Cells- robert hooke, cork

Swero- IV fluids combine sodium chloride and sterile water. Our saline solution uses 0.9%
sodium chloride. The water in IV fluids rehydrates the body, which is about 60% water. Sodium
chloride provides electrolytes.

Water follows salt

Potassium in, Salt Out
DIFFUSION- HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW

Cell-
Hypertonic (cell shrink)- If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will leave the cell, and
the cell will shrink.

Hypotonic (cell swell)-

-If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there will be a net flow of water into the cell, and the
cell will gain volume

Plasma Membrane
PHOSPHO Lipid bilayter
a hydrophobic tails, or water-hating interior, and a hydrophilic (polar head), or water-loving
exterior.
The hydrophilic (polar) head group and hydrophobic tails (fatty acid chains) are depicted in the
single phospholipid molecule.
Hydrophobic tails fear the water,

Chromatin composed primarily of DNA and proteins. When cells divide, chromatin condenses to
form chromosomes which split into two identical strands called chromatids. Each chromatid then
becomes a chromosome in each new cell that is formed.
Chromatin- condensed chromosomes- split into chromatids\

The ER is the largest organelle in the cell- 50% of total space

SER- lipid synthesis and detox- found in liver.

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Microvili- fingerlike, increase surface area. In small intestine, egg cells.
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Passive and Active Transport

protein and lipid in the phos lipid bi layer

polar - nagshishift sa posi or nega

non polar head- equal dist or electrons/ atom

no charge and small, easily pass

active transport- of big molecules

-solute pumping, we pump it out
- [ ] sodium potassium pump- maitian resting membrane potential

- [ ] membrane potential- electrical current

homeostasis- maintains balance, normal

processes

3na- major extracell. ion, more outside

2k- maj intra cell . more inside

if there is more Na in, so pot pump it out

phosphorilate ADP- causes change in shape of the channel

phosphorylation is a chemical process of adding a phosphate group to an organic compound.

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diffusion- electrolytes can diffuse
potassium(K) more common to leak outside than Na leaking in

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vesicular transport need atp
1 endo
2 exocytosis

- [ ] endocytosis
- phagocytosis(macrophage-eat bacteria, debris), pino, receptor mediated

cell membrane pit, receptors binding sites

in marrow-biggest megakaryoctye (platelet no blood cell)
out marrow biggest - macrophage
(pseudopods extension engulfs)

- [ ] pinocytosis- cell drinking- fluids

- [ ] receptor mediated (specific)

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exocytosis- takes out cell products and waste

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Membrane permeability
The lipid bilayer portion of the plasma membrane is
highly permeable to nonpolar molecules such as oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and
steroids;
moderately permeable to small, uncharged polar molecules, such as water and urea and
impermeable to ions and large, uncharged polar molecules, such as glucose.

. A concentration gradient is a difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to

another, such as from the inside to the outside of the plasma membrane.
A difference in electrical charges is termed the membrane potential.

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Active and passive page 101
In passive processes, no energy required, only use own kinetic energy,
down electrochem gradient. a substance moves down its concentration or electrical
gradient to cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy (energy of motion). Kinetic
energy is intrinsic to the particles that are moving. There is no input of energy from the cell. An
example is simple diffusion.

Diffusion- high to low concentration\

Water passes through aquaporin channels

Simple diffusion is a passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer
of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport proteins (figure 3.5).
Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules move across the lipid bilayer through the process of simple
diffusion. Such molecules include oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen gases; fatty acids;
steroids; and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). Small, uncharged polar molecules such as
water, urea, and small alcohols also pass through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion.
In simple diffusion, a substance moves across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane without
the help of membrane transport proteins

. In facilitated diffusion, a substance moves across the lipid bilayer aided by a channel protein
or a carrier protein. (lipid insoluble and large or polar )
Facilitated diffusion
Solutes that are too polar or highly charged to move through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion
can cross the plasma membrane by a passive process called facilitated diffusion. In this
process, an integral membrane protein assists a specific substance across the membrane. The
integral membrane protein can be either a membrane channel or a carrier.

In channel-mediated facilitated diffusion, a solute moves down its concentration gradient across
the lipid bilayer through a membrane channel (figure 3.5). Most membrane channels are ion
channels,

in osmosis, water moves through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower
solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

In active processes, cellular energy is used to drive the substance ‘uphill’ against its
concentration or electrical gradient. The cellular energy used is usually in the form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). Vesicles. endocytosis, in which vesicles detach from the plasma membrane
while bringing materials into a cell, and exocytosis, the merging of vesicles with the plasma
membrane to release materials from the cell.
Active transport is considered an active process because energy is required for carrier proteins
to move solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient. Two sources of cellular
energy can be used to drive active transport: (1) energy obtained from hydrolysis of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) is the source in primary active transport; (2) energy stored in an ionic
concentration gradient is the source in secondary active transport.

Here are simplified explanations for the three types of diffusion:

Simple Diffusion:

● Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower

concentration.
● No energy or proteins are required.
● Examples include oxygen and carbon dioxide moving across cell membranes.

Facilitated Diffusion:

● Movement of molecules across cell membranes through protein channels or carriers.

● No energy is required, but specific transport proteins are needed.
● Examples include glucose and ions like sodium and potassium.
Carrier-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion:

● A subtype of facilitated diffusion where specific carrier proteins bind to molecules and
change shape to move them across the membrane.
● No energy is required, but the process relies on the binding and transport capacity of
carrier proteins.
● Examples include the transport of glucose by the GLUT transporter.

CHANNEL MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFFUSION

Active transport needs extra kinetic energyt, going AGAINST electro

chemical; gradient.through the plasma membrane involves the movement of molecules
against their concentration gradient, requiring energy usually in the form of ATP. Here are the
different types:

1. Primary Active Transport:

○ Direct use of ATP to transport molecules.
○ Example: Sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump), which moves sodium out of
the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.
2. Secondary Active Transport (Co-transport):
○ Uses the energy from the electrochemical gradient created by primary active
transport.
○ Symport: Both molecules move in the same direction.
■ Example: Sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT), which moves glucose
into the cell along with sodium.
○ Antiport: Molecules move in opposite directions.
■ Example: Sodium-calcium exchanger, which moves sodium into the cell
and calcium out.
3. Vesicular Transport:
○ Involves the movement of large molecules or particles using vesicles.
○ Endocytosis: Process of taking substances into the cell.
■ Phagocytosis: "Cell eating"; engulfing large particles.
■ Pinocytosis: "Cell drinking"; engulfing extracellular fluid and small
molecules.
■ Receptor-mediated endocytosis: Specific molecules are taken in after
they bind to receptors.
○ Exocytosis: Process of expelling substances from the cell by vesicles fusing with
the plasma membrane.
■ Example: Secretion of neurotransmitters by nerve cells.

CARRIER MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFFUSION

CHANNEL MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFFUSION