L3-BASIC ENGINEERING DRAWING

SECTION 1

1. INTRODUCTION
When you are an Engineer and you want to explain your idea, you can use engineering drawing.
It is the language of systematic lines. Therefore Engineer must have Knowledge of this language
to protect his ideas correctly on the paper.

Since, the modern research engineering work in engineering depends mainly upon engineering
drawing. It is therefore necessary for engineer to acquire a good working knowledge about the
subject in order to express and record the shape, size and other information necessary for
construction of various objects such as buildings, roads, bridges, structures, machines, etc.

1.1 DEFINITION OF DRAWING

The art of representation of an object by systematic lines on a paper is called drawing.

2.1 Classification of drawing

_ Artistic drawing (free hand or model drawing)
_ Engineering drawing (Instrument drawing)

2.1.1 Artistic drawing

The art of representation of an object such as painting, cinema slide, advertisement

boards, etc by the artist by his imagination or by keeping the object before him is
known as artistic drawing

2.1.2 Engineering drawing

The art of representation engineering object such as buildings, roads, machines, etc
on paper is called Engineering drawing.
The subject of engineering drawing can be divided into the following categories:

1. GEOMETRICAL DRAWING
i) Plane geometrical drawing: The art of representation objects having two
dimensions i.e. length and breadth such as square, rectangle, triangle, etc. On
paper is called plane geometrical drawing.
ii) Solid geometrical drawing: The art of representation of objects having three
dimensions i.e. length, breadth and thickness such as cube, prism, cylinder,
sphere, etc. on paper is called solid geometry drawing. It is also called
descriptive or practical solid geometrical drawing

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 2. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DRAWING
The art of representation mechanical engineering object such as machines, machine
parts, etc. on a paper is called mechanical engineering drawing or machine drawing.

3. CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING

The art of representation of civil engineering object such as roads, buildings,

bridges, dams, etc. on paper is called civil engineering drawing.

4. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DRAWING

The art of representation of electrical objects such as motors, generators,
transformers, poles towers, wiring diagram, etc. on paper is called electrical
engineering drawing or electrical drawing.

2. DRAWING INSTRUMENTS

TYPES OF DRAWING INSTRUMENTS

7. Eraser
1. Drafter
2. Clinograph 8. Erasing shield
3. Drawing board
4. T- square 9. Instrument box
5. Set squares 10. Protractor
6. French curves 11. Drawing pencils
12. Drawing papers

1. A drafter: A drafting machine is used by professional draftsman to prepare drawings. It

combines the functions of T-squares, scales, clinograph and protractor. A miniature version of
drafting machine known as Mini Drafter is used by students

Mini Drafter: See fig.1. One end of the mini- drafter is clamped by means of a clamping screw
(C.S.) to the longer edge of the drawing Board (D.B). At its other end an adjustable knob (K)
having protractor (P) markings is fitted. Two scales (S) of transparent celluloid, set at right
angles to each other are attached to the knob.
The mini- drafter machine is used to draw horizontal, vertical and inclined lines and also for
measuring lines and angles.

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 Mini-drafter

2. CLINOGRAPH

Clinograph is an adjustable set square and is used to draw parallel lines at any inclination. The
0
two sides of clinograph are fixed at 90 and the third side can be adjusted at any desired angle

Clinograph

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 3. Drawing board
The Drawing Board serves as the workstation in drawing and is made with a smooth level top
surface onto which drawing paper is fixed using clamps, thumbnails (board pins), or using
drawing tape.

The standard size of drawing board according to Indian Standard

Institution ( I.S.I.)

S, NO. DESIGNATION SUZE IN MM TOBE USED

LENGTH X WITH SHEET
WEDTH X SIZES
THICKNESS
1 D0 1500 X 1000 X 25 A0
2 D1 1000 X 700 X 25 A1
3 D2 700 X 500 X 15 A2
4 D3 500 X 350 X 15 A3

4. T-SQUERA

A T-Square is made of hard quality wood such as teak or mahogany, etc. It consists of a straight
edge or piece and a cross piece or head, also referred to as a stock that is fixed on to one end of
the straight edge. The T-Square is used in conjunction with a Drawing Board to draw horizontal
lines and as a guide for Set-Squares when drawing vertical and inclined lines.

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 T-square

Standard size of T- square according to I.S.I.

S.NO DESIGNATION LENGTH OF WORKING

EDGE IN MM
1. T0 1500 + 10
2. T1 1000 + 10
3. T2 700+5
4. T3 500+5

Uses of T- square: Figure below illustrates the way of drawing horizontal lines

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 5. SET- SQUARES

The set squares are made of transparent celluloid or plastic materials, etc. The set- square made
of transparent celluloid are most satisfactory as the line underneath the set- square can be seen
quite easily and this often prevents another line being drawn in the wrong place.

TYPES OF SET SQUARES

0 0
1. Thirty-sixty degree(30 -60 )
0
2. Forty five degree(45 )
0 0 0
The 30 -60 set square has three edges, one of which forms 90 and other edges forming
0 0
angle of 30 and 60 with the other sides respectively (see fig..)
0 0 0
The 45 set square is similar to the 30 -60 set square, but its edges form an isosceles
0 0
triangle in which two of the angles are of 45 each and other one’s 90 (see fig…)
Sizes of set- squares
0 0
The set- squares can be available in different suitable lengths, but 30 -60 set- squares of
0 0
250mm and45 set- square of 20 mm are suitable for general work.
Uses of set squares
1. The set-squares are used for drawing straight line except the horizontal lines which are
usually drawn with T-square.
0 0 0
2. The perpendicular lines or the lines at30 , 60 and 90 to the horizontal can be drawn by
using the set squares.
0 0
3. The perpendicular lines or the lines inclined at 45 and 90 to the horizontal can be
drawn by using the set- squares.
0 0 0
4. By using two set-squares, angle of 150 , 750 and 105 can be drawn.

0 0
45 -45 set square

0 0
30 -60 set square

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 Drawing perpendicular

Drawing a parallel line using line using triangles triangles

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 0 0
Drawing lines making angles of 15 and 75 with
a given line using triangles

6. FRENCH CURVES

French Curves also referred to as Irregular Curves are used in drawing regular and smooth curves
with varying radii or curvature that cannot otherwise be drawn using other drawing equipment.

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French Curves are based on various combinations of ellipses, spirals and other geometrical
curves and are made in different shapes and sizes.

7. RUBBER OR ERASER

The rubber is used for erasing extra pencil lines

8. ERASING SHEILD: Erasing shield is used to protect the adjacent lines on the
drawing when some part of a line is being erased. It is usually made of thin metal in
which gaps of different widths, curves, small circles, arcs, etc. are cut according to
the lines to be eraser.

9. INSTRUMENT BOX
An Instruments Box contains several pairs of compasses and dividers
It contains the following instrument:

Compasses: are used to draw circles and arcs.

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Dividers are used:- For divide straight curved lines into a number of equal
parts -For setting-off dimensions from the-scale to the drawing and
-For transferring dimensions from one part of the drawing to another part
Ruling pens are not normally used in Mechanical Engineering drawing but more on
Architectural Drawings.
- Compasses are used to draw arcs and curves. Compasses can also be used to
transfer distances and for dividing space into equal parts. Spring compasses are
used to draw very small circles [Luzadder and Duff (2002)].

- Ruling pens are used for inking drawings and have capacity to change or the
pencils or pen points.

10. PROTRACTORS
Protractors are used for measuring or constructing angle which cannot be obtained by set
squares. Protractor can be flat, circular or semi circular. Protractor are usually made from box
wood or ivory

Semi-circular protractor

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 11. PENCIL

The pencils are used for preparing the drawings on the sheets. The accuracy and appearance of
drawing depend upon the quality of the pencil used. Pencils are of various grades easily
recognized by the letters marked on the pencils.

The description of different grades of drawing pencils according to India Standard Institution
(I.S.I)

Hardest softest

HB - (Soft grade)…Used for drawing border lines, lettering and freehand sketching
H - (Medium grade)…Used for visible outline, visible edges and boundary lines
2H – (Hard grade)…Used for construction lines, dimension lines, leader lines, extension lines,
centre line, hatching line and hidden lines

12. DRAWING PAPER OR DRAWING SHEET

Drawing paper must when fixed onto the drawing board be aligned such that its top and bottom
edges run parallel to the straight edge of the T-Square or the Parallel Straight Edge. If properly
cut, this alignment ensures that the orthogonal edge of the drawing paper is perpendicular to the
Parallel Straight Edge. In engineering drawing the preparation of drawing sheet depends to

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 a large extent on the layout of the drawing sheet. An engineer has to keep in his mind the
other aspect such as margin, title block, parts list, folding marks etc so as to facilitate the
reading and interpretation of the drawing.

12.1 LAYOUT OF THE DRAWING SHEET

The selection of suitable scale and allotment of proper space for margin, title block, part list,
folding marks etc. on the drawing sheet is known as layout of drawing sheet.

Layout of drawing sheet A0 (841x1189) according to I.S.I

12.2 TYPES OF DRAWING PAPER

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They are mainly classified as per their sizes from A0 to A6. There are also larger size like 2A0and
2
4A0however at school we will be using A4 size. A0 is a rectangle with an area of 1m . All A size
sheets have their edge lengths in the same proportion. This proportion is in the ratio of short side
1: 2
to the long side and is equal to . Each lower size in the A series is obtained by exactly dividing the A
sheet along its middle as shown in the following figure:

Table of sheets sizes

Format Measurements in mm
A0 841 x 1189
A1 594 x 841
A2 420 x 594
A3 297 x 420
A4 210 x 297
A5 148 x 210
A6 105 x 148

Drawing sheet layout

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Depending on the shape and size of the object being represented on the drawing, the drawing
sheet can be taken in the Portrait or Landscape position.

Important terms

1. MARGIN
A margin is provided around the sheet by drawing margin lines. The provision of margin lines
will enable prints to be trimmed along margin lines. Prints after trimming would be of
recommended sizes of sheets.

2. BORDER LINES
The clear working space on the drawing sheet is obtained by drawing border lines. In general
practice, more space is kept on the left side for filling or binding when necessary.

3. TITLE BLOCK
The title block is an important feature in the drawing because it gives all the informations
of the prepared drawing. It is proved at the right hand bottom corner of the sheet. The
recommended size of the title block by I.S.I is 185mmx65mm for all designation of the
drawing sheet. All the block should contains at least the following informations:
1. Name of title of drawing.
2. Drawing number.
3. Scale
4. Symbols denoting the method of projection
5. Initials with dates, staff who have designed, drawn, checked standards and approved
the drawing

3. LETTERING
Definition: The art of writing the alphabets A, B, C…Z and numbers such as 1, 2, 3…0 etc, is
known as lettering. It is an important part of drawing and is used to write letters, dimensions, notes
and other necessary information required to complete execution of machine or structure, etc.

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Feature of lettering
a. Uniformity
b. Neatness
c. Rapidity
All lettering works are done either by freehand or by using drawing instruments.
Skill and proficiency in freehand lettering can be achieved by the proper selection of appropriate
sizes and style of lettering.

Height of letters and numerals

The height of letters and numerals recommended for use in engineering drawing are 2.5, 3.5, 5,
7, 10, 14 and 20mm. Height of the letters and numerals will be different for different purposes
and may be selected suitably for their purpose.

Classification of lettering

1. Gothic lettering
The letter in which all the alphabets are of uniform width or thickness is known as gothic lettering

2. Freehand lettering
The art of writing alphabets without the use of instruments is called freehand lettering.

3. Roman lettering

Style of freehand lettering

a) Vertical or upright freehand lettering

i) Single stroke vertical freehand lettering
ii) Lower case vertical freehand lettering

(i) Single stroke italic freehand lettering

b) Inclined or Italic freehand lettering

i) Single stroke italic freehand
ii) Lower case Italic freehand

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i) Single stroke Italic free hand lettering (Height=3mm)
Single stroke: The lettering in which the alphabets are written with a single stroke of pencil or
pen is called a single stroke

Double stroke: The lettering in which the alphabets are written by double stroke of the pencil or
pen with uniform spacing in between strokes is called double – stroke.

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Spacing of letters

The spacing means the distance which is to be left between the two adjacent letters in all types of
lettering
Note: - The space between each word should be kept equal to height of letter
d. The space between the two lines should be left equal to twice the height of letter.
e. The space between the two lines should be kept not less than half or more than
one and a half times the height of letter.

h: Lettering height (capital letters)

c: Height of lower case letters
a: Spacing between characters
b: Minimum spacing of base line
e: Minimum spacing between words
d: Thickness of lines

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 4. DIMENSIONING
To construct an object, its shapes and sizes must be known. So, an engineering drawing must
show all the essential details such as sizes of the object, distance between surfaces, locations of
holes, type of material, number required, etc. The expression of these informations on a drawing
by the use of lines, symbols, figures and notes is known as dimensioning.

TYPES OF DIMENSIONING

a) Size dimensions
The dimensions which indicate various sizes of the object such as length, breadth, diameter, etc
are known as size dimensions. These dimensions are represented by the letter “S” as shown in
figure

a) Size dimensions
b) Location dimensions
b) Location dimensions
The dimensions which locate the position of one feature with respect to the other feature are
known as location dimensions. Distance between the centers lines of the holes from the edge of
features are given by location dimensions. These dimensions are marked by letter “L” as shown
in the following figure.

Units of Measurement: The most commonly used unit for length is the millimetre. In civil
engineering and architectural drawing, inch or foot is often used as a unit of length. Angles
are shown in degrees.
Symbols are incorporated to indicate specific geometry wherever necessary.
Notes are provided to give specification of a particular feature or to give specific
information necessary during the manufacturing of the object.

Purpose of dimensioning
Providing information on a drawing about
 
 Distances (size or functional dimensions)

 
 Sizes and positions (location or datum dimensions) of holes, grooves and other features.
 
Details relating to manufacture etc.

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Different lines in dimensioning
• Outline - Forms the shape of the object in a view (drawn dark and continuous)

• Extension line – An extension of an outline or centerline (drawn light and continuous,

used to indicate the entity being dimensioned)

• Dimension line – Thin continuous line terminated by arrowheads touching the

outlines, extension lines or center lines (used to specify end points of a dimension)

Leader lines and notes


Leader (or pointer) line – Thin continuous line connecting a note or dimension figure
with thefeature to which it applies. One end of the leader terminates in an arrowhead
 or dot.

 
The arrowhead touches the outline while the dot is placed within the object or on the
outline
 
The other end of a leader is terminated in a horizontal line underlining the note

Rules for leader lines

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  
 A leader line is never drawn horizontal, vertical or curved
 o 
 It is drawn at an angle not less than 30 to the line that it touches
 
When pointing to a circle or arc, it is drawn radially

Arrowheads and dimension line positioning

Systems of Dimensioning
Aligned System
In the aligned system, dimensions are aligned with the entity being measured. They are
placed perpendicular to the dimension line such that they may be read from the bottom
or right-hand side of the drawing sheet. Dimensions are placed at the middle and on top
of the dimension lines.
Unidirectional System
In the unidirectional system, dimensions are placed in such a way that they can be read from the
bottom edge of the drawing sheet. Dimensions are inserted by breaking the dimension lines at the
middle.
Dimensioning systems

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 Dimensioning elements
A line on the drawing whose length is to be shown is called an object line. The object line is
essentially an outline representing the feature(s) of the object. While showing an angle, the
two lines forming the angle will be the object lines.
Dimensioning is often done by a set of elements, which includes extension lines, dimension
lines, leader lines, arrowheads and dimensions. These are shown in the figure below.

Placing of dimension

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Chain (continuous) dimensioning
All the dimensions are aligned in such a way that an arrowhead of one dimension touches tip-
to-tip the arrowhead of the adjacent dimension. The overall dimension is placed outside the
other smaller dimensions

Parallel (progressive) dimensioning

All the dimensions are shown from a common reference line. Obviously, all these dimensions
share a common extension line. This method is adopted when dimensions have to be
established from a particular datum surface.
Smaller dimensions should always be placed nearer the view. The next smaller dimension should
be placed next and so on.

Combined dimensioning

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When both the methods, i.e., chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning are used on the same
drawing, the method of dimensioning is called combined dimensioning

Circular holes
A hole is usually dimensioned by giving its diameter instead of radius. The dimension
indicating a diameter should always be preceded by the symbol ø
They should be dimensioned in the view in which they appear as circles

Some general rules for dimensioning

1. Dimension should be given on the view which shows the relevant features most clearly
2. Dimension marked in one view need not be repeated in another view
3. Dimensions should be placed outside the view

Incorrect

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 Incorrect Correct
Incorrect Incorrect

4. Dimensions should be taken from visible outline rather than from hidden lines

Do not dimension this view

Dimension this view
5. Dimensions should be given from a base line or centre line of a hole or important hole or
a finished surface. Dimensioning to a centre line should be avoided, except when the
centre line passes through the centre of a hole

Correct Incorrect Dimensioning to the centre line

of a hole is permitted
Progressive dimensioning
Incorrect way of dimensioning

Chain dimensioning
Incorrect way of dimensioning

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Combined dimensioning
Correct way of dimensioning
Parallel dimensioning
Correct way of dimensioning

6. SCALES.
The proportion by which we either reduce or increase the actual size of the object on a drawing is
known as drawing to scale or simple scale.
The scale is actually a measuring stick, graduated with different divisions to represent
corresponding actual distances according to some proportion, thus giving rapidity marking off
distance on drawing. Numerically scales indicate the relation between the dimensions on the
drawing and actual dimensions of the object.

The scales are either flat or triangular and the material used in their construction may be wood,
celluloid, metal, etc.
In drawing, scale should not be selected arbitrarily, but standard recommended scales should be
adopted as far as possible.

Uses of scale
The following are the main uses of scales in engineering practice
4. The scales are used to prepare reduced or enlarged size drawings
5. The scales are used to set off dimensions
6. The scales are used to measure distances directly.

Sizes of scale
1. Full size scale
The scale in which the actually measurements of the object are drawn to the same sizes on the
drawing is known as full size scale. It is written on the stick as under 1:1 – drawing made to
actual size

2. Reducing scale: The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are reduced to
some proportion is known as reducing scale.
The standard reducing proportions are:
1:2 – Drawing made to one half of the actual size
1:5 – drawing made to one fifth of the actual size
1:10 – drawing made to one tenth of the actual size
1:20 – drawing made to one twentieth of the actual size
1:50 – drawing made to one-fiftieth of the actual size
1:100 – drawing made to one-hundredth of the actual size

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 3. Enlarging scale: the scale in which the actual measurements of the object are increased
in some proportion is known enlarging scale. The standard proportion are:
2:1 – drawing made to twice the actual size
5:1 – drawing made to five times the actual size
10:1 – drawing made to ten times the actual size.

5. Geometrical Constructions
5. 1 Introduction

Engineering drawing consists of a number of geometrical constructions. A

few methods are illustrated here without mathematical proofs.
1. To divide a straight line into a given number of equal parts say
5. Construction (Fig.4.1)

Fig. 4.1 dividing a line

Steps
1. Draw AC at any angle e to AB.
2. Construct the required number of equal parts of convenient length on AC like
1,2,3.
3. Join the last point 5 to B
4. Through 4, 3, 2, 1 draw lines parallel to 5B to intersect AB at 4',3',2' and 1'.

3. To bisect a given angle.

construction (Fig.4.3)

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1. Draw a line AB and AC making the given angle.
Kc
2. With centre A and any convenient radius R draw an arc intersecting the sides
at D and E.
3. With centres D and E and radius larger than half the chord length DE, draw
arcs Intersecting at F
4. JoinAF, <BAF = <PAC.
4. To inscribe a square in a given
circle. construction (Fig. 4.4)
1. With centre 0, draw a circle of diameter D.
2. Through the centre 0, drwaw two diameters, say AC and BD at right angle to
each other.
3. Join A-B, B-C, C- D, and D-A. ABCD is the required square.

5. To inscribe a regular polygon of any

number of sides in a given circle.

Construction (Fig. 4.5)

(a) Construction (Fig. 4.6) by using a set-
square or mini-draughter

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1. With centre 0 and radius R draw the given crcle.
2. Draw any diameter AD to the circle.
3. Using 30° - 60° set-square and through the point A draw lines AI, A2 at an
angle 60° with AD, intersecting the circle at B and F respectively.
4. Using 30° - 60° and through the point D draw lines Dl, D2 at an angle 60° with
DA, intersecting the circle at C and E respectively.
By joining A, B, C, D, E, F, and A the required hexagon is obtained.
(b) Construction (Fig.4.7) by using compass
1. With centre 0 and radius R draw the given circle.
2. Draw any diameter AD to the circle.
3. with centers A and D and radius equal to the radius of the circle draw arcs
intersecting the circles at B, F, C and E respectively.
4. ABC D E F is the required hexagon.

8. To construct a hexagon, given the length of the side.

(a) .contraction (Fig. 4.9) Using set square

1. Draw a line AB equal to the side of the hexagon.

2. Using 30° - 60° set-square draw lines AI, A2, and BI, B2.

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3. Through 0, the point of intersection between the lines A2 at D and B2 at E, join
D ,E
4. ABC D E F is the required hexagon.
(b) By using compass (Fig.4.10)

1. Draw a line AB equal to the side of the hexagon.

2. with centers A and B and radius AB, draw arcs intersecting at 0, the centre
of the hexagon.
3. With centers 0 and B and radius OB (=AB) draw arcs intersecting at C.
4. Obtain points D, E and F in a similar manner.

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6.2.1 Definition and Terminology on circle

The region between a chord of a circle and its associated arc is known as a segment.

A quarter of a circle made of two radii at right angles, one being horizontal and the other being
vertical is known as a quadrant.

The area enclosed by two radii of a circle and their intercepted arc is known as a sector.

6.2.2 Operations on Circles

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