Research Methodology Past Papers Solved Short

Questions

Past Paper 2014

Q: 1 Answer these following questions?

Q: 1 How will you identify a Research Questions?

A: 1 Identifying a Research Question: Identifying a research question is a

crucial step in the research process. Here are some key points to consider
when identifying a research question:

1. Regular Reading and Keeping Up to Date: Reading regularly and

staying updated with recent advancements is a fundamental way to find a
good research question. This helps in identifying critical issues and gaps in the
existing knowledge.

2. Clarity and Focus: The research question should be clearly defined, free
of jargon, and sufficiently focused to steer the research in a specific direction.
3. Critical Analysis: Identifying research problems involves critically
analyzing the content to determine gaps and limitations in the existing
research.

4. Preliminary Reading and Narrowing Focus: Choose a topic, conduct

preliminary reading about the current state of the field, and then narrow the
focus to a specific niche to identify the research question.

5. Reviewing Existing Research and Debates: For theoretical research,

identifying a research problem can be done by reading existing research,
theory, and debates on the topic.

6. Research Gaps: Identifying research gaps involves researching each

question, making a note of queries, and checking relevant websites. It also
includes making a list of questions and identifying areas where a question or
problem exists.

7. Exploration and Literature Review: Exploring topics covered in

current journals in the field, reviewing calls from relevant disciplinary
organizations, and conducting an exhaustive literature review are essential
steps in identifying research problems and gaps.
Q: 2 Enlist the tools which can be used for data collection?

A: 2 Tools for Data Collection: When it comes to data collection, there are
various tools and methods available to gather and store information. Here are
some commonly used tools for data collection:

1. Surveys or Questionnaires: Surveys and questionnaires are widely used

to collect data from a large number of respondents, providing structured
information.

2. Interviews: Interviews are a valuable tool for collecting qualitative data,

allowing researchers to gather in-depth insights and perspectives from
participants.

3. Observation: Observation is a method used to gather data by directly

observing subjects in their natural environment, providing firsthand
information.

4. Case Studies: Case studies involve in-depth analysis of a single individual,

group, or event, providing detailed and contextualized data.
5. Geolocation Tools: Tools like Fulcrum and Kobo-Toolbox are used for
geolocation and custom mapping, particularly useful for spatial data
collection.

6. Form-Building Tools: Platforms like Jot-form offer options for building

customizable forms, which can be used for structured data collection.

7. Data Collection and Analysis Platforms: Tools like Team-scope

provide secure and easy-to-use platforms for data collection and analysis,
particularly for businesses dealing with sensitive data.
Q: 3 Enlist the sampling techniques used in Qualitative Research?

A: 3 Sampling Techniques in Qualitative Research: In qualitative

research, various sampling techniques are employed to gather data. Here are
some commonly used sampling techniques in qualitative research:

1. Purposive Sampling: Also known as purposeful and selective sampling,

purposive sampling involves selecting participants based on specific
characteristics or qualities relevant to the research study.

2. Convenience Sampling: Convenience sampling involves selecting

participants based on their availability and accessibility, often used when it is
challenging to access a specific population.

3. Snowball Sampling: Snowball sampling is a technique where existing

study participants recruit future participants from among their acquaintances
or social networks, useful for studying hard-to-reach populations.

4. Quota Sampling: Quota sampling involves selecting participants based

on pre-defined quotas, such as age, gender, or other characteristics, to ensure
representation of specific subgroups within the population.
 Past Paper 2015

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 Define Research?

A: 1 Research: Research can be defined as a systematic investigation,

including development, testing, and evaluation, designed to develop or
contribute to generalizable knowledge. It involves a meticulous and systematic
inquiry process designed to explore and unravel specific subjects or issues,
with the aim of creating new knowledge or using existing knowledge in a new
and creative way to generate new insights. Research entails the collection of
data, documentation of critical information, and the analysis and
interpretation of that data. It is a process of studious inquiry or examination,
especially investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and
understanding of various subjects or issues. Good research follows a
systematic approach to capture accurate data and is based on logical
reasoning.

Additionally, research can involve obtaining information or bio-specimens

through intervention or interaction with individuals and using the findings in
a way that can be applied to populations or situations beyond those studied.
Q: 2 Briefly enumerate different types of research?

A: 2 There are various types of research, each serving different purposes and
employing distinct methodologies. Here's a brief enumeration of different
types of research:

1. Biology, Chemistry, and Science-Related Fields Research:

Research conducted in fields such as biology, chemistry, and other science-
related disciplines involves systematic investigation and experimentation to
advance scientific knowledge.

2. Government Offices and Agencies Research: Government offices and

agencies often conduct research to inform policy-making, address societal
issues, and improve public services.

3. Educational Research: Educational research focuses on studying

various aspects of education, including teaching methods, learning outcomes,
and educational policies.

4. Business Research: Research in the business domain involves

investigating market trends, consumer behavior, organizational strategies,
and industry-specific challenges.
5. Quantitative Research: This type of research involves the collection and
analysis of numerical data, often using surveys, experiments, and statistical
methods.

6. Qualitative Research: Qualitative research focuses on gathering non-

numerical data to understand underlying reasons, motivations, and opinions,
often using methods such as interviews, observations, and case studies.

7. Applied (or Action) Research: Applied research aims to address

specific practical problems and find solutions, often in real-world settings.

8. Fundamental (or Basic) Research: Fundamental research, also known

as pure research, is driven by curiosity and seeks to expand knowledge
without any immediate practical application.

9. User-Experience Research: User-experience research involves studying

user interactions with products or services to enhance usability and
satisfaction, often using methods like surveys and data mining.

10. Research Articles: In scholarly literature, various types of research

articles are published, including original research articles, review articles, and
more, each serving different purposes.
Q: 3 Discuss any two tools used for data collection with their purpose in
research design?

A: 3 Two tools commonly used for data collection in research design are
surveys/questionnaires and focus group discussions.

Surveys/Questionnaires: Purpose in Research Design: Surveys and

questionnaires are widely used to collect data from a large number of
respondents, providing structured information. They are valuable for
gathering quantitative data and can be designed to elicit specific responses
related to the research objectives. Surveys and questionnaires are particularly
useful for quantitative research, allowing researchers to gather standardized
data from a large sample of participants.

Focus Group Discussions: Purpose in Research Design: Focus group

discussions are a qualitative data collection approach that involves group
interactions to gather in-depth insights and perspectives from participants.
This method is particularly valuable for exploring complex topics,
understanding diverse viewpoints, and uncovering underlying motivations
and attitudes. Focus group discussions serve as a bridging strategy for
scientific research and local knowledge, making them an essential tool for
qualitative research.
 Past Paper 2017

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 What should be the characteristics of a good research problem?

A: 1 Characteristics of a Good Research Problem: A good research

problem should possess several key characteristics, ensuring its effectiveness
and relevance in the research process. These characteristics include:

1. Clear and Focused: The research problem should be clearly stated,

leaving no room for ambiguity, and should precisely outline what the
researcher needs to investigate.

2. Specific and Manageable: It should be specific and narrow enough to

be manageable within the scope of the research project, ensuring that the
problem is well-defined and not overly broad.

3. Analytical, Not Descriptive: The research problem should allow for the
production of an analysis of an issue or problem, rather than a mere
description, ensuring that it contributes to the advancement of knowledge.
4. Insightful and Testable: It should provide insight into a research
question, be testable, and measurable through proposed experiments,
ensuring that it is grounded in logic and can be effectively investigated.

5. Addressing Existing Knowledge Gap: A good research problem

should address an existing gap in knowledge, contributing to the expansion of
understanding within the field of study.
Q: 2 Briefly enumerate inductive and deductive approaches providing useful
examples?

A: 2 Inductive Approach: An inductive approach aims at developing a

theory based on observed phenomena and specific examples. It involves
moving from specific observations to broader generalizations. For example, in
social sciences, a researcher may observe specific instances of behavior and
then develop a theory based on these observations. An example of inductive
reasoning would be observing several instances of a phenomenon and then
forming a generalization based on these observations.

Deductive Approach: On the other hand, a deductive approach aims at

testing an existing theory or hypothesis. It involves moving from general
principles to specific instances. For instance, in scientific research, a
researcher might start with a theory about a certain phenomenon and then
test it through specific experiments or observations to confirm or refute the
theory. An example of deductive reasoning would be using a general principle,
such as "All men are mortal," to reach a specific conclusion, such as
"Socrates is mortal".
Q: 3 How do reliability and integrity are the fundamental ethical issues in
research?

A: 3 Reliability and integrity are fundamental ethical issues in research due to

their critical roles in ensuring the trustworthiness and credibility of research
outcomes.

Reliability: It is essential as it pertains to the consistency and repeatability of

research findings. It ensures that the results can be replicated under similar
conditions, thereby contributing to the validity of the research. Without
reliability, the findings of a study may not be dependable or trustworthy,
potentially leading to erroneous conclusions and wasted resources.

Integrity: It is equally crucial as it encompasses the adherence to

fundamental ethical principles, responsible conduct, and the responsible use
of resources and technologies. Upholding integrity in research involves
maintaining honesty, transparency, and ethical behavior throughout the
research process. It is essential for fostering trust among stakeholders and the
public, as well as for upholding the ethical standards of the scientific
community.
Both reliability and integrity are foundational to the ethical conduct of
research, as they contribute to the overall credibility and validity of scientific
endeavors. They are essential for upholding the trust of the public, ensuring
the advancement of knowledge, and maintaining the ethical standards of the
scientific community.
 Past Paper 2018

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 What do you understand by validity and reliability of research?

A: 1 Validity: Validity in research refers to the extent to which a method or

instrument accurately measures what it is intended to measure. It is about the
accuracy of the method in assessing the intended construct or concept.
Validity can be assessed using various types of evidence, such as content
validity, criterion-related validity, and construct validity. Ensuring validity is
crucial for drawing accurate conclusions and making reliable inferences based
on the research findings.

Reliability: Reliability in research pertains to the consistency and stability of

research results over time and across different conditions. It is about the
extent to which the same results can be replicated under similar
circumstances. Reliability is essential for ensuring that the research findings
are dependable and trustworthy, and that the measurement instruments used
in the research are consistent and stable.
Both validity and reliability are critical considerations in research, as they
directly impact the quality and trustworthiness of research outcomes. Validity
ensures that the research accurately measures what it intends to measure,
while reliability ensures that the research results are consistent and stable,
allowing for dependable inferences and conclusions to be drawn.
Q: 2 Name various data sources of qualitative research?

A: 2 Qualitative research utilizes various data sources to gather rich, in-depth

insights. These sources include:

1. Surveys and Interviews: Surveys and interviews are commonly used to

collect personalized information directly from the source, allowing
researchers to gather detailed and individual perspectives.

2. Observations: Direct observation is a valuable method in qualitative

research, enabling researchers to gather firsthand information through
observing behaviors, interactions, and phenomena.

3. Field Notes: Field notes compiled during interviews or observations serve

as a complementary source of information, providing additional context and
details to facilitate the analysis process.

4. Conversations and Focus Groups: Qualitative data is often collected

through methods such as one-to-one interviews, focus groups, and
conversations, allowing for in-depth exploration of perspectives and
experiences.
5. Text and Document Analysis: Textual sources, including documents,
records, and journals, can serve as valuable data sources in qualitative
research, providing insights into various contexts and perspectives.
Q: 3 Differentiate the use of synthesis and analysis in Literature Review?

A: 3 Synthesis and Analysis in Literature Review:

Synthesis: In the context of a literature review, synthesis involves the process

of bringing together information from various sources to create a cohesive
and integrated understanding of a particular topic or research question. It
goes beyond summarizing individual sources and aims to identify patterns,
themes, and connections across the literature. Synthesis in a literature review
involves integrating diverse perspectives and findings to develop a
comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

Analysis: On the other hand, analysis in a literature review entails the

critical examination and evaluation of individual sources to understand their
significance, strengths, weaknesses, and contributions to the overall body of
knowledge. It involves breaking down the content of the literature into its
constituent parts to gain insights into the underlying concepts, methodologies,
and arguments. Through analysis, researchers can identify gaps,
contradictions, and areas for further exploration within the existing literature.
 Past Paper 2019

Q: 1 Enlist the right circle?

I. Broad subject matter being addressed in a study is called _________.

(a) Research problem. (b) Research topic.

(c) Purpose. (d) Research question.

II. ________ mixes copied material from multiple from multiple sources.

(a) Mash-up. (b) Hybrid.

(c) Aggregator. (d) Re-tweet.

III. Quantitative data is in _________ form, such as statistics etc.

(a) Percentage. (b) Quadric.

(c) Numerical. (d) Quotational.

IV. ________ interviews combine both structured and unstructured
approaches.

(a) Non-structured. (b) Co-Relational.

(c) Relational. (d) Semi-structured.

V. List of issues to guide observation is called _______.

(a) Index. (b) Reference list.

(c) Protocol. (d) Content list.

VI. The study loosely structured and designed to expand understanding of a

topic and provides insights is ________.

(a) Formal. (b) Casual.

(c) Exploratory. (d) Experimental.

VII. All of the following are possible goals of an exploratory study except
_________.

(a) Expand understanding of a topic. (b) Test Hypothesis.

(c) Provide insight. (d) Develop Hypothesis.

VIII. Research design strategy encompasses all of the components below

except ______.

(a) Data collection design. (b) Sampling design.

(c) Instrument development. (d) Data analysis.

IX. The goal of a formal study is to ________.

(a) Discover future research tasks. (b) Expand understanding of a topic.

(c) Test Hypothesis. (d) Develop Hypothesis.

X. The primary concern with using qualitative technique is that,
qualitative data are too __________.

(a) Expensive. (b) Time consuming.

(c) Subjective. (d) Objective.

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 Define the term ‘transliteration’ with an example?

A: 1 Transliteration refers to the process of representing or spelling a word in

the characters of another alphabet or language. It is the transfer of a word
from the alphabet of one language to another, designed to convey the
pronunciation of the original word in a different script, allowing readers or
speakers of that script to approximate the pronunciation. The goal of
transliteration is to provide a phonetic representation of a word in a language
that uses a different writing system, aiding in the pronunciation of words and
names.

An example of transliteration is representing the Greek word "Γειά σας" as

"Yasas" in the Latin alphabet to approximate its pronunciation for English
speakers.
Q: 2 What are the tools for data collection?

A: 2 Tools for Data Collection: When it comes to data collection, there are
various tools and methods available to gather and store information. Here are
some commonly used tools for data collection:

1. Surveys or Questionnaires: Surveys and questionnaires are widely used

to collect data from a large number of respondents, providing structured
information.

2. Interviews: Interviews are a valuable tool for collecting qualitative data,

allowing researchers to gather in-depth insights and perspectives from
participants.

3. Observation: Observation is a method used to gather data by directly

observing subjects in their natural environment, providing firsthand
information.

4. Case Studies: Case studies involve in-depth analysis of a single individual,

group, or event, providing detailed and contextualized data.
5. Geolocation Tools: Tools like Fulcrum and Kobo-Toolbox are used for
geolocation and custom mapping, particularly useful for spatial data
collection.

6. Form-Building Tools: Platforms like Jot-form offer options for building

customizable forms, which can be used for structured data collection.

7. Data Collection and Analysis Platforms: Tools like Team-scope

provide secure and easy-to-use platforms for data collection and analysis,
particularly for businesses dealing with sensitive data.
Q: 3 What are the benefits of participant observation?

A: 3 Participant observation offers several benefits in research:

1. In-depth Understanding: Participant observation allows the researcher

to gain a deeper and more intimate understanding of the culture, group, or
community being studied. By actively participating in the activities and
interactions, the researcher can observe and experience firsthand the
dynamics and nuances that may not be apparent through other research
methods.

2. Rich and Nuanced Data: This method enables the generation of rich
and nuanced qualitative data. By immersing themselves in the environment
being studied, researchers can capture detailed and context-specific
information, providing a comprehensive picture of the subject of study.

3. Insight and Validity: Participant observation produces rich qualitative

data that reflects how people truly live. This approach allows researchers to
gain insight into the lives, behaviors, and interactions of the participants,
contributing to the validity and authenticity of the data collected.
4. Enhanced Impact Measurement: In the context of program
evaluation, participant observation can enhance the impact measurement in
community-based participatory research (CBPR) programs. By actively
participating and observing, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of
the program's impact and effectiveness.

5. Easier Follow-up Studies: Compared to covert observation, overt

participant observation makes it easier to conduct follow-up studies. This can
be valuable for longitudinal or iterative research, allowing researchers to
build on their initial observations and interactions with the participants.
Q: 4 Enlist a few pros and cons of E-Mail interviews?

A: 4 Pros and Cons of Email Interviews:

Pros:

1. Convenience: Email interviews offer convenience for both the interviewer

and interviewee. Participants can respond to questions at their own pace,
allowing for flexibility in scheduling and reducing time constraints.

2. Written Record: Email interviews provide a written record of the

communication, which can be valuable for reference and analysis. This can
help ensure accuracy and provide a clear audit trail of the interview process.

3. Reduced Interviewer Bias: Email interviews may reduce interviewer

bias, as the absence of face-to-face interaction can minimize the influence of
non-verbal cues and personal biases on the part of the interviewer.
Cons:

1. Limited Depth: Compared to face-to-face or phone interviews, email

interviews may result in less in-depth responses. The lack of real-time
interaction can limit the depth and spontaneity of the conversation.

2. Response Time: Email interviews can lead to longer response times,

potentially prolonging the overall interview process. This delay may impact
the timeliness of the research and the ability to follow up on responses.

3. Difficulty in Probing: Email interviews make it challenging for

interviewers to probe for detailed responses or seek clarification on
ambiguous answers. This limitation can hinder the exploration of complex
topics.
 Past Paper 2020

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 Name the tools of research?

A: 1 The tools of research encompass a wide range of devices, instruments,

and software used to collect, analyze, and synthesize data. These tools include:

1. Data Collection Tools: These refer to devices or instruments used to

collect data, such as paper questionnaires, computer-assisted interviewing
systems, and other methods for gathering information.

2. Brand Naming Tool & Research Software: Tools powered by

trademark data and artificial intelligence technology that aid in brand
naming and marketing research.

3. AI (Artificial Intelligence) Tools for Research: Resources specifically

geared towards exploring and synthesizing research, leveraging artificial
intelligence for data analysis and interpretation.
4. Keyword Research Tools for SEO (Search Engine Optimization):
Tools designed for search engine optimization, aiding in the identification and
analysis of keywords for online content.

5. Security and Privacy Research Tools: Tools and services focused on

security and privacy in research, providing reviewed options for data
protection and ethical considerations.
Q: 2 Define the term ‘Transliteration’ with an example?

A: 2 Transliteration refers to the process of representing or spelling a word in

the characters of another alphabet or language. It is the transfer of a word
from the alphabet of one language to another, designed to convey the
pronunciation of the original word in a different script, allowing readers or
speakers of that script to approximate the pronunciation. The goal of
transliteration is to provide a phonetic representation of a word in a language
that uses a different writing system, aiding in the pronunciation of words and
names.

An example of transliteration is representing the Greek word "Γειά σας" as

"Yasas" in the Latin alphabet to approximate its pronunciation for English
speakers.
Q: 3 What is the aim of university education?

A: 3 The aim of university education is a complex and multifaceted concept

that encompasses various perspectives and objectives. It goes beyond mere
career preparation and encompasses personal, intellectual, and societal
development. The following discussion draws on insights from various sources
to provide a comprehensive understanding of the aims of university education.

Holistic Development: University education aims to foster holistic

development by providing students with a well-rounded education that goes
beyond the acquisition of technical skills. It seeks to cultivate critical thinking,
creativity, and problem-solving abilities, preparing students to navigate the
complexities of the modern world.

Knowledge Acquisition: One of the primary aims of university education

is to impart knowledge and expertise in specific academic disciplines. This
involves in-depth learning, research, and the acquisition of specialized skills
that are essential for professional and intellectual growth.

Personal Growth and Character Development: University education

aims to facilitate personal growth and character development. It provides
opportunities for students to explore their identities, values, and beliefs,
fostering a sense of self-awareness and ethical responsibility.
Preparation for Professional Life: Another key aim of university
education is to prepare students for professional life and the labor market.
This involves equipping students with the necessary skills, knowledge, and
qualifications to pursue successful careers in their chosen fields.

Societal Impact: University education aims to contribute to societal

progress and development by producing informed, engaged citizens who can
address complex social, economic, and political challenges. It seeks to instill a
sense of civic responsibility and social awareness in students.

Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving: An important aim of university

education is to cultivate critical thinking and problem-solving skills. This
involves encouraging students to analyze information critically, evaluate
evidence, and develop innovative solutions to real-world problems.

Ethical and Moral Development: University education aims to foster

ethical and moral development by promoting values such as integrity,
empathy, and social responsibility. It seeks to instill a sense of ethical
awareness and a commitment to ethical conduct in students.
 Past Paper 2022

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 What are open ended questions and open-ended response?

A: 1 Open-Ended Questions and Responses:

Open-ended questions: Open-ended questions are questions that cannot be

answered with a simple 'yes' or 'no', and instead require the respondent to
elaborate on their thoughts, feelings, or experiences. These questions allow
and encourage respondents to answer in open-text format, based on their
complete thoughts, without being restricted to predefined options.

Open-ended responses: Open-ended responses are the answers to open-

ended questions that cannot simply be given as 'Yes' or 'No', or with a fixed
multiple-choice response. They allow respondents to explain their answers in
their own words, without restriction, and are often used in surveys to gather
qualitative data.
In contrast, closed questions (or closed-ended questions) restrict participants
to one of a limited set of possible answers, often with predefined options for
respondents to choose from.

Open-ended questions typically start with "Why?", "How?", and "What?",

encouraging a full answer rather than a simple yes or no response. These
questions are valuable for gathering detailed and qualitative information from
respondents.

Open-ended survey responses should be used to enhance, confirm, or refine

the story told through quantitative data. For example, if survey results
indicate a trend, open-ended responses can provide context and depth to the
quantitative findings.
Q: 2 What are sampling Strategies in Quantitative research?

A: 2 Sampling Strategies in Quantitative Research: In quantitative

research, sampling strategies are crucial for obtaining a sample that is both
large enough and representative of the target population. There are two main
categories of sampling techniques: probability sampling and non-probability
sampling.

Probability Sampling: Probability sampling ensures that every member of

the population has a chance of being selected. This method is primarily used
in quantitative research to maximize the statistical representativeness of the
sample. Examples of probability sampling techniques include simple random
sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling, and stratified sampling.

Non-Probability Sampling: Non-probability sampling methods do not

guarantee that every member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected. Some examples of non-probability sampling methods are purposive
sampling, convenience sampling, quota sampling, and theoretical sampling.
Q: 3 Name and define different type of Qualitative research?

A: 3 Types of Qualitative Research: Qualitative research encompasses

various methods and approaches to gather and analyze non-numerical data.
Here are some of the different types of qualitative research:

1. In-Depth Interviews: In-depth interviews involve open-ended questions

and allow the interviewer to explore the participant's responses in detail. This
method is valuable for gaining insights into individual perspectives and
experiences.

2. Focus Groups: Focus groups bring together a small group of participants

to discuss a specific topic. This method allows researchers to observe
interactions and gather diverse viewpoints on the subject.

3. Ethnographic Research: Ethnographic research involves immersing the

researcher in the culture or community being studied. It aims to understand
the social and cultural phenomena within their natural context.

4. Phenomenological Study: Phenomenological study focuses on

describing an event, activity, or phenomenon from the perspective of those
experiencing it. It aims to uncover the essence of the lived experience.
5. Observation: Observation as a qualitative research method involves
systematically watching and recording behaviors, activities, and interactions
within a specific setting. It allows for the study of natural behavior in its
context.

6. Content Analysis: Content analysis involves systematically analyzing the

content of various forms of communication, such as written, verbal, or visual
material. It aims to identify patterns, themes, and meanings within the
content.
 Past Paper 2023

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 What are the basic principles of ethical considerations while conduction

research?

A: 1 The three basic principles of ethical considerations in research, as

identified by the Belmont Report, are:

1. Respect for Persons: This principle emphasizes the autonomy and

dignity of individuals. It involves obtaining informed consent from
participants and protecting the rights of those with diminished autonomy.

2. Beneficence: The principle of beneficence emphasizes the obligation to

maximize benefits and minimize harm to research participants. It underscores
the importance of promoting the well-being of participants and avoiding any
potential harm resulting from the research.

3. Justice: The principle of justice involves ensuring fairness in the

distribution of the benefits and burdens of research. It includes considerations
of equitable participant selection and the fair treatment of all individuals
involved in the research process.
Q: 2 What is meant by “Identify Your Unit of Analysis” in data collection?

A: 2 "Identifying your unit of analysis" in data collection refers to

determining the specific entity or level of observation that will be the focus of
the research. This unit of analysis could be individuals, groups, organizations,
events, or any other defined entity that is the subject of study. It is essential to
clearly define the unit of analysis as it directly influences the data collection
process, the variables to be measured, and the overall research design.

For example, in a customer satisfaction study, the unit of analysis could be

individual customers, while in an organizational study, it could be specific
departments or teams within the organization. Identifying the unit of analysis
is crucial for ensuring that the data collected aligns with the research
objectives and allows for meaningful analysis and interpretation.
Q: 3 How do we interpret the results in the research?

A: 3 Interpreting the results in research involves a comprehensive analysis

and discussion of the evidence gathered, including aspects of validity,
strengths, weaknesses, and implications. It is a critical phase where the
findings are contextualized and their significance is elucidated.

The interpretation of results should involve a discussion of the main findings,

bringing them together in a synthesis. This process helps readers understand
the implications and broader meaning of the research outcomes.

Understanding the numerical data is crucial in the interpretation process.

Researchers should be well-versed in what each test reveals and should look
for pre and post estimation tests to gain a comprehensive understanding of the
results.