Department of Education

ST. IGNATIUS LOYOLA ACADEMY INC.

Liloan, Southern Leyte

LEARNING MATERIAL in MATHEMATICS 8

Quarter 3 | Week 14

Name: _________________________________ Yr. & Section: __________________ Date: _______________

Most Essential learning Competency:

1. Describe geometry as a mathematical system. M8GE-IIIa-1

2. Illustrates the need for an axiomatic structure of a mathematical system in general, and in Geometry in
particular: (a) defined terms; (b) undefined terms; (c) postulates; and (d) theorems. M8GE-IIIa-c-1

Concept: Axiomatic structure of geometry and triangle congruence.

Topic: Undefined Terms, Definitions, Postulates, and Theorems

Discussion:

Undefined Terms
1. Point
2. Line building blocks in geometry.
3. Plane

Point
A point has no size and no dimension. It is represented by a dot and named with capital letter.
Example: ⦿ P

Line
A line has length but has no width and thickness. It is made of infinite number of points extended in
opposite direction. A line is named using any two of its many points.
Example:
C
m This line is read “line CR and in symbol it is written as CR. This is also
R read as “line m.”

Plane
A plane is a flat surface with length and width, but there is no thickness. It extends infinitely in all
directions. A four – sided figure usually represents this.
Example: C A

E R
A plane is named using at least any three points. So the plane above is plane CAR of plane CARE. This
is also named as plane m.

Postulates

Prepared by: Dexter C. Morales

 Are statements that are accepted as true without any proof.

Theorems
Are statements that must be proven true using undefined terms, definitions, postulates, and previously
proven theorems.

Definition of Terms
1. Space is a set of all points.
2. Segment is the distance between two endpoints. It is also refers to the part of a line with two endpoints.
W ⦿ ⦿K
This read as segment WK. in symbols, this is written as WK.
3. Midpoint divide a segment into two congruent parts.

C T R
Point T is the midpoint of CR. So CT + TR = CR.
4. Ray is a part of a line with one end point.

R
This is read as ray RM. In symbols, this is written as RM.
5. Angle is the union of two opposite ray.
S

E
T

This is as angle SET or angle E. in symbols, is it written as ∠SET or ∠E.

6. Vertical angles are two non – adjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines.

3
1 2
4

∠1 and ∠2 are non – adjacent angles

∠3 and ∠4 are non – adjacent angles
Both pairs are vertical angles.
7. Complementary angles are two angles that measure a total of 90° .

60°
30°
m∠=60∧m∠2=30
m∠1+ m∠2=90
So ∠1 and ∠2 complementary
8. Supplementary angles are two angles that measure a total of 180° .

120°

1 2 60°

Prepared by: Dexter C. Morales

 9. Adjacent angles are two angles that have common vertex.
B
1
2
A
AB is the common side and point A is the common vertex of ∠1 and ∠2.
So ∠1 and ∠2 are adjacent angles.
10. Linear pair are two angles form by adjacent and supplementary.

1 2
A
∠1 and ∠2 are adjacent angles
m∠2 + m∠1 = 180
∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary
∠1 and ∠2 form a linear pair.

Postulate

1. Line Postulate two points determine exactly one line.

2. Number of points in a line Postulate a line contains at least two points.
3. Plane Postulate Three non – collinear points determine one plane.
P N

A R
Points A, N, and R are in plane P. This is plane ANR. In symbols, this written as ANR.
4. Number of points in a plane postulate a plane contains at least three non collinear points. Based on
postulate 3, at least three non – collinear points determine a plane. But a plane can have many points
5. Parallel line postulate through a point not in a given line, there is one and only one line parallel to the
given line.
a line
A ⦿
P
given line
b
6. Flat Plane Postulate if two points lie in a plane, then the line containing these two points lies in the line.
P S If points R and S are in plane P, then line m that passes through R and S
lies in plane P.
m

7. Plane Intersection Postulate if two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

Prepared by: Dexter C. Morales

 The intersection of planes A and B is line s.
8. Angle Measure Postulate for every angle, there is a unique positive number between 0°∧180 ° called
degree measures of an angle.
Protractor is an instrument used for measuring angles. The unit of measure for angles is degree (° ).
9. Angle Addition Postulate if one side is in the interior of two angles, then the sum of the two angles is
equal to the big angle.

T S

Y
R
Ray RS is the interior side of ∠TRY. Then m∠TRS + m∠SRY = m∠TRY.
10. Supplement Postulate if two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.

1 2

∠1 and ∠2 form linear pair.

m∠1 + m∠2 = 180°
∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary
Theorems

Theorems are statements that must be proven true by citing undefined terms, definition, and
previously proven theorems.

1. Line Intersection Theorem two distinct lines intersect at only one point.
2. Line – Plane Intersection Theorem if a line not contained in a plane intersects the plane, then the
intersection contains only one point.
3. Line – Point Intersection exactly one plane contain a given line and a point not in the line.
4. Vertical Angle Theorem if two angles are vertical, then they are congruent.
5. Supplement Theorem if two angles are each supplement of the same angle, then the two angles are
congruent.
6. Complement Theorem if two angles are each complement of the same angle, then the two angles are
congruent.

Key Points:

 Postulates are used as reasons in proving mathematical theorems.

 Theorems are statements that must be proven true by citing undefined terms, definitions, postulates.
And previously proven theorems.

Prepared by: Dexter C. Morales

 Department of Education
ST. IGNATIUS LOYOLA ACADEMY INC.
Liloan, Southern Leyte

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS in MATHEMATICS 8

Quarter 3 | Week 14

Name: _________________________________ Yr. & Section: __________________ Date: _______________

ACTIVITY:

Mind Drills

A. Direction: Determine whether each object is a representation of a point, a line, or a plane.

__________ 1. Glass plane ___________ 6. Ceiling

__________ 2. Bond paper ___________ 7. Pechay seed

__________ 3. Hair stand ___________ 8. Stars in the sky

__________ 4. Clothesline ___________ 9. Copper wire

__________ 5. Tip of an arrow ___________ 10. Table top

B. Direction: Fill in the blanks with the correct answers.

11. The measure of ∠1 is 45 and the measure of ∠2 is __________________.

Both angles are complementary.
12. ∠1 and ∠2 are vertical angles if they are both ________________ and ______________.
13. When two planes intersect, their intersection is a __________________.
14. Two points determine a __________________.
15. A ___________________ has no size and no dimension.

Prepared by: Dexter C. Morales