University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

Alubijid | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

Department of Applied Mathematics

SOLID MENSURATION
CHAPTER 1
Basic Mathematical Concepts

1.1 Points, Lines, and Planes

Definition 1. A point has no dimension, but denotes position simply. It is represented to the
eye by a fine dot, and named by a letter.
Definition 2. A line is a connected set of infinitely many points. It extends infinitely far in
two opposite directions. A line has only one dimension, length. Points that lie on the
same line are called collinear points. If there is no line on which all of the points lie, then
they are noncollinear points. A line is named by two letters.

Postulates:
2.a A straight line segment can be drawn joining any two points.
2.b Any straight line segment can be extended indefinitely in a straight line.

Example 1:
 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Alubijid | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

Department of Applied Mathematics

Definition 3: A plane is a surface such that a straight line joining any two points in it lies wholly
in the surface. It is two-dimensional surface with infinite length and width, and no
thickness. A plane is understood to be indefinite in extent, but is usually represented
by a parallelogram lying in the plane. A single capital letter is usually used to denote a
plane.

Properties:

1. Three points including at least one noncollinear point determine a plane.

2. A line and a point not on the line determine a plane.
3. Two intersecting straight lines or two parallel lines determine a plane.
4. The intersection of two distinct planes is a straight line.

Illustration of Property 4

5. The points which lie on the same plane are called coplanar points.

Example 2:

Referring to the figure at the left side,

1. Does this figure represent a plane?

2. If yes, what is the name of the plane?

3. What are the coplanar points?

4. What are the noncoplanar points?

 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Alubijid | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

Department of Applied Mathematics

Axiom 1: A finite number of planes do not contain all points in space.

Postulates:
3a. Through three points not in the same straight line, one and only one plane can be
passed.
3b. If two planes meet they have at least two distinct points in common.

Definition 4: Two parallel lines are lines that lie in the same plane and cannot meet however
far they are produced.

Definition 5: Two planes which do not intersect however far produced are said to be parallel.

Definition 6: When a straight line is drawn from a point to a plane, its intersection with the
plane is called its foot.

Definition 7: A straight line and a plane are perpendicular if the line is perpendicular to every
straight line drawn through its foot in the plane. A perpendicular to a plane is often
referred to as a normal to the plane.

Theorem 1: Through one straight line any number of planes may be passed.
 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Alubijid | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

Department of Applied Mathematics

Theorem 2: The intersections of two parallel planes by a third plane are parallel lines.

Theorem 3: If two straight lines are parallel, a plane containing one, and only one, is parallel to
the other line. Thus, in the figure below, if the two straight lines m and n are parallel
and if plane N contains n, it is parallel to m.

Theorem 4: If parallel planes intersect two straight lines, the corresponding intercepts are
proportional. Thus if the parallel planes M, N, and R (see figure) intersect lines AB and
CD, then
 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Alubijid | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

Department of Applied Mathematics

Theorem 5: Two straight lines perpendicular to the same plane are parallel.

Theorem 6: Two planes perpendicular to the same straight line are parallel. Thus, if planes M
and P are each perpendicular to line AB, they are parallel.
 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Alubijid | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

Department of Applied Mathematics

1.2 Angles Between Lines

Definition 8: An angle is the joining of two rays, which are referred as the sides of the angle,
with a common endpoint. The common endpoint is called the vertex. The angle is
formed by the amount of rotation of the second ray.

Angles are measured in radians or degrees.

Classifications:

 An acute angle is an angle whose measure is between 0⁰ and 90⁰.

 A right angle is an angle whose measure is 90⁰.
 An obtuse angle is an angle whose measure is between 90⁰ and 180⁰.
 A straight angle is an angle whose measure is 180⁰. A straight angle is just a straight
line with one of its points designated as the vertex.
 A reflex angle is an angle whose measure is greater than 180⁰ but less than 360⁰.

Definition 9: Two angles with the same starting point or vertex and one common side are called
adjacent angles.
 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Alubijid | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

Department of Applied Mathematics

Definition 10: Two angles are called complementary if the sum of their measures is 90⁰. Each
angle is called the complement of the other.

Example 3: Solve each given angle.

Definition 11: Two angles are called supplementary if the sum of their measures is 180⁰. Each
angle is called the supplement of the other.

Example 4: Solve each given angle.

 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Alubijid | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

Department of Applied Mathematics

Definition 12: When two lines intersect, the opposite angles are called vertical angles, and
vertical angles have equal measure.

Definition 13: When two parallel lines are crossed by a straight line or transversal, eight angles
are formed, including alternate interior angles, alternate exterior angles, corresponding
angles, vertical angles, and supplementary angles. In the figure below, angles 1, 2, 7,
and 8 are called exterior angles, and angles 3, 4, 5, and 6 are called interior angles.

Properties:

 Alternate interior angles are the interior angles on opposite sides of the transversal.
These two angles have the same measure.
 Alternate exterior angles are exterior angles on opposite sides of the transversal and
have the same measure.
 Corresponding angles refer to one exterior angle and one interior angle on the same
side as the transversal, which have equal measures.
 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Alubijid | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

Department of Applied Mathematics

Example 5: Find the remaining angles of the figure below.

Example 6: Find the measure of the remaining angles and state the reason for your solution.