and LBNF

7 References
Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

What is NSI?

• NSI refer to interactions between neutrinos and matter

beyond those predicted by the Standard Model.
• NSI can modify neutrino oscillations by introducing new
parameters in the oscillation probability.
• Studying NSI is crucial as they can provide insights into
physics beyond the Standard Model.

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Need for NSI

• Anomalies in neutrino oscillation data, such as the reactor

antineutrino anomaly, can be explained by NSI.
• A discrepancy between the predicted and observed flux of
electron antineutrinos (ν¯e ) from nuclear reactors.
• Experiments such as the Daya Bay, Double Chooz, and RENO
experiments observed a deficit in the flux of electron
antineutrinos at short baselines (distances from the reactor
core of about 1-2 kilometers) compared to predictions based
on standard neutrino oscillation physics.

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

How NSI changes the existing frame work

• NSI can affect neutrino oscillations by introducing additional

interaction terms in the neutrino Hamiltonian, leading to
modifications in the oscillation probabilities.
• Each time a neutrino ν interacts with matter, we need to
make corrections for the oscillation probabilities.
• In this way we introduce notation to make a clear distinction
1 |ναs ⟩ ≡ |να ⟩, It represents neutrinos produced at source.
2 ⟨νβd | ≡ ⟨νβ |. It represents neutrinos produced at the detector.

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

How NSI changes the existing frame work

• Between the source and the detector, the propagation of

neutrinos with energy E is governed by the time-evolution
Schrodinger equation.
 
        
ν  0 0 0 A 0 0 
d  e 1   νe
νµ =  U † 0 2
∆m21 0  U + 0 0 0  
i 
2E   νµ (21)
dt ν
τ | 0 0 2
∆m31 0 0 0 
 ντ
{z }
Hf

√
• Here A = 2 2GF ne E ; ne being the number density of
electrons and E being the energy of neutrinos.

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

Overview of NSI
Modifications to Neutrion Oscillation Expressions

6 DUNE and LBNF

7 References
Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

How NSI Changes the existing frame work

• Possible existence of CC-like operators that affect neutrino

interactions with charged leptopn beyond the realm of
Standard Model.
• If these operators are not diagonal in flavour basis, then the
production and the detection of neutrinos are affected.
• This leads to neutrino states having components of other
flavors
P
1 |ναs ⟩ = |να ⟩ + γ=e,µ,τ ϵsαγ |νγ ⟩
P
2 ⟨νβd | = ⟨νβ | + γ=e,µ,τ ϵγβ ⟨νγ |
d

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Changes in CC Interactions

• In the previous two equations, ϵsαγ and ϵdγβ are components of

matrices ϵs and ϵd respectively.
• Each matrix element is a complex number.
• Each matrix will have in total 18 parameters.
• Nince of them are Amplitudes (|ϵs/d
αβ |) and the other nine are
s/d
phases ϕαβ .

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Changes in NC Interactions

• Like the CC Interactions, neutrinos are also effected while

propagation due to NSI.
• The NC-like operators are affected and the time-evolution
equation is modified to account for NSI as follows
        
ν 0 0 0 1 + ϵm ϵm ϵm νe
d  e 1  † ee eµ eτ
i νµ = U 0 2
∆m21 0  U + A  ϵm µe ϵm
µµ ϵµτ  νµ 
m
dt ν 2E 0 0 2
∆m31 ϵm ϵm ϵm ντ
τ τe τµ ττ
| {z }
H
(22)
• ϵm
αβ represent the matter NSIs.

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Changes in NC Interactions

• The Hamiltonian of Eq.22 has to be Hermitian

H† = H

• This imposes the following constrain on the Matrix elements:

m∗
ϵm
αβ = ϵβα

• Thus will be left with six amplitudes and three phases. Total
nine real parameters in the NSI matrix.

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Neutrino Oscillations with NSI

• The probability Expressions for Neutrino Oscillations are very

complex and NSI are taken into account.
• I have refereed the formulae from the paper [1]

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

NSI Plots

2
Figure 12: Parameters used: δcp = 0, ∆m21 = 7.5 × 10−5 eV,
∆m31 = 2.45 × 10 eV, θ12 = 33.5 , θ23 = 42◦ , θ13 = 8.48◦ , base
2 −3 ◦

length(L) = 1300km

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

NSI Plots

2
Figure 13: Parameters used: δcp = 0, ∆m21 = 7.5 × 10−5 eV,
∆m31 = 2.45 × 10 eV, θ12 = 33.5 , θ23 = 42◦ , θ13 = 8.48◦ , base
2 −3 ◦

length(L) = 1300km

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

NSI Plots

2
Figure 14: Parameters used: δcp = 0, ∆m21 = 7.5 × 10−5 eV,
∆m31 = 2.45 × 10 eV, θ12 = 33.5 , θ23 = 42◦ , θ13 = 8.48◦ , base
2 −3 ◦

length(L) = 1300km
Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

NSI Plots

2
Figure 15: Parameters used: δcp = 0, ∆m21 = 7.5 × 10−5 eV,
∆m31 = 2.45 × 10 eV, θ12 = 33.5 , θ23 = 42◦ , θ13 = 8.48◦ , base
2 −3 ◦

length(L) = 1300km

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Neutrino Oscillations and DUNE 73 / 84
Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

6 DUNE and LBNF

7 References

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

DUNE-Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

• A experiment designed to study the Neutrino Oscillation

Parameters with precision.
• It contains two detectors:
1 The Near Detector(ND)
2 The Far Detector(FD)

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

LBNF-Long Baseline Neutrino Facility

• The two detectors are approximately 1300km apart

• The FD is placed deep underground
• The neutrinos pass through the ND aimed at FD

Figure 16: DUNE and the Long Baseline

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Near Detector

• To characterize the energy spectrum and the composition of

the neutrino beam at the source, in terms of both muon- and
electron-flavored neutrinos and antineutrinos νµ ,νe ,ν¯µ ν¯e
• Controlling the systematic uncertainties in the long-baseline
oscillation physics program
• Measure the four-momenta of secondary hadrons, such as
charged and neutral mesons, produced in the neutral- and
charged-current interactions, that constitute the dominant
backgrounds to the oscillation signals.

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Far Detector

• The far detector will be located deep underground at the 4850

feet.
• It consists of four detector modules.
• Each module, is a Liquid Argon Time Projection
Chamber(LArTPC), with a mass of 10kt.

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Far Detector

• Interactions in LAr produce ionization charge and scintillation

light.
• Scintillation light, detected by photo-detectors, provides the
absolute time of the event.
• The ionization electrons are drifted with a constant electric
field away from the cathode plane and towards the segmented
anode plane.

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Physics Goals-Primary

• The sign of ∆m312 is unknown. One of the main goal of

DUNE is to find this sign.

• Discovery of CP violation in this lepton sector, his would
provide possible explanation for the matter-antimatter
asymmetry in the universe.
• Determination of the octant in which the mixing angle 23 lies.
• Search for Proton decay.

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Physics Goals-Secondary

• Measurements involving sensitivity to Beyond Standard

Model(BSM) physics, such as non-standard interaction.
• Measurements of tau neutrino appearance.
• The search for signatures of dark matter.

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

1 Introduction

2 Neutrinos and Weak Force

3 Neutrino Mass

4 Neutrino Oscillations

5 Non-Standard Interactions (NSI)

6 DUNE and LBNF

7 References

Mohammed Sameed Hussain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

[1] J. Kopp, M. Lindner, T. Ota, and J. Sato, “Nonstandard

neutrino interactions in reactor and superbeam experiments,”
Physical Review D, vol. 77, Jan. 2008.

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Introduction Neutrinos and Weak Force Neutrino Mass Neutrino Oscillations Non-Standard In

Thank You

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