MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

SSLC Mathematics.
Content 2023-24
Sl No Lessons Weightage Page No

1 Arithmetic Progressions 7 2 – 11

2 Triangles 7 12 – 17

3 Pair of Linear Equations 7 18 – 27

4 Circles 4 27 - 29

5 Areas Related to circles 4 30 – 37

6 Constructions 5 38 – 41

7 Coordinate Geometry 6 42 – 51

8 Real Numbers 4 52 -55

9 Polynomials 4 56 – 61

10 Quadratic Equations 6 61 – 68

11 Introduction to Trigonometry 6 68 – 77

12 Applications of Trigonometry 4 78 – 84

13 Statistics 6 85 – 94

14 Probability 3 95 – 98

15 Surface Areas and Volumes 7 99 – 110

Total 80

Formulas 111-112

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

Lesson-1. If the last term of the AP is given, then

𝑛
Arithmetic Progressions. 𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
Definition of AP : 1) Which term of the AP 3, 8, 13, . . . . is 73?

A progression in which the difference Solution :

between any two consecutive terms is a 3, 8, 13, . . . . . . . . . 73

constant is called an arithmetic 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 – 1)𝑑 𝑎 = 3.

progression (AP). 73 = 3 + (𝑛 – 1)5 𝑑 = 8 – 3.

General Form of AP : 73 − 3 = (𝑛 – 1)5 = 5

If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is the common 70 = 5(𝑛 – 1) 𝑎𝑛 = 73

difference of an AP, then the general form 70

𝑛−1 = 𝑛 =?
5
of the AP is,
𝑛 − 1 = 14
𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, 𝑎 + 4𝑑, . . . . . . . .
𝑛 = 14 + 1
General term of AP :
n = 15
If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is the common
2) How many two-digit numbers are
difference of an AP, then the general term
divisible by 3?
of the AP is,
Solution :
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
12, 15, 18, .. . . . . . . . . . . . 99.
Arithmetic series :
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 – 1)𝑑 𝑎 = 12
The sum of the terms of a progression is
99 = 12 + (𝑛 – 1 )3 𝑑 = 15 – 12
called a series.
99 − 12 = 3(𝑛 – 1) = 3
The sum of the terms of an arithmetic
87 = 3(𝑛 – 1) 𝑎𝑛 = 73
progression is called arithmetic series.
87
The general form of an arithmetic series is, (𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛 =?
3
𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑) + (𝑎 + 2𝑑) + . . . . . . . 𝑛 − 1 = 29
Sum of first ‘n’ natural numbers : 𝑛 = 29 + 1
Sum of first ‘n’ natural numbers is Sn and is 𝑛 = 30
given by, 3) Find the number of terms in the AP
𝑆𝑛 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + n. 100, 96, 92, . ……. 12.
𝑛(𝑛+1) Solution :
𝑆𝑛 =
2
100, 96, 92, . . . . . . . 12 𝑎 = 100
Sum of first ‘n’ terms of an AP :
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝑑 = 96 − 100
The sum of first ‘n’ terms of an AP is
12 = 100 + (𝑛 − 1)(−4) = −4
denoted by Sn and is given by,
12 − 100 = (𝑛 − 1)(−4) 𝑎𝑛 = 12
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] −88 = (𝑛 − 1)(−4) 𝑛 =?
2

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

−88 9) Find the sum of all the multiples of 4

𝑛−1=
−4 lying between 10 and 250.
𝑛 − 1 = 22
Solution :
𝑛 = 22 + 1
12 + 16 + 20+ . . . . . . . . . . . + 248
𝑛 = 23
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝑎 = 12
4) Find the number of terms in the
248 = 12 + (𝑛 − 1)4 𝑑 = 16 − 12
arithmetic progression 7, 13, 19, . . . . . .
248 − 12 = (𝑛 − 1)4 =4
205.
236 = (𝑛 − 1)4 𝑎𝑛 = 248
5) Find the sum of first 20 terms of an AP
236
3, 7, 11, 15, . . . . . . . 𝑛−1= 𝑛 =?
4
Solution : 𝑛 − 1 = 59
3, 7, 11, 15, … … . 20 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑎 = 3 𝑛 = 59 + 1
𝑛 𝑛 = 60
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 𝑑 = 7−3
2
20 𝑛
𝑆20 = [2(3) + (20 − 1)4] = 4 𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑙)
2 2
= 10 [ 6 + (19)4] 𝑛 = 20 𝑛
𝑆60 = (12 + 248)
2
= 10 (6 + 76) 𝑆𝑛 = ?
60
= 10 (82) = (260)
2
= 820. = 30 × 260
6) Find the sum of first 23 terms of the AP = 780
2, 7, 12, ………… 10)Determine the AP whose 3rd term is 5
Solution : and the 7th term is 9.
2, 7, 12, . . . . . . . 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 23 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑎 = 2 Solution :
23 𝑎3 = 5.
𝑆23 = [2(2) + (23 − 1)5] 𝑑 = 7 − 2
2
𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
23
= [4 + (22)5] = 5
2 𝑎7 = 9
23 𝑎 + 6𝑑 = 9 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
= [4 + 110] 𝑛 = 23
2
23
= [114] 𝑆𝑛 = ?
2
(2) – (1)𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
= 23 × 57
𝑎 + 6𝑑 = 9
= 1311
𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 5
7) Find the sum of first 20 terms of the
4𝑑 = 4
series 5 + 10 + 15 + . . . . . . .
4
8) Find the sum of first 10 terms of the 𝑑=
4
series 5 + 8 + 11 + . . . . . . . 𝑑 = 1.
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𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1) 𝑎4 + 𝑎8 = 24
𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 5 𝑎 + 3𝑑 + 𝑎 + 7𝑑 = 24.
𝑎 + 2(1) = 5 2𝑎 + 10𝑑 = 24
𝑎 + 2 = 5 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2,
𝑎 = 5– 2 𝑎 + 5𝑑 = 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
𝑎 = 3
𝑎6 + 𝑎10 = 44
∴ 𝐴𝑃 𝑖𝑠 3, 4, 5, 6, … … … … 𝑎 + 5𝑑 + 𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 44.
11)An AP consists of 50 terms of which 3rd 2𝑎 + 14𝑑 = 44
term is 12 and the last term is 106. Find 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2,
the 29th term. 𝑎 + 7𝑑 = 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
12)Determine the AP whose third term is
(2) – (1) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
16 and the seventh term exceeds the
𝑎 + 7𝑑 = 22
fifth term by 12.
𝑎 + 5𝑑 = 12
Solution :
2𝑑 = 10
𝑎3 = 16
10
𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) 𝑑=
2
𝑎7 = 𝑎5 + 12 𝑑 = 5
𝑎 + 6𝑑 = 𝑎 + 4𝑑 + 12. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1)
6𝑑 − 4𝑑 = 12 𝑎 + 5𝑑 = 12
2𝑑 = 12 𝑎 + 5(5) = 12
12 𝑎 + 25 = 12
𝑑=
2
𝑎 = 12 – 25.
𝑑 = 6.
𝑎 = −13.
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1)
𝐴𝑃 𝑖𝑠 − 13, −8, −3, 2, 7, . . . . . . . . . . . .
𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 16
14)Find the sum of first 51 terms of an AP
𝑎 + 2(6) = 16
whose second and third terms are 14
𝑎 + 12 = 16
and 18 respectively.
𝑎 = 16 – 12
15)In an AP, if the 12th term is -13 and the
𝑎 = 4.
sum of its first four terms is 24, find the
𝐴𝑃 𝑖𝑠 4, 10, 16, 22, . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
sum of its first 20 terms.
13)The sum of the 4th and 8th terms of an Solution :
AP is 24 and the sum of the 6th and 10th 𝑎12 = −13
terms is 44. Find the AP. 𝑎 + 11𝑑 = −13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
Solution
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 = 24
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𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 + 𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 24 𝑎 + 5𝑑 = −8
4𝑎 + 6𝑑 = 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) 𝑎 + 5(−𝑎) = −8
𝑎 – 5𝑎 = −8
(1) × 4 – (2)𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
−4𝑎 = −8
4𝑎 + 44𝑑 = − 52
8
4𝑎 + 6𝑑 = 24 𝑎=
4
38𝑑 = −76
𝑎 = 2
76
𝑑= − ∴ 𝑑 = −2
38
𝑑 = −2 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1) 20
𝑆20 = [2(2) + (20 − 1)(−2)]
𝑎 + 11𝑑 = −13 2
𝑎 + 11(−2) = 14 = 10[4 + (19)(−2)]

𝑎 − 22 = – 13 = 10[4 − 38]

𝑎 = − 13 + 22 = 10(−24)

𝑎=9 = −240
17)If the sum of 7 terms of an AP is 49 and
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] that of 17 terms is 289, find the sum of
2
20 first n terms.
𝑆20 = [2(9) + (20 − 1)(−2)]
2 Solution :
= 10[18 + (19)(−2)] 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
= 10[18 − 38] 2
7
= 10(−20) 𝑆7 = [2𝑎 + (7 − 1)𝑑]
2
= −200 7
49 = [2𝑎 + 6𝑑]
16)The 14th term of an AP is twice the 8th 2
term. If the 6th term is -8, then find the 7
49 = [2(𝑎 + 3𝑑)]
2
sum of its first 20 terms.
49 = 7 (a + 3d)
Solution :
49
𝑎14 = 2 × 𝑎8 𝑎 + 3𝑑 =
7
𝑎 + 13𝑑 = 2(𝑎 + 7𝑑) a + 3d = 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
𝑎 + 13𝑑 = 2𝑎 + 14𝑑
𝑎 – 2𝑎 = 14𝑑 – 13𝑑 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
−𝑎 = 𝑑
17
𝑎 = −𝑑 𝑆17 = [2𝑎 + (17 − 1)𝑑]
2
17
𝑎6 = −8 289 = [2𝑎 + 16𝑑]
2

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

17 = 9 − 10
289 = [2(𝑎 + 8𝑑]
2 = −1
289 = 17(𝑎 + 8𝑑]
289 𝑑 = 𝑎2 – 𝑎1
𝑎 + 8𝑑 =
17 = −1– 4
𝑎 + 8𝑑 = 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) = −5
(2) − (1)𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
𝑎 + 8𝑑 = 17 2
𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 7 15
𝑆15 = [2(4) + (15 − 1)(−5)]
2
5𝑑 = 10
15
10 = [8 + (14)(−5)]
𝑑= 2
5
15
𝑑=2 = [14 − 70]
2
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1) 15
= × 56
2
𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 7
= 15 × 28
𝑎 + 3(2) = 7
= 420
𝑎+6=7
19)Find the sum of the first 15 terms of an
𝑎 =7−6
AP whose nth term is, 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒏.
𝑎=1
20)If the sum of first n terms of an AP is
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 4n - n2. Find the 10th term.
2
𝑛 Solution :
𝑆𝑛 = [2(1) + (𝑛 − 1)2]
2 𝑆𝑛 = 4𝑛 – 𝑛2
𝑛
= [2 + 2𝑛 − 2] 𝑆1 = 4(1) – (1)2
2
𝑛 = 4– 1
= [2𝑛]
2 = 3
2
=𝑛 𝑎 = 3
18)Find the sum of the first 15 terms of an
𝑆2 = 4(2) – (2)2
AP whose nth term is, 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟗 − 𝟓𝒏.
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 = 8 – 4
3 + 𝑎2 = 4
𝑎𝑛 = 9 − 5𝑛
𝑎2 = 4 – 3.
𝑎1 = 9 − 5(1)
𝑎2 = 1
= 9−5
= 4 𝑑 = 𝑎2 – 𝑎1

𝑎𝑛 = 9 − 5𝑛 = 1– 3

𝑎2 = 9 − 5(2) = −2

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𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ∴ 𝑑 = 4(2)
𝑎10 = 𝑎 + (10 − 1)𝑑 𝑑 = 8
= 3 + 9(−2) ∴ 𝐴𝑃 𝑖𝑠 2, 10, 18, . . . . . . .
= 3 − 18 22)The first term of two AP’s are equal and
= −15 the ratios of their common differences is
21)If the sum of first 7 terms of an AP is 1 : 2. If the 7th term of first AP and 21st
182 and 4th term and 17th terms are in term of second AP are 23 and 125
the ratio 1 : 5, then find the AP. respectively. Find two AP’s.
Solution : Solution :
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 𝑎7 = 23
2
7 𝑎 + 6𝑑 = 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (1)
𝑆7 = [2𝑎 + (7 − 1)𝑑]
2
𝑎21 = 125
7
182 = [2𝑎 + 6𝑑] 𝑎 + 20(2𝑑) = 125
2
7 𝑎 + 40𝑑 = 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
182 = × 2(𝑎 + 3𝑑)
2
(2) – (1) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
182 = 7 (a + 3d)
𝑎 + 40𝑑 = 125
182
𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 𝑎 + 6𝑑 = 23
7
𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 26 . . . . . . .. . . . . .(1) 34𝑑 = 102
102
𝑎4 1 𝑑=
= 34
𝑎17 5 𝑑 = 3
𝑎 + 3𝑑 1
= 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1)
𝑎 + 16𝑑 5
(𝑎 + 3𝑑)5 = 𝑎 + 16𝑑 𝑎 + 6𝑑 = 23
5𝑎 + 15𝑑 = 𝑎 + 16𝑑 𝑎 + 6(3) = 23
5𝑎 – 𝑎 = 16𝑑 – 15𝑑 𝑎 + 18 = 23
4𝑎 = 𝑑 𝑎 = 23 – 18
𝑂𝑟 𝑑 = 4𝑎 𝑎 = 5
Substitute in (1) 1𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑃 ∶ 𝑎 = 5, 𝑑 = 3
𝑎 + 3(4𝑎) = 26 5, 8, 11, 14, . . . . . . . . . . . .
𝑎 + 12𝑎 = 26 2𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑃 ∶ 𝑎 = 5, 𝑑 = 6
13𝑎 = 26 5, 11, 17, 23, . . . . . . . . . . .
26
𝑎=
13
𝑎 = 2

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23)In an AP whose first term is 2, the sum = 2 + 19(−6)

of first five terms is one fourth the sum = 2 − 114
of the next five terms. Show that = −112
𝒂𝟐𝟎 = −𝟏𝟏𝟐 and find S20.
𝑛
Solution : 𝑆𝑛 = [𝑎 + 𝑙]
2
𝑛 20
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 𝑆20 = [2 + 𝑎20 )]
2 2
5 = 10[2 + (−112)]
𝑆5 = [2𝑎 + (5 − 1)𝑑]
2
= 10[2 − 112]
5
= [2𝑎 + 4𝑑] = 10(−110)
2
5 = −1100
= × 2(𝑎 + 2𝑑)
2 24)In an arithmetic progression, the sum of
= 5(𝑎 + 2𝑑)
first 11 terms is 44 and the sum of next
= 5𝑎 + 10𝑑
11 terms is 55, find the first term and
= 5(2) + 10𝑑
common difference.
= 10 + 10𝑑
Solution :
𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2 2
10 11
𝑆10 = [2𝑎 + (10 − 1)𝑑] 𝑆11 = [2𝑎 + (11 − 1)𝑑]
2 2
= 5(2𝑎 + 9𝑑) 11
44 = [2𝑎 + 10𝑑]
= 10𝑎 + 45𝑑 2
88 = 11(2𝑎 + 10𝑑)
= 10(2) + 45𝑑
88
= 20 + 45𝑑 2𝑎 + 10𝑑 =
11
1 2a + 10d = 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(1)
𝑆5 = (510 − 𝑆5 )
4
4(10 + 10𝑑) = (20 + 45𝑑 − 10 − 10𝑑) 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
40 + 40𝑑 = 10 + 35𝑑
22
40𝑑 – 35𝑑 = 10 − 40 𝑆22 = [2𝑎 + (22 − 1)𝑑]
2
5𝑑 = − 30 55 + 44 = 11[2𝑎 + 21𝑑]
30 99 = 11(2𝑎 + 21𝑑)
𝑑 = −
5 99
𝑑 = −6 2𝑎 + 21𝑑 =
11
2𝑎 + 21𝑑 = 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 (2) − (1) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠

𝑎20 = 𝑎 + (20 − 1)(−6) 2𝑎 + 21𝑑 = 9

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2𝑎 + 10𝑑 = 8 respectively 21 and 280. Find the

11𝑑 = 1 numbers.
1 27)Three numbers are in AP. Their sum is
𝑑=
11 15 and the product of the extremes is
25)Three numbers are in arithmetic
21. Find the numbers.
progression and their sum is 18 and the
28)The seventh term of an arithmetic
sum of their squares is 140. Find the
progression is four times its second
numbers.
term and twelfth term is 2 more than
Solution :
three times of its fourth term. Find the
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑒 (𝑎 – 𝑑), 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎 + 𝑑)
progression.
𝑆𝑢𝑚 = 18
Solution :
𝑎 – 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 18
𝑎7 = 4𝑎2
3𝑎 = 18
𝑎 + 6𝑑 = 4(𝑎 + 𝑑)
18
𝑎= 𝑎 + 6𝑑 = 4𝑎 + 4𝑑
3
𝑎 = 6. 6𝑑 – 4𝑑 = 4𝑎 – 𝑎

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 140 2𝑑 = 3𝑎 . . . . . . . . . . (1)

(𝑎 – 𝑑)2 + 𝑎2 + (𝑎 + 𝑑)2 = 140 𝑎12 = 2 + 3𝑎4

𝑎2 – 2𝑎𝑑 + 𝑑 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑑 + 𝑑 2 𝑎 + 11𝑑 = 2 + 3(𝑎 + 3𝑑)
= 140 𝑎 + 11𝑑 = 2 + 3𝑎 + 9𝑑
2 2
3𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 140 11𝑑 – 9𝑑 = 3𝑎 – 𝑎 + 2
2 2
3(6 ) + 2𝑑 = 140 2𝑑 = 2𝑎 + 2
3(36) + 2𝑑 2 = 140 3𝑎 = 2𝑎 + 2
2
108 + 2𝑑 = 140 3𝑎 – 2𝑎 = 2
2
2𝑑 = 140 – 108 𝑎 = 2
2
2𝑑 = 32
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1)
2
32
𝑑 = 2𝑑 = 3 (2)
2
𝑑2 = 16 𝑑 = 3

𝑑 = √16 𝐴𝑃 ∶ 2, 5, 8, 11, . . . . . . . .
𝑑 = 4 29) There are 5 terms in an Arithmetic
𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 𝑎 – 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑 Progression. The sum of these terms is
= 6 – 4, 6, 6 + 4 55 and the fourth term is five more than
= 2, 6, 10. the sum of the first two terms. Find the
26)The sum and product of three terms of the Arithmetic Progression.
consecutive terms of an AP are Solution :

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𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 = 55 𝑎 + 5𝑑 = 1 + 2𝑎 + 4𝑑
𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 + 𝑎 + 3𝑑 + 𝑎 + 4𝑑 = 55 2𝑎 – 𝑎 + 4𝑑 – 5𝑑 = −1
5𝑎 + 10𝑑 = 55 𝑎 – 𝑑 = −1 . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . (1)
5(𝑎 + 2𝑑) = 55 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 = 5𝑎2
55
𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑 + 𝑎 + 4𝑑 = 5(𝑎 + 𝑑)
5
2𝑎 + 7𝑑 = 5𝑎 + 5𝑑
𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 11 . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. (1)
5𝑎 – 2𝑎 + 5𝑑 – 7𝑑 = 0
𝑎4 = 5 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
3𝑎 – 2𝑑 = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . (2)
𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 5 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑
(2) – (1) × 2 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 5 + 2𝑎 + 𝑑
3𝑎 – 2𝑑 = 0
2𝑎 – 𝑎 + 𝑑 – 3𝑑 = −5
2𝑎 – 2𝑑 = −2
𝑎 − 2𝑑 = −5 . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. (2)
𝑎 = 2
(1) + (2) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1)
𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 11
𝑎 − 𝑑 = −1
𝑎 – 2𝑑 = −5
2 − 𝑑 = −1
2𝑎 = 6
−𝑑 = −1 − 2
6
𝑎= −𝑑 = −3
2
𝑎 = 3 𝑑=3

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1) 𝑎10 = 𝑎 + 9𝑑

𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 11 = 2 + 9(3)

3 + 2𝑑 = 11 = 2 + 27

2𝑑 = 11 − 3 = 29

2𝑑 = 8 31)If sum of the four consecutive terms of

8 an Arithmetic Progression is 32 and the

𝑑=
2 ratio of the product of the first and the
𝑑=4 last term to the product of the middle
𝐴𝑃 𝑖𝑠 3, 7, 11, … …. two terms is 7 : 15, find the terms.
30) In an Arithmetic Progression, sixth term Solution :
is one more than twice the third term. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑏𝑒
The sum of the fourth and fifth terms is 𝑎 − 3𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 + 3𝑑.
5 times the second term. Find the 10th 𝑆𝑢𝑚 = 32
term of the Arithmetic Progression. 𝑎 − 3𝑑 + 𝑎 − 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 32
Solution : 4𝑎 = 32
𝑎6 = 1 + 2𝑎3 32
𝑎 =
𝑎 + 5𝑑 = 1 + 2(𝑎 + 2𝑑) 4

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𝑎 =4 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
7 15
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑆15 = [2(𝑎36 ) + (15 − 1)𝑑]
15 2
(𝑎 − 3𝑑)(𝑎 + 3𝑑) 7 15
= 2565 = [2(𝑎 + 35𝑑) + 14𝑑]
(𝑎 − 𝑑)(𝑎 + 𝑑) 15 2
𝑎2 − 9𝑑2 7 15
= 2565 = [2𝑎 + 70𝑑 + 14𝑑]
𝑎2 − 𝑑 2 15 2
82 − 9𝑑 2 7 15
= 2565 = [2𝑎 + 84𝑑]
82 − 𝑑 2 15 2
64 − 9𝑑2 7 2565 × 2
= 2𝑎 + 84𝑑 =
64 − 𝑑 2 15 15
15(64 − 9𝑑 2 ) = 7(64 − 𝑑2 ) 2𝑎 + 84𝑑 = 171 × 2
2 2
960 – 135𝑑 = 448 − 7𝑑 2𝑎 + 84𝑑 = 342 . . . . . . . . . . (2)
135𝑑 2 − 7𝑑 2 = 960 − 448
(2) − (1) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
128𝑑 2 = 512
2𝑎 + 84𝑑 = 342
512
𝑑2 = 2𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 42
128
𝑑2 = 4 75𝑑 = 300
300
𝑑 = √4 𝑑=
75
𝑑=2
𝑑=4
∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝑎 − 3𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1)
= 8 − 3(2), 8 − 2, 8 + 2, 8 + 3(2)
2𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 42
= 8 − 6, 6, 10, 8 + 6
2𝑎 + 9(4) = 42
= 2, 6, 10, 14
2𝑎 + 36 = 42
32)An arithmetic progression consists 50
2𝑎 = 42 − 36
terms. The sum of the first 10 terms of it
2𝑎 = 6
is 210 and the sum of the last 15 terms
6
is 2565, then find the arithmetic 𝑎=
2
progression. 𝑎=3
Solution : ∴ 𝐴𝑃 𝑖𝑠 3, 7, 11, . . . . . .
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
10
𝑆10 = [2𝑎 + (10 − 1)𝑑]
2
210 = 5[2𝑎 + 9𝑑]
210
2𝑎 + 9𝑑 =
5
2𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 42 . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

Lesson-2. Triangles. ∆ BDE and ∆ DEC stand on the same base

DE and between the same parallel lines DE
Similar triangles :
and BC.
Two triangles are said to be similar, if
∴ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐵𝐷𝐸 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐷𝐸𝐶
i) Their corresponding angles are equal.
So from equations (1) and (2), we have
ii) Their corresponding sides are
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
proportional. =
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
All circles, all squares and all equilateral Corollary of BPT :

triangles are always similar. “If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a

Theorem 1 : triangle, then the sides of the new triangle

(Thales Theorem OR Basic Proportionality formed are proportional to the sides of the

Theorem) : given triangle”

A
“A line drawn parallel to one side of a
triangle divides the other two sides in the
D E
same ratio.”

A
B C
N M 𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 𝐷𝐸
In ∆ ABC, if DE ∥ BC, then = =
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
D E Converse of BPT :
“If a line divides any two sides of a triangle
B C
in the same ratio, then that line is parallel
to the third side”.
Data : In ∆ ABC, DE ⃦ BC.
A
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
To Prove : = .
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
Construction : Draw DM ⊥ AC and EN ⊥ AB. D E
Proof :
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐸 2 𝑋 𝐴𝐷 𝑋 𝐸𝑁 B C
=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐵𝐷𝐸 1 𝑋 𝐷𝐵 𝑋 𝐸𝑁
2 𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
In ∆ ABC, if = then DE ∥ BC, then
𝐴𝐷 𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(1) Theorem 2 (AA Criterion) :
𝐷𝐵
1 “If the corresponding angles of two
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐸 2 𝑋 𝐴𝐸 𝑋 𝐷𝑀
= triangles are equal, then their
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐷𝐸𝐶 1 𝑋 𝐸𝐶 𝑋 𝐷𝑀
2 corresponding sides are in the same ratio”.
𝐴𝐸
= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
𝐸𝐶
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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM
A Theorem 3 (Areas of Similar Triangles]
D
“The areas of two similar triangles are

P Q proportional to the squares of their

F corresponding sides”.
E
B C A

Data : In ∆ ABC and ∆ DEF,

P
A = D
B = E
C = F
Q R
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶 B C N
𝑻𝒐 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 ∶ = = M
𝐷𝐸 𝐷𝐹 𝐸𝐹
Construction : Mark the points P and Q on
Data : ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ~ ∆ 𝑃𝑄𝑅.
AB and AC such that AP = DE and AQ = DF.
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
Proof : = =
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑅 𝑄𝑅
In ∆ APQ and ∆ DEF, 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶 2
𝑻𝒐 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 ∶ = .
A = D [By data] 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 𝑄𝑅2
AP = DE [By Construction] Construction : Draw AL ⊥ BC and PM ⊥ QR.
AQ = DF [By construction] Proof :
∴ ∆ 𝐴𝑃𝑄 ≅ ∆ 𝐷𝐸𝐹 [SAS congruence] 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 2 × 𝐵𝐶 × 𝐴𝑀
∴ 𝑃 = 𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑄 = 𝐸𝐹 [𝐶. 𝑃. 𝐶. 𝑇] =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 1 × 𝑄𝑅 × 𝑃𝑁
2
Now B = E.
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝑀
∴ P = B and PQ ∥ BC. = × . . . . . . . . . .. (1)
𝑄𝑅 𝑃𝑁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
∴ = = [𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐵. 𝑃. 𝑇] In ∆ ABM and ∆ PQN,
𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝑄 𝑃𝑄
B = Q [ By data]
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
= = [𝐵𝑦 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛] M = N [ Right angles]
𝐷𝐸 𝐷𝐹 𝐸𝐹
Hence proved. ∴ ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝑀 ~ ∆ 𝑃𝑄𝑁 [ AA Criterion]
SSS Criterion : 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑀 𝐴𝑀
∴ = =
𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑁 𝑃𝑁
“If the corresponding sides of two triangles
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
are proportional, then their corresponding 𝐵𝑢𝑡 =
𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑅
angles are equal”. 𝐴𝑀 𝐵𝐶
∴ = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
SAS Criterion : 𝑃𝑁 𝑄𝑅
“If one pair of corresponding angles of two Substitute (2) in (1)
triangles are equal and their included sides 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶 2
=
are proportional, then the two triangles are 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 𝑄𝑅2
similar”. Hence proved.

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

Theorem 4 (Pythagorus Theorem) : Converse of Pythagorus Theorem :

“In a right angled triangle, the square on “In a triangle, if the square of one side is
the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the equal to the sum of the squares of other
squares on the other two sides”. two sides, then those two sides contain a
A
right angle.”
Problems :
D 1) In ∆ ABC, DE ⃦ BC. If AD = 1.5 cm,
BD = 3 cm, AE = 1 cm, find EC.
B C A
Data : ABC is a right angled triangle at B.
1.5 cm 1 cm
To Prove : AC2 = AB2 + BC2.
D E
Construction : Draw BD ⊥ AC. 3 cm
Proof :
B C
In ∆ ABC and ∆ ADB,
A = A [Common angles] Solution :

B = D [Right angles] By Thales theorem, we have

𝐸𝐶 𝐷𝐵
∴ ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ~ ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐵 [AA Criterion] =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
∴ = = 𝐸𝐶 3
𝐴𝐷 𝐷𝐵 𝐴𝐵 =
1 1.5
EC = 2 cm
AB2 = AC. AD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
2) In ∆ ABC, DE ⃦ BC, AD = 5 cm, BD = 7 cm
and AC = 18 cm. Find AE and EC.
In ∆ ABC and ∆ BDC, A
C = C [Common angles]
5 cm
B = D [Right angles]
D E 18 cm
∴ ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ~ ∆ 𝐵𝐷𝐶 [AA Criterion]
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 7 cm
∴ = =
𝐵𝐷 𝐷𝐶 𝐵𝐶 B C
Solution :
BC2 = AC. DC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
By corollary of B.P.T, we have
Adding equations (1) and (2), 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐷
=
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐵
AB2 + BC2 = AC. AD + AC. DC.
𝐴𝐸 5
= AC(AD + DC) =
18 12
= AC . AC 5
𝐴𝐸 = × 18
= AC2. 12
= 7. 5 cm.

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

3) In ∆ ABC, DE ⃦ AB, AD = 7 cm, CD = 5 cm ∴ By BPT, we have

and BC = 18 cm, then find CE. 𝐴𝑀 𝐴𝐿
= . . . . . . . . . (1)
4) In ∆ PQR, ST ⃦ QR, PS = 3 cm, PT = 5 cm 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
In ∆ ADC, LN ∥ CD.
and QS = 6 cm. Find TR.
∴ By BPT, we have
5) In ∆ ABC, XY ⃦ BC, AX = (p – 3),
𝐴𝑁 𝐴𝐿
𝑨𝒀 𝟏 = . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
BX = 2p – 2 and = , find p. 𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐶
𝑪𝒀 𝟒
From (1) and (2), we have
A 𝐴𝑀 𝐴𝑁
=
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐷
(P-3)
7) In the figure, ABC and AMP are two right
X Y
triangles at B and M respectively. Prove
(2P-2)
that
B C
(𝒊) ∆ 𝑨𝑩𝑪 ~∆𝑨𝑴𝑷
Solution: 𝑪𝑨 𝑩𝑪
(𝒊𝒊) =
By B.P.T, we have 𝑷𝑨 𝑴𝑷
𝐴𝑋 𝐴𝑌
= C
𝐵𝑋 𝐶𝑌
𝑃−3 1
= M
2𝑃 − 2 4
4(P – 3) = 1(2P – 2)
4P – 12 = 2P – 2.
4P – 2P = -2 + 12
A B P
2P = 10
10 Solution :
𝑃=
2 𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐴𝑀𝑃,
P = 5 cm. A = A [Common angles]
6) In the figure, if LM ∥ CB and LN ∥ CD, B = B [Right angles]
𝑨𝑴 𝑨𝑵 ∴ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ~ ∆𝐴𝑀𝑃 [AA criterion]
= .
𝑨𝑩 𝑨𝑫 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
B ∴ = = [𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠]
𝐴𝑀 𝑀𝑃 𝐴𝑃
M
L 𝐶𝐴 𝐵𝐶
A C =
𝑃𝐴 𝑀𝑃
N Hence proved.
D 8) In a trapezium ABCD, AB ∥ CD, diagonals
C and BD intersect at O. Prove that
Solution :
AO. OD = BO. OC.
In ∆ ABC, LM ∥ CB.

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

D C D C

O
E
F
A B
A B

Solution :
In ∆ AOB and ∆ COD, Solution :
A = C [Alternate angles] In ∆ AFD and ∆ EFB,
B = D [Alternate angles] A = E [Alternate angles]
∴ ∆ 𝐴𝑂𝐵 ~ ∆ 𝐶𝑂𝐷 [𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑛] F = F [V. O. A]
𝐴𝑂 𝑂𝐵 𝐴𝐵 ∴ ∆ 𝐴𝐹𝐷 ~ ∆ 𝐸𝐹𝐵 [𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑛]
∴ = =
𝐶𝑂 𝑂𝐷 𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝐹 𝐹𝐷 𝐴𝐷
∴ = =
𝐸𝐹 𝐹𝐵 𝐸𝐵
AO. OD = OB. CO
Hence proved. ∴ 𝐷𝐹 × 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐹𝐵 × 𝐹𝐴
9) In the figure if PQ ∥ RS, prove that Hence Proved.
∆𝑷𝑶𝑸 ~ 𝑺𝑶𝑹. 11)Let ∆ 𝑨𝑩𝑪 ~ ∆ 𝑫𝑬𝑭 and their areas be
P 64cm2 and 121cm2 respectively. If
R
EF = 15.4 cm, find BC.
Solution :
O
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶 2
S =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐷𝐸𝐹 𝐸𝐹 2
Q
Solution : 64 𝐵𝐶 2
=
121 𝐸𝐹 2
In ∆ POQ and ∆ SOR,
P = S [Alternate angles] 𝐵𝐶 64
=√
𝐸𝐹 121
Q = R [Alternate angles]
∴ ∆ 𝑃𝑂𝑄 ~ ∆ 𝑆𝑂𝑅 [𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑛] 𝐵𝐶 8
=
𝐸𝐹 11
Hence proved.
𝐵𝐶 8
10)The diagonal BD of parallelogram ABCD =
15.4 11
intersects AE at F as shown in the figure. 8
𝐵𝐶 = × 15.4
If E is any point on BC, then prove that 11
= 8 × 1.4
𝑫𝑭 × 𝑬𝑭 = 𝑭𝑩 × 𝑭𝑨.
= 11.2 cm

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

12)Let ∆ 𝑨𝑩𝑪 ~ ∆ 𝑫𝑬𝑭 and their areas be A

64cm2 and 100 cm2 respectively. If
EF = 12 cm, find BC.
13)Sides of two similar triangles are in the
ratio 4 : 9. Areas of these triangles are in
B D C
the ratio,
Solution : Solution :
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶 2 By Pythagorus theorem,
=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐷𝐸𝐹 𝐸𝐹 2 AB2 = AD2 + BD2 . . . . . . . . . . (1)
4 𝟐 AC2 = AD2 + CD2 . . . . . . . . . . (2)
=( )
9
Adding (1) and (2),
16
= AB2 + AC2 = AD2 + BD2 + AD2 + CD2
81
14)Diagonals of a trapezium ABCD with = BD2 + 2AD2 + CD2

AB∥ DC intersect each other at the point = BD2 + 2 × BD × CD + CD2

O. If AB = 2CD, find the ratio of the areas = (BD + CD)2.

of triangles AOB and COD. 16)A vertical pole of height 6 m casts a

shadow 4 m long on the ground and at
D C the same time a tower casts a shadow
28 m long. Find the height of the tower.
O P
A
A B

6m h
Solution :
∆ 𝐴𝑂𝐵 ~ ∆ 𝐶𝑂𝐷 B 4m C
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝑂𝐵 𝐴𝐵2 Q R
= 28 m
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐶𝑂𝐷 𝐶𝐷2 Solution :
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝑂𝐵 (2𝐶𝐷)2 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ~ ∆ 𝑃𝑄𝑅
=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐶𝑂𝐷 𝐶𝐷2 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
∴ = =
4𝐶𝐷2 𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑅 𝑃𝑅
=
𝐶𝐷2
4 6 4
= =
1 𝑃𝑄 28
= 4 : 1. 4 × 𝑃𝑄 = 6 × 28
6 × 28
15)In ∆ ABC, AD ⊥ BC and AD2 = BD × CD. 𝑃𝑄 =
4
Prove that AB2 + AC2 = (BD + CD)2.
= 42 𝑚

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

Lesson-3. Pair of Linear 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
Equations.
2𝑥 – 3𝑦 = 7
General form of a pair of linear equations : 𝑎1 3
The general form of a pair of linear
Here, =
𝑎2 2
equations in two variables x and y is, 𝑏1 2
=
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 𝑏2 −3
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 𝑐1 5
=
Solution of a pair of linear equations : 𝑐2 7

The value of 𝑥 and 𝑦 that satisfy the pair of 𝑎1 𝑏1

Now, ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2
linear equations is called solution of the
equations. ∴ Unique solution.

𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 Consistent.
If ≠ , then
Intersecting lines.
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

i) The equations have a unique solution. 2) Find out whether the equations are

ii) The graph of the equations is consistent or inconsistent.

intersecting lines. 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟖

iii) The system of equations is consistent. 𝟒𝒙 – 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟗

𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶
If = = , then
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 8
i) The equations have infinitely many 4𝑥 – 6𝑦 = 9
solutions. 𝑎1 2 1
Here, = =
𝑎2 4 2
ii) The graph of the equations is coincident
lines. 𝑏1 −3 1
= =
𝑏2 −6 2
iii) The system of equations is consistent.
𝑐1 8
If
𝒂𝟏
=
𝒃𝟏
≠
𝒄𝟏
, then
=
𝑐2 9
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
i) The equations have no solution. Now, = ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
ii) The graph of the equations is parallel
∴ No solution.
lines.
Inconsistent.
iii) The system of equations is inconsistent.
Parallel lines.
1) Find out whether the equations are
3) Find out whether the equations are
consistent or inconsistent.
consistent or inconsistent.
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓
𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝒙 – 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟕
−𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 = −𝟐𝟐

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

Solution : (𝑖𝑣) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
5𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 11 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 10
−10𝑥 + 6𝑦 = −22 (𝑣) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 8
𝑎1 5 1
Here, = = 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 16
𝑎2 −10 −2
𝑏1 −3 −1 (𝑣𝑖) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6 = 0
= = 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
𝑏2 6 2
𝑐1 11 1 (𝑣𝑖𝑖) 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2 = 0
= = 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 5 = 0
𝑐2 −22 −2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 6) 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 ∶ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏
Now, = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝟓𝒙 – 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑.
∴ Infinitely many solutions. Solution :
Consistent. 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 11 . . . . . . . . (1)
Coincident lines. 5𝑥 – 2𝑦 = 13. . . . . . . . . (2)
4) Find out whether the lines representing (1) + (2) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
the following pairs of linear equations 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 13
intersect at a point, are parallel or 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 11
coincident. 8𝑥 = 24
24
(𝑖) 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 8 = 0 𝑥=
8
7𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 9 = 0
=3
(𝑖𝑖) 9𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 12 = 0 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1),
18𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 24 = 0 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 11

(𝑖𝑖𝑖)6𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 10 = 0 3(3) + 2𝑦 = 11

2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 9 = 0 9 + 2𝑦 = 11
2𝑦 = 11 – 9
5) Find out whether the following pairs of
2𝑦 = 2
equations are consistent or
2
inconsistent? 𝑦 =
2
(𝑖) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 = 1.

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 20 = 0 7) 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 ∶ 𝟒𝒙 – 𝟐𝒚 = −𝟏𝟕
𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐𝟑.
(𝑖𝑖) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 9 = 0
Solution :
4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 18 = 0
4𝑥 – 2𝑦 = −17 . . . . . . . . . (1)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 23. . . . . . . . . . (2)
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 (1) + (2) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

4𝑥 – 2𝑦 = −17 9) 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 ∶ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 – 𝟕 = 𝟎
4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 23 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚 – 𝟔 = 𝟎
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶
8𝑥 = 6
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 7 … … … … … … . . (1)
6
𝑥 = 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (2)
8
3 (2) × 2 – (1), 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
=
4
3
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1) 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12
4
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 7
4𝑥 – 2𝑦 = −17
3 5𝑥 = 5
4 ( ) − 2𝑦 = −17 5
4 𝑥 =
5
3 – 2𝑦 = −17
= 1.
3 + 17 = 2𝑦
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1)
2𝑦 = 20
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 7
20
𝑦 = 3 (1) + 2𝑦 = 7
2
𝑦 = 10 2𝑦 = 7 – 3

8) 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 ∶ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟔 2𝑦 = 4

𝒙 – 𝒚 = 𝟑. 4
𝑦 =
2
Solution :
= 2.
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
10) 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 ∶ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓
𝑥 – 𝑦 = 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
𝟐𝒙 – 𝒚 = 𝟓
(1) + (2) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
11)𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 ∶ 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟖
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6
𝟐𝒙 – 𝒚 = 𝟕
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3
12)For what values of k will the following
3𝑥 = 9
pair of linear equations have infinitely
9
𝑥= many solutions?
3
𝑥 = 3 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 – (𝒌 – 𝟑) = 𝟎
𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝒌𝒚 – 𝒌 = 𝟎

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1) Solution :

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 𝑘𝑥 + 3𝑦 – (𝑘 – 3) = 0

2 (3 ) + 𝑦 = 6 12𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 – 𝑘 = 0

6 + 𝑦 = 6 Equations have infinitely many solutions.

𝑦 = 6– 6 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
∴ = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑦 = 0

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

𝑘 3 (𝑘−3) Given equations have no solution.

= =
12 𝑘 𝑘 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
∴ = ≠
𝑘 3 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Consider, =
12 𝑘 3 1 1
2
= ≠
𝑘 = 36 2𝑘 − 1 𝑘−1 2𝑘 + 1
3 1
𝑘 = ±√36 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟, =
2𝑘 − 1 𝑘−1
𝑘 = ±6 . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
2𝑘 − 1 = (𝑘 − 1)3
3 (𝑘−3)
Consider, = 2𝑘 − 1 = 3𝑘 – 3
𝑘 𝑘
3𝑘 – 3 = 2𝑘 − 1
3 = (𝑘 − 3)
3𝑘 − 2𝑘 = −1 + 3
𝑘 =3+3
𝑘 = 2. . . . . . . . . . . (1)
𝑘 = 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
1 1
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2) 𝑘 = 6. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟, ≠
𝑘−1 2𝑘 + 1
13) For which values of p does the pair of 2𝑘 + 1 ≠ 𝑘 − 1
equations given below have unique 2𝑘 − 𝑘 ≠ −1 − 1
solution? 𝑘 ≠ −2 . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
𝟒𝒙 + 𝒑𝒚 + 𝟖 = 𝟎 ∴ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2) 𝑘 = 2.
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
Solution :
4𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦 + 8 = 0
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0
Equations have unique solution.
𝑎1 𝑏1
∴ ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2
4 𝑝
≠
2 2
4≠𝑝
OR 𝑝 ≠ 4
14)For what value of ‘K’ will the following
pair of linear equations have no
solution.
𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏
(𝟐𝒌 – 𝟏)𝒙 + (𝒌 – 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏.
Solution :
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
(2𝑘 – 1)𝑥 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑦 = 2𝑘 + 1
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15)Solve graphically : 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓 16)Solve graphically : 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟖

𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝟐𝒙 – 𝒚 = 𝟐
Solution : Solution :
𝑥 0 1 𝑥 0 1 𝑥 0 1
𝑥 0 1 𝑦 4 3 𝑦 8 5 𝑦 −2 0
𝑦 5 3

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 2𝑥 – 𝑦 = 2
2(0) + 𝑦 = 5 0 + 𝑦 = 4 3(0) + 𝑦 = 8 2( 0 ) – 𝑦 = 2
𝑦 = 5 𝑦 = 4 0 + 𝑦 = 8 0 − 𝑦 = 2
𝑦 = 8 𝑦 = −2
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 𝑥+𝑦 =4
2(1) + 𝑦 = 5 (1) + 𝑦 = 4 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2
2 +𝑦 = 5 𝑦 = 4−1 3(1) + 𝑦 = 8 2(1) – 𝑦 = 2
𝑦 = 5−2 𝑦=3 3+𝑦 = 8 2−𝑦 = 2
𝑦=3 𝑦 =8−3 −𝑦 =2−2
𝑦 =5 −𝑦 =0

𝑦=0

Scale : 𝑌
X-axis : 1 cm = 1 unit
Y-axis : 1 cm = 1 unit

2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2

𝑥=2

𝑦=2

𝑋′ 𝑋

3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8

𝑌′

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17)Solve graphically : 𝒙 – 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 18)Solve graphically : 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎

𝟐𝒙 – 𝒚 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟕
Solution :
Solution : 𝑥 0 1 𝑥 0 1
𝑥 0 1 𝑥 0 1 𝑦 10 8 𝑦 7 6
𝑦 3 4 𝑦 9 11
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 𝑥 + 𝑦 =7
𝑥– 𝑦 + 3 =0 2𝑥 – 𝑦 + 9 = 0 2 (0) + 𝑦 = 10 0 + 𝑦 = 7
0– 𝑦 + 3 = 0 2(0) – 𝑦 + 9 = 0 0 + 𝑦 = 10 𝑦 = 7
− 𝑦 = −3 0– 𝑦 + 9 = 0 𝑦 = 10
𝑦 = 3 − 𝑦 + 9 = 0
𝑦 = 9 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7
2(1) + 𝑦 = 10 (1) + 𝑦 = 7
𝑥−𝑦+3=0 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 9 = 0
(1)– 𝑦 + 3 = 0 2 + 𝑦 = 10 1+𝑦 =7
2(1) – 𝑦 + 9 = 0
𝑦 = 10 − 2 𝑦 =7−1
1− 𝑦+3=0 2−𝑦+9 = 0
𝑦=8 𝑦=6
4−𝑦 =0 11 − 𝑦 = 0
𝑦=4 𝑦 = 11

𝑌 𝑌
Scale : Scale :
X-axis : 1 cm = 1 unit X-axis : 1 cm = 1 unit
Y-axis : 1 cm = 1 unit Y-axis : 1 cm = 1 unit

2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 9 = 0

𝑥=3

𝑦=4
𝑋′ 𝑋

𝑥 = −6
𝑥−𝑦+3=0
𝑦 = −3

𝑋′ 𝑋

𝑌′ 𝑌′

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 MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

19)Solve graphically : 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟔 20)Solve graphically : 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟔

𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟖 𝟐𝒙 – 𝒚 = 𝟐
Solution : Solution :
𝑥 0 1 𝑥 0 1 𝑥 0 2
𝑥 0 1
𝑦 6 4 𝑦 8 4 𝑦 -2 0
𝑦 6 4

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 2𝑥 – 𝑦 = 2
2 (0) + 𝑦 = 6 4 (0) + 𝑦 = 8 2(0) + 𝑦 = 6 2(0) − 𝑦 = 2
0 + 𝑦 =6 0 + 𝑦 = 8 0 + 𝑦 = 6 0– 𝑦 = 2
𝑦 = 6 𝑦 = 8 𝑦 = 6 𝑦 = −2

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 2𝑥 – 𝑦 = 2
2(1) + 𝑦 = 6 4(1) + 𝑦 = 8 2(1) + 𝑦 = 6 2(1) − 𝑦 = 2
2+𝑦 =6 4+𝑦 =8 2+𝑦 =6 2−𝑦 =2
𝑦 =6−2 𝑦 =8−4 𝑦 =6−2 −𝑦 = 2−2
𝑦=4 𝑦=4 𝑦=4 −𝑦 =0
𝑦=0
𝑌
Scale :
X-axis : 1 cm = 1 unit 𝑌
Scale :
Y-axis : 1 cm = 1 unit
X-axis : 1 cm = 1 unit
Y-axis : 1 cm = 1 unit

𝑥=4 𝑥=2

𝑦=4 𝑦=2

𝑋′ 𝑋

𝑋′ 𝑋

𝑌′
𝑌′

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21)Solve the following pair of linear = 39

equations by graphical method. ∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 39 𝑎𝑛𝑑 13.
𝒙+𝒚=𝟕 26)Raju can row downstream 20 km in 2
𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟏 hour and upstream 4 km in 2 hours.
22)Solve the following pair of linear Find his speed of rowing in still water
equations by graphical method. and the speed of the current.
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶
𝒙+𝒚+𝟏=𝟎 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟.
23)Solve the following pair of linear 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
equations by graphical method. = 𝑦 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑥 + 𝑦.
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟔 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑥 – 𝑦.
24)Solve the following pair of linear 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
equations by graphical method. = 20 𝑘𝑚.
𝒙+𝒚=𝟓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 4 𝑘𝑚.
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 =
25)The difference between two numbers is 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
20
26 and one number is three times the 𝑥+𝑦 =
2
other. Find them. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 . . . . . . . . .(1)
Solution : 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 =
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦. 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
∴ 𝑥 – 𝑦 = 26 . . . . . . . . . . . (1) 4
𝑥−𝑦 =
2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 3𝑦
𝑥 – 𝑦 = 2 . . . . . . . . . . .. (2)
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 – 3𝑦 = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
(1) + (2) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠,
(1) – (2) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠,
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10
𝑥 – 𝑦 = 26
𝑥– 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 – 3𝑦 = 0
2𝑥 = 12
2𝑦 = 26
12
26 𝑥=
𝑦= 2
2
𝑥 = 6.
𝑦 = 13.
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1)
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10
𝑥 – 𝑦 = 26
6 + 𝑦 = 10
𝑥 – 13 = 26
𝑦 = 10 – 6
𝑥 = 26 + 13
𝑦 = 4

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∴ 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 6 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟. 20 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠.

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 28)The sum of the numerator and the
= 4 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟. denominator of a given fraction is 12. If
27)Five years ago, Nuri was thrice as old as 3 is added to its denominator, then the
Sonu. Ten years later, Nun will be twice fraction becomes ½ . Find the given
as old as Sonu. How old are Nun and fraction.
Sonu? Solution :
Solution : 𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = .
𝑦
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑢𝑟𝑖 = 𝑥.
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12 . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑛𝑢 = 𝑦.
𝑥 1
5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑜, 𝐴𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑢𝑟𝑖 = 𝑥 – 5. =
𝑦+3 2
𝐴𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑛𝑢 = 𝑦 – 5.
2𝑥 = 𝑦 + 3.
∴ (𝑥 − 5) = 3(𝑦 − 5)
2𝑥 – 𝑦 = 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
𝑥 – 5 = 3𝑦 – 15.
(1) + (2) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
𝑥 – 3𝑦 = −15 + 5
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12
𝑥 – 3𝑦 = −10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
2𝑥 – 𝑦 = 3
3𝑥 = 15
10 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝐴𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑢𝑟𝑖 = 𝑥 + 10.
15
𝐴𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑛𝑢 = 𝑦 + 10. 𝑥=
3
∴ (𝑥 + 10) = 2(𝑦 + 10) 𝑥 = 5
𝑥 + 10 = 2𝑦 + 20. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1)
𝑥 – 2𝑦 = 20 – 10 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12.
𝑥 – 2𝑦 = 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . (2) 5 + 𝑦 = 12
(1) – (2) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠, 𝑦 = 12 – 5
𝑥 – 3𝑦 = −10 𝑦 = 7
𝑥 – 2𝑦 = 10 5
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠
−𝑦 = −20 7
29)Seven times a two digit number is equal
𝑦 = 20
to four times the number obtained by
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1)
reversing the places of its digits. If the
𝑥 – 3𝑦 = −10
difference between the digits is 3, then
𝑥 – 3(20) = −10
find the number.
𝑥 – 60 = −10
Solution :
𝑥 = −10 + 60
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥.
𝑥 = 50.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝑦.
∴ 𝐴𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑢𝑟𝑖 𝑖𝑠 50 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑛𝑢 𝑖𝑠

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𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 10𝑦 + 𝑥. Lesson - 4. Circles

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 10𝑥 + 𝑦.
Secant of a circle :
∴ 7(10𝑦 + 𝑥) = 4(10𝑥 + 𝑦)
A secant of a circle is a line that intersects
70𝑦 + 7𝑥 = 40𝑥 + 4𝑦
the circle at two distinct points.
40𝑥 – 7𝑥 + 4𝑦 – 70𝑦 = 0
33𝑥 – 66𝑦 = 0
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 33 O B
𝑥 – 2 𝑦 = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 3 A
∴ 𝑥 – 𝑦 = 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
O is the centre of the circle.
(1) – (2) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
AB is a secant of the circle.
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
Tangent to a circle :
𝑥– 𝑦 = 3
A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects
−𝑦 = −3
the circle at only one point.
𝑦 = 3
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (2)
𝑥– 𝑦 = 3 B

𝑥– 3 = 3
𝑥 = 3 + 3 O
= 6. P

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 63.

O is the centre of the circle.

AB is a tangent.
There is only one tangent at a point on the
circle.
Tangents drawn at the ends of a diameter
are parallel.

P Q

A B
O

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Theorem 4 : To Prove : AP = BP.

“The tangent at any point of a circle is Proof :
perpendicular to the radius drawn at the In ∆ AOP and ∆ BOP,
point of contact”. ∠OAP = ∠OBP [Right angles]
OA = OB [Radii of the same circle]
OP = OP [Common side]
O
∴ ∆ AOP ≅ ∆ BOP [RHS Theorem]
∴ AP = BP [C.S.C.T]
X Q Y
P Hence proved.
Data : O is the centre of the circle. XY is the 1) A tangent PQ at a point P of a circle of
tangent to the circle at the point P. OP is radius 5 cm meets a line through the
the radius drawn at the point of contact P. centre O at a point Q , so that OQ = 12
To Prove : OP ⊥ XY. cm. Find PQ.
Construction : Take a point Q on XY. Join
OQ. P
5 cm
Proof :
The point Q lies outside the circle. O Q
12 cm
∴ OQ is longer than OP. Q

So, OP is the smallest distance of the point

O from the line XY. Solution :
∴ OP ⊥ XY. By Pythagorus theorem,
Hence proved. OQ2 = OP2 + PQ2.
Theorem 5 : 122 = 52 + PQ2
“The two tangents drawn from an external 144 = 25 + PQ2
point to a circle are equal”. PQ2 = 144 – 25
PQ2 = 119
A PQ = √119 cm
∴ Length of the tangent is √119 cm.
O P 2) From a point Q, the length of the tangent
to a circle is 24 cm and the distance of Q
from the centre is 25 cm. Find the radius
B
of the circle.
Data : O is the centre of the circle. P is an 3) If TP and TQ are the two tangents to a
external point. AP and BP are tangents to circle with centre O so that
the circle. ∠POQ = 1100, then find ∠PTQ.
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A Solution :
𝑡 = 4 𝑐𝑚,

O 1100 P 𝑑 = 5 𝑐𝑚,
𝑟 =?
By Pythagorus theorem,
B
𝑑2 = 𝑟 2 + 𝑡 2
Solution : 52 = 𝑟 2 + 42
∠PTQ + ∠POQ = 1800. 25 = 𝑟 2 + 16.
∠PTQ + 1100 = 1800. 𝑟 2 = 25 – 16.
∠PTQ = 1800 – 1100. 𝑟 = 9
= 700. 𝑟 = √9
4) If tangents PA and PB from a point P to a 𝑟 = 3 𝑐𝑚.
circle with centre O are inclined to each 6) Two concentric circles are of radii 5 cm
other at an angle of 800, then find ∠POA and 3 cm . Find the length of the chord
of the larger circle which touches the
A
smaller circle.

P O
O

O
B 5 cm
3 cm
Solution : B
A P
∠AOB + ∠APB = 1800.
∠AOB + 800 = 1800. Solution :
∠AOB = 1800 – 800. By Pythagorus theorem,
∠AOB = 1000. AO2 = OP2 + AP2.
∴ ∠POA = 500. 52 = 32 + AP2.
5) The length of a tangent from a point A at 25 = 9 + AP2.
a distance 5 cm from the centre of circle AP2 = 25 – 9.
is 4 cm. Find the radius of the circle. AP2 = 16.
AP = √16
A
𝑟 𝑡 AP = 4 cm
∴ AB = 8 cm.
O P
𝑑

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Lesson – 5
Areas Related to Circles
Perimeter :
Perimeter is the length of the boundary of
a shape. Area of a sector :
Perimeter of a square = 4 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 Let OAPB be a sector of a circle with centre
Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏) O and radius 𝑟 and of angle 𝜃.
Perimeter of ∆ ABC = AB + BC + CA
Perimeter of an equilateral triangle =
3 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Circumference of a circle = 2𝜋𝑟
Area :
Area is the surface covered by a shape.
Area of a square = 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
3600
Area of a rectangle = 𝑙 × 𝑏
𝜃
1 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝑃𝐵 = × 2𝜋𝑟
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = ×𝑏×ℎ 3600
2
Problems :
√3. 𝑎2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 1) If the area of circle is 49𝝅 sq.units
4
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 then find its perimeter.

Segment of a circle : Solution :

The area bounded by an arc and a chord of 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 49𝜋

a circle is called segment of the circle. 𝜋𝑟 2 = 49𝜋

The area bounded by a minor arc and a 𝑟 2 = 49

chord is called minor segment. 𝑟 = √49

The area bounded by a major arc and a 𝑟 = 7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

chord is called major segment. 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟

22
=2× ×7
7
= 44 𝑐𝑚
2) Find the area of the sector of a circle
with radius 4 cm and of angle 30°.

Sector Also, find the area of the

The area bounded by an arc and two radii corresponding major sector.

of a circle is called a sector. (Use 𝝅 = 3.14).

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Solution :
𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = × 𝜋𝑟 2 Solution :
3600
300
= × 3.14 × 4 × 4
3600
12.56
=
3
= 4.19 𝑐𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 Radius of the sector=14 cm

= 3.14 × 4 × 4 Angle of the sector = 5 minutes
= 50.24 𝑐𝑚2 = 5 × 60
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 300
= 50.24 𝑐𝑚2 − 4.19 𝑐𝑚2 𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
= 46.05 𝑐𝑚2 3600
300 22
3) Find the area of a sector of a circle with = × × 14 × 14
3600 7
radius 6 cm if angle of the sector is 600. 1
= × 11 × 14
4) Find the area of a quadrant of a circle 3
whose circumference is 22cm. 154
= 𝑐𝑚2
3
Solution :
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 22 𝑐𝑚 6) A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm
2𝜋𝑟 = 22 subtends a right angle at the centre.
22 Find the area of the corresponding :
𝑟=
2𝜋 i. Minor segment
22 × 7
= ii. Major segment.
2 × 22
Solution :
= 3.5 𝑐𝑚
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
4
1 22
= × × 3.5 × 3.5 10 10
4 7
= 5.5 × 0.5 × 3.5
= 9.625 𝑐𝑚2
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝑂𝐵 = ×𝑏×ℎ
5) The length of the minute hand of a clock 2
1
is 14 cm. Find the area swept by the = × 10 × 10
2
minute hand in 5 minutes.
= 50 𝑐𝑚2

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1 𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 = × 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑖𝑖) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
4 360
1 60 22
= × 3.14 × 10 × 10 = × × 21 × 21
4 360 7
1 = 231 𝑐𝑚2
= × 3.14 × 100
4
√3 𝑎2
= 3.14 × 25 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝑂𝐵 =
4
= 78.5 𝑐𝑚2 √3 × 21 × 21
=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 4

= 3.14 × 10 × 10 441√3
=
4
= 3.14 × 100
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
= 314 𝑐𝑚2
441√3
Area of minor segment = 78.5 – 50 = (231 – ) 𝑐𝑚2
4
= 28.5 cm2. 8) In a circle of radius 15 cm, an arc
Area of major segment = 314 – 28.5 subtends an angle of 600 at the centre.
= 285. 5 cm2. Find the areas of the corresponding
7) In a circle of radius 21 cm, an arc minor and major segments of the circle.
subtends an angle of 600 at the centre. Solution :
Find :
i. The length of the arc.
ii. Area of sector formed by the arc. 15 600
4
iii. Area of the segment formed by
the corresponding chord. 𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
Solution : 360
60
= × 3.14 × 15 × 15
360
= 1.57 × 5 × 15
21 = 117.75 𝑐𝑚2
600
√3 𝑎2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝑂𝐵 =
4
1.7 × 15 × 15
=
𝜃 4
𝑖) 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐 = × 2𝜋𝑟
3600 382.5
=
60 22 4
= ×2× × 21
360 7 = 95.625 𝑐𝑚2
= 22 𝑐𝑚

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𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 Solution :

= 3.14 × 15 × 15 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
= 706.5 𝑐𝑚2 = 10 × 10
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 117.75 − 95.625 = 100 𝑐𝑚2
= 22.125 𝑐𝑚2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 2 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 706.5 − 22.125 = 3.14 × 5 × 5
2
= 684.375 𝑐𝑚 = 78.5 𝑐𝑚2
9) Find the area of the shaded region in the 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐼 & 𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 100 − 78.5
figure, where ABCD is a square of side = 21.5 𝑐𝑚2
14 cm. 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝐼 & 𝐼𝑉 = 21.5 𝑐𝑚2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐼, 𝐼𝐼, 𝐼𝐼𝐼 & 𝐼𝑉 = 43 𝑐𝑚2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 100 − 43
= 57 𝑐𝑚2
11)Find the area of the shaded region in the
figure, if PQ = 24 cm, PR=7cm and O is
Solution : the centre of the circle.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
= 14 × 14
= 196 𝑐𝑚2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 4 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 4 × 𝜋𝑟 2
22 7 7
=4× × ×
7 2 2
= 154 𝑐𝑚2
Solution :
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 196 − 154
By Pythagorus theorem,
= 42 𝑐𝑚2
𝑄𝑅2 = 𝑃𝑅2 + 𝑃𝑄2
10)Find the area of the shaded region in the
= 72 + 242
figure, where ABCD is a square of side
= 49 + 576
10 cm and semicircles are drawn with
= 625
each side of the square as diameter.
𝑄𝑅 = √625
= 25 𝑐𝑚
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 = × 7 × 24
2
= 7 × 12
= 84 𝑐𝑚2

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1 13)Find the area of the shaded region in the

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2
2 figure, if ABCD is a square of side 14 cm
1 22 25 25
= × × × and APD and BPC are semicircles.
2 7 2 2
6875
= 𝑐𝑚2
28
6875
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 = − 84
28
6875 − 2352
=
28
4523
= 𝑐𝑚2
28
12)Find the area of the shaded region in the
Solution :
figure, if radii of two concentric circles
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 14 𝑐𝑚 × 14 𝑐𝑚
with centre O are 7 cm and 14 cm
= 196 𝑐𝑚2
respectively and ∠AOC = 400.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 2 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟 2
22
= ×7×7
7
= 154 𝑐𝑚2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 196 − 154
= 42 𝑐𝑚2
14)In the figure, ABCD is a square of side
Solution :
14 cm. With centers A, B, C and D, four
𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝐴𝐶 = × 𝜋𝑟 2 circles are drawn such that each circle
360
40 22 touches externally two of the remaining
= × × 14 × 14
360 7 three circles. Find the area of the shaded
616
= 𝑐𝑚2 region.
9
𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝐵𝐷 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
360
40 22
= × ×7×7
360 7
154
= 𝑐𝑚2
9
616 154
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −
9 9
462
=
9
154
= 𝑐𝑚2
3

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

Solution : 𝐵𝐶 = √2 × 196
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 14 𝑐𝑚 × 14 𝑐𝑚 = 14√2 cm
2
= 196 𝑐𝑚 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 4 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟 2 2
22 1 22
= ×7×7 = × × 7√2 × 7√2
7 2 7
= 154 𝑐𝑚2 = 154 𝑐𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 196 − 154 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛

= 42 𝑐𝑚2 = 154 𝑐𝑚2 − 56 𝑐𝑚2

15)In the figure, ABC is a quadrant of a = 98 𝑐𝑚2

circle of radius 14 cm and a semicircle is 16)In the figure, AB and CD are respectively

drawn with BC as diameter. Find the arcs of two concentric circles of radii 21

area of the shaded region. cm and 7 cm and centre O. If

∠AOB = 300, find the area of the shaded
region.

Solution :
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
4
1 22
= × × 14 × 14 Solution :
4 7
= 154 𝑐𝑚2 𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝐴𝐵 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
1 360
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ×𝑏×ℎ 30 22
2 = × × 21 × 21
1 360 7
= × 14 × 14 231
2 = 𝑐𝑚2
= 98 𝑐𝑚2 2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 154 𝑐𝑚2 − 98 𝑐𝑚2 𝜃

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝐵𝐷 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
360
= 56 𝑐𝑚2
30 22
By Pythagorus theorem, = × ×7×7
360 7
𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 77
= 𝑐𝑚2
= 142 + 142 6

= 196 + 196
= 2 × 196

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231 77 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 157 𝑐𝑚2 − 100 𝑐𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −
2 6 = 57 𝑐𝑚2
693 − 77
=
6
616 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 20 × 10
=
6 = 200 𝑐𝑚2
308 Area of shaded region = 200 cm2 – 57 cm2
= 𝑐𝑚2
3
= 143 cm2.
17)In the figure, ABCD is a rectangle of
18)A hand fan is made up of cloth fixed in
length 20 cm and breadth 10 cm. OAPB
between the metallic wires. It is in the
is a sector of a circle of radius 𝟏𝟎√𝟐 cm.
shape of a sector of a circle of radius 21
Calculate the area of the shaded region.
cm and of angle 1200 as shown in the
Take 𝝅 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒.
figure. Calculate the area of the cloth
D C
used and also find the total length of the
metallic wire required to make such a

P fan.
Solution :
A B 𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
360
120 22
= × × 21 × 21
360 7
O = 462 𝑐𝑚2

Solution ; Area of the cloth required is 462 cm2.

1 𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 = × 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑐 = × 2𝜋𝑟
4 360
1 120 22
= × 3.14 × (10√2)2 = × × 21
4 360 7
1 = 22 𝑐𝑚
= × 3.14 × 100 × 2
4 Length of wire = 21 cm + 21 cm + 22 cm
1 = 64 cm.
= × 314
2
19)In the figure two congruent circles touch
= 157 𝑐𝑚2
each other externally and also touch the
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = × 𝑏 × ℎ sides of the rectangle ABCD. If AB = 28
2
1 cm and BC = 14 cm, find the area of the
= × 10√2 × 10√2
2 shaded region.
1
= × 100 × 2
2
= 100 𝑐𝑚2

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 78.5 − 18 𝑐𝑚2

D C = 60.5 𝑐𝑚2
21)In the figure O is the centre of a circle
and OAB is an equilateral triangle. P and
Q are the midpoints of OA and OB
A B respectively. If the area of ∆ OAB is
Solution : 𝟑𝟔√𝟑 cm2, then find the area of the
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 28 × 14 shaded region.
= 392 𝑐𝑚2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 2 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑟 2
22 O
=2× ×7×7
7
= 308 𝑐𝑚2
P Q
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 392 − 308
= 84 𝑐𝑚2
A B
20)A right angled triangle of sides
Solution :
containing right angle are 6 cm and 8
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 36√3 𝑐𝑚2
cm, is circumscribed in a circle with
√3 𝑎2
centre O or radius 5 cm. Find the area of = 36√3
4
the shaded region.
𝑎2
= 36
C 4
B 𝑎2 = 4 × 36
O 𝑎 = √4 × 36
𝑎 =2×6
A
= 12 𝑐𝑚
Solution : ∴ Radius of the circle = 6 cm
1 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = ×𝑏×ℎ
2
=𝜋×6×6
1
= ×6×8 = 36𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
2
= 18 𝑐𝑚2 𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
360
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2
60
22 = ×𝜋×6×6
= ×5×5 360
7
= 6𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
= 3.14 × 25
Area of shaded region = 36 𝜋 − 6𝜋
= 78.5 𝑐𝑚2
= 30𝜋 𝑐𝑚2

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Lesson – 6. Constructions.
Dividing a line segment in the given ratio :
1) Draw a line segment AB = 8 cm and divide it in the ratio 3 : 2.
Solution :
Ratio = 3 : 2

P
A B

A1
A2
A3
A4
A5

2) Draw a line segment AB = 7.5 cm and divide it in the ratio 4 : 3.

3) Draw a line segment and divide it in the ratio 5 : 8. Measure the two parts.
Construction of a triangle similar to a given triangle as per given scalar factor.
1) Construct a triangle ABC with sides 4 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm and then construct a triangle
𝟑
similar to the given triangle with its sides equal to of the corresponding sides of the
𝟒
triangle ABC.
Solution :
3
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
4
C

C’

A B
B’
A1
A2
A3
A4

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

AB’C’ is the required triangle.

2) Construct a triangle with sides 3.5 cm, 4.5 cm and 6 cm and then a triangle similar to the
𝟓
given triangle with its sides equal to of the corresponding sides.
𝟑
Solution :
5
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
3

C’

A
B B’
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5

AB’C’ is the required triangle.

3) Construct a triangle with sides 4 cm, 5 cm and 6 cm and then a triangle similar to it whose
2
sides are of the corresponding sides of the given triangle.
3
4) Construct a triangle with sides 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm and then another triangle whose sides
7
are of the corresponding sides of the first triangle.
5
5) Draw a triangle ABC with side BC = 6 cm, AB = 5 cm and ∠ABC = 600. Then construct a
3
triangle whose sides are of the corresponding sides of the given triangle.
4

Construction of tangents to a circle.

1) Draw a circle of radius 3 cm and construct a tangent at any P on it.
Solution :

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

P
O

XY is the required tangent. Y

2) Draw a circle of radius 4 cm and draw a chord of length 6 cm and construct tangents at the
ends of the chord.
3) Draw a circle of radius 3.5 cm. From a point 8 cm away from its centre, construct the pair of
tangents to the circle.
Solution :
r = 3.5 cm, d = 8 cm.

P
O

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PA and PB are required tangents.

4) Construct a circle of radius 6 cm and then construct two tangents to it from a point 10 cm
away from the centre.
5) Draw a circle of radius 4 cm. From a point 9 cm away from its centre, construct a pair of
tangents to the circle.
6) Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 4 cm which are inclined to each other at an
angle of 600.
Solution :
Angle between the tangents = 600
Angle between the radii = 1800 – 600
= 1200

600 P

1200
O

PA and PB are the required tangents.

7) Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 5 cm which are inclined to each other at an
angle of 500.

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

Lesson - 7. = √(−8)2 + 122

= √64 + 144
Co-ordinate Geometry.
= √208
Distance formula :
= √16 𝑋 13
The distance between two points 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
= 4√13 units.
and 𝑄(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is given by the formula,
2) Find the distance between the points
𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
A(8, 3) and B(2, 11) using formula.
Y Solution :
’ Q
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (8, 3)
\
L (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (2, 11)
P
𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

X X = √(2 − 8)2 + (11 − 3)2

O M N
’
= √(−6)2 + 82
\ Y
= √36 + 64
The distance of a point P(x, y) from the = √100
origin O(0, 0) is given by, =10 units.
𝑑 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 3) Find the distance between the point
Y P(4, 3) and the origin O(0, 0) using
’ formula.
P
\
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (4, 3)

𝑑 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √42 + 32
X X
O Q = √16 + 9
’
\ = √25
Y
= 5 units.
Problems :
4) Find the distance of the point (6, 8)
1) Find the distance between the points
from the origin using formula.
A(8, -3) and B(0, 9) using formula.
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (6, 8)
Solution :
𝑑 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (8, −3)
= √62 + 82
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (0, 9)
= √36 + 64
𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
= √100
= √(0 − 8)2 + (9 + 3)2
= 10 units.

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 MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

Section Formula : Solution :

Y’ (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−1, 7).

B
\ 𝑚2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (4, −3).
P 𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2 = 2 : 3
𝑚1 R
Q
𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
A S 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
2(4) + 3(−1) 2(−3) + 3(7)
X’ X = ( , )
O L M N 2+3 2+3
\
8−3 −6 + 21
= ( , )
Y 5 5
The co-ordinates of the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) which 5 15
= ( , )
divides the line joining the points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 5 5
and B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) internally in the ratio 𝑚1 ∶ = (1, 3).

𝑚2 are, 3) Find the co-ordinates of the points of

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 + 𝑛𝑦1 trisection of the line segment joining the
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 points (2, -2) and (-7, 4).
1) Find the co-ordinates of the point which Solution :
divides the line segment joining the P Q
A B
points (4, -3) and (8, 5) in the ratio 3 : 1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (2, −2).
internally. (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (−7, 4).
Solution : 𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2 = 1 : 2
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (4, −3). 𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑃=( , )
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (8, 5). 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2 = 3 : 1 1(−7) + 2(2) 1(4) + 2(−2)

= ( , )
𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1 1+2 1+2
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 −7 + 4 4−4
= ( , )
3(8) + 1(4) 3(5) + 1(−3) 3 3
= ( , ) −3 0
3+1 3+1 = ( , )
3 3
24 + 4 15 − 3
= ( , ) = (−1, 0).
4 4
28 12
= ( , )
4 4 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (2, −2).
= (7, 3). (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (−7, 4).
2) Find the co-ordinates of the point which 𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2 = 2 : 1
divides the line segment joining the 𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑄=( , )
points (-1, 7) and (4, -3) in the ratio 2 : 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

3 internally. 2(−7) + 1(2) 2(4) + 1(−2)

= ( , )
1+2 1+2

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

−14 + 2 8−2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
= ( , ) ∴ 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐷 = ( , )
3 3 2 2
−12 6 0 + 4 −1 + 5
= ( , ) =( , )
3 3 2 2
= (−4, 2). 4 4
=( , )
2 2
4) In what ratio does the point (- 4, 6)
= (2, 2)
divide the line segment joining the
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (5, 8).
points A(- 6, 10) and B(3, - 8)?
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (2, 2).
Solution :
𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2 = 2 : 1
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = (−4, 6)
𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−6, 10). 𝐺=( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (3, −8). 2(2) + 1(5) 2(2) + 1(8)
= ( , )
𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2 = ? 2+1 2+1
𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 = −4 4+5 4+8
= ( , )
𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 3 3
= −4
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 9 12
= ( , )
𝑚1 (3) + 𝑚2 (−6) 3 3
= −4
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = (3, 4).
3𝑚1 − 6𝑚2 = −4𝑚1 − 4𝑚2 Mid-point formula :
3𝑚1 + 4𝑚1 = −4𝑚2 + 6𝑚2 The co-ordinates of the mid-point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
7𝑚1 = 2𝑚2 of the line joining the points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and
𝑚1 2 B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are,
=
𝑚2 7 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑃=( , )
𝑚1 : 𝑚2 = 2 ∶ 7 2 2
5) A(5, 8), B(0, -1) and C(4, 5) are the 6) Find the co-ordinates of the mid-point of

vertices of a ∆ ABC. AD is the median the line segment joining the points

and G is a point on AD such that (-2, 7) and (4, -3) .

AG : GD = 2 : 1. Find the co-ordinate of Solution :

the point G. (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−2, 7).

Solution : (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (4, −3).

A(5, 8)
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑃=( , )
2 2
−2 + 4) 7 − 3)
2 = ( , )
2 2
.G 2 4
= ( , )
2 2
1
= (1, 2)
(0, -1)B C(4, 5)
D

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 MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

7) Find the co-ordinates of the mid-point of 9) If (1, 2), (4, 𝒚), (𝒙, 6) and (3, 5) are the
the line segment joining the points (5, 9) vertices of a parallelogram taken in
and (3, 1) . order, find 𝒙 and 𝒚.
Solution : Solution :
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (5, 9). C(𝑥, 6)
D(3, 5)
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (3, 1).
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑃=( , ) O
2 2
5 + 3) 9 + 1)
= ( , )
2 2
A(1, 2) B(4, 𝑦)
8 10
= ( , )
2 2 Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each
= (4, 5) other.
8) If the points A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and ∴ 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐵
D(p, 3) are the vertices of a 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
( , )=( , )
parallelogram taken in order, find the 2 2 2 2
1+𝑥 2+6 4+3 5+𝑦
value of p. ( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2
Solution :
1+𝑥 8 7 5+𝑦
( , )=( , )
D(𝑝, 3) C(9, 4) 2 2 2 2
Comparing x-coordinates, we get
1+𝑥 7
O =
2 2
1 + 𝑥 = 7
A(6, 1) B(8, 2) 𝑥 = 7 – 1.
𝑥 = 6.
Diagonals bisect each other.
Comparing y-coordinates, we get
∴ 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐵
5+𝑦 8
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 =
( , )=( , ) 2 2
2 2 2 2
6+9 1+4 𝑝+8 3+2 5 + 𝑦 = 8
( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2 𝑦 = 8 – 5.
15 5 𝑝+8 5 𝑦 = 3.
( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2
Comparing 𝑥-coordinates, we get
10)The vertices of a ∆ ABC are A(-3, 2),
𝑝 + 8 15
= B(-1, -4) and C(5, 2). If M and N are the
2 2
𝑝 + 8 = 15 midpoints of AB and AC respectively,

𝑝 = 15 – 8. show that 2MN = BC.

𝑝 = 7.
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Solution : MN = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

A(-3, 2) = √(1 + 2)2 + (2 + 1)2

= √(3)2 + (3)2
= √9 + 9
M N = √18
= √9 𝑋 2
(-1, -4)B C(5, 2) = 3√2 units.
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ∴ BC = 2MN.
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀 = ( , )
2 2 Hence proved.
−3 − 1 2 − 4 Area of a triangle ABC with given vertices.
=( , )
2 2
Area of a triangle ABC with vertices
−4 −2
=( , ) 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and C(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) is given
2 2
= (-2, -1) by,
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 = ( , )
2 2 1
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )]
−3 + 5 2 + 2 2 1 2
=( , )
2 2 1) Find the area of the triangle ABC whose
2 4 vertices are A(2, 3), B(-1, 0) and
=( , )
2 2
C(2, -4).
= (1, 2)
Solution :
𝐴(2, 3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝐵(−1, −4) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ).
𝐵(−1, 0) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝐶(5, 2) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ).
𝐶(2, −4) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
BC = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
= √(5 + 1)2 + (2 + 4)2 1
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )]
2 1 2
= √(6)2 + (6)2
1
= [2(0 + 4) − 1(−4 − 3) + 2(3 − 0)]
= √36 + 36 2

= √72 1
= [2(4) − 1(−7) + 2(3)]
2
= √36 𝑋 2 1
= [8 + 7 + 6]
= 6√2 units. 2
1
= (21)
2
𝑀(−2, −1) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ).
21
𝑁(1, 2) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ). = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
2

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2) Find the area of the triangle ABC whose 4) Find the area of the triangle with
vertices are A(1, -1), B(-4, 6) and vertices are P(-1.5, 3), Q(6, 2) and
C(-3, -5). R(-3, 4).
Solution : Solution :
𝐴(1, −1) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐴(−1.5, 3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝐵(−4, 6) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝐵(6, 2) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝐶(−3, −5) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) 𝐶(−3, 4) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
1 1
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) = [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )]
2 1 2 2 1 2
1 1
= [1(6 + 5) − 4(−5 + 1) − 3(−1 − 6)] = [−1.5(2 − 4) + 6(4 − 3) − 3(3 − 2)]
2 2
1 1
= [1(11) − 4(−4) − 3(−7)] = [−1.5(−2) + 6(1) − 3(1)]
2 2
1 1
= [11 + 16 + 21] = [3 + 6 − 3]
2 2
1 1
= (48) = (6)
2 2
= 24 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠. = 3 square units
3) Find the area of the triangle ABC whose 5) Show that the points (7, -2), (5, 1) and
vertices are A(5, 2), B(4, 7) and C(7, -4). (3, 4) are collinear.
Solution : 𝐴(7, −2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝐴(5, 2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐵(5, 1) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝐵(4, 7) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝐶(3, 4) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
𝐶(7, −4) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 1
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )]
1 2 1 2
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )] 1
2 1 2
= [7(1 − 4) + 5(4 + 2) + 3(−2 − 1)]
1 2
= [5(7 + 4) + 4(−4 − 2) + 7(2 − 7)] 1
2
= [7(−3) + 5(6) + 3(−3)]
1 2
= [5(11) + 4(−6) + 7(−5)] 1
2
= [−21 + 30 − 9]
1 2
= [55 − 24 − 35] 1
2
= (30 − 30)
1 2
= (55 − 59) 1
2
= (0)
1 2
= (−4)
2 = 0.
= (−2) Area is zero.
= 2 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
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∴ The given points are collinear. 1

= (−4𝑘 − 18 + 18)
6) Determine if the points (1, 5), (2, 3) and 2
1
(-2, -11) are collinear. = (−4𝑘)
2
Solution : = 2k.
𝐴(1, 5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) The points are collinear.
𝐵(2, 3) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ∴ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.
𝐶(−2, −11) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) 2𝑘 = 0
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 0
1 𝑘 =
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )] 2
2 1 2
𝑘=0
1
= [1(3 + 11) + 2(−11 − 5) − 2(5 − 3)] 8) Find the value of k if the points A(7, -2),
2
1 B(5, 1) and C(3, k) are collinear.
= [1(14) + 2(−16) − 2(2)]
2 Solution :
1
= [14 − 32 − 4] 𝐴(7, −2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
2
𝐵(5, 1) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
1
= (14 − 36) 𝐶(3, 𝑘) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
2
1 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
= (−22)
2 1
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )]
= (-11) 2 1 2
= 11 square units. 1
= [7(1 − 𝑘) + 5(𝑘 + 2) + 3(−2 − 1)]
2
Area is not zero.
1
∴ The given points are not collinear. = [7 − 7𝑘 + 5𝑘 + 10 + 3(−3)]
2
7) Find the value of k if the points A(2, 3), 1
= [7 − 2𝑘 + 10 − 9]
B(4, k) and C(6, -3) are collinear. 2
1
Solution : = (7 − 2𝑘 + 1)
2
𝐴(2, 3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 1
= (8 − 2𝑘)
𝐵(4, 𝑘) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 2
𝐶(6, −3) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) The points are collinear.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∴ Area = 0.
1 1
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )] (8 − 2𝑘) = 0
2 1 2 2
1 8 − 2𝑘 = 0
= [2(𝑘 + 3) + 4(−3 − 3) + 6(3 − 𝑘)]
2
2𝑘 = 8
1
= [2𝑘 + 6 + 4(−6) + 18 − 6𝑘] 8
2 𝑘=
2
1
= [2𝑘 + 6 − 24 + 18 − 6𝑘] 𝑘 = 4.
2

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9) Find the value of k if the points A(8, 1), 1

= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )]
2 1 2
B(k,-4) and C(2, -5) are collinear.
1
Solution : = [−4(7 + 5) + 0 + 5(5 − 7)]
2
𝐴(8, 1) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 1
= [−4(12) + 5(−2)]
𝐵(𝑘, −4) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 2
1
𝐶(2, −5) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) = [−48 − 10]
2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 1
1 = (−58)
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )] 2
2 1 2
= -29
1
= [8(−4 + 5) + 𝑘(−5 − 1) + 2(1 + 4)] = 29 square units.
2
1
= [8(1) + 𝑘(−6) + 2(5)]
2 𝐴(−4, 5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
1
= [8 − 6𝑘 + 10] 𝐷(−4, 2) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
2
𝐶(5, −5) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
1
= (18 − 6𝑘) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐶
2
The points are collinear. 1
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )]
2 1 2
∴ Area = 0.
1
1 = [−4(7 + 5) − 4(−5 − 5) + 5(5 − 2)]
(18 − 6𝑘) = 0 2
2 1
= [−4(12) − 4(−10) + 5(3)]
18 − 6𝑘 = 0 2
6𝑘 = 18 1
= (−48 + 40 + 15)
18 2
𝑘= 1
6 = (−8 + 15)
2
𝑘 = 3.
1
10)If A(-4, 5), B(0, 7), C(5, -5) and D(-4, 2) = (7)
2
are the vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD, = 3.5 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
find the area of the quadrilateral. Area of quadrilateral = 29 + 3.5
Solution : = 32.5 square units.
A D
11)Find the area of the quadrilateral whose
vertices taken in order are (-4, -2),

B C (-3, -5), (3, -2) and (2, 3).

𝐴(−4, 5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝐵(0, 7) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝐶(5, −5) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶

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Solution : 12)Find the area of the triangle formed by

A D
joining the mid-points of the sides of the
triangle whose vertices are (0, -1),
(2, 1) and (0, 3). Find the ratio of this
B area to the area of this triangle.
C
Solution :
𝐴(−4, −2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) A(0, -1)
𝐵(−3, −5) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝐶(3, −2) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
D E
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
1 (2, 1)B C(0, 3)
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )]
2 1 2 F
1
= [−4(−5 + 2) − 3(−2 + 2) + 3(−2 + 5)]
2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝐶𝑜 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐷 = ( , )
1 2 2
= [−4(−3) − 3(0) + 3(3)]
2 2+0 1−1
=( , )
1 2 2
= [12 − 0 + 9]
2 2 0
=( , )
1 2 2
= [21]
2 = (1, 0)
= 10.5 square units. 0 + 0 −1 + 3
𝐶𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸 = ( , )
2 2
𝐴(−4, −2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 0 2
=( , )
2 2
𝐷(2, 3) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
= (0, 1)
𝐶(3, −2) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
2+0 1+3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐶 𝐶𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐹 = ( , )
2 2
1 2 4
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )]
2 1 2 =( , )
2 2
1
= [−4(3 + 2) + 2(−2 + 2) + 3(−2 − 3)] =(1, 2)
2
1
= [−4(5) + 2(0) + 3(−5)]
2 D(1, 0) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
1
= [−20 − 0 − 15] E(0, 1) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
2
1 F(1, 2) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
= (−35)
2
= 17.5 square units.
Area of quadrilateral = 10.5 + 17.5
= 28 square units.
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𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝐶𝑜 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐷 = ( , )
1 2 2
= [𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 −𝑦2 )] 3 − 5 −5 − 1
2 =( , )
1 2 2
= [1(1 − 2) + 0 + 1(0 − 1)]
2 −2 −6
=( , )
1 2 2
= [1(−1) + 1(−1)]
2 = (-1, -3)
1
= (−1 − 1) −5 + 5 −1 + 3
2 𝐶𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸 = ( , )
1
2 2
= (−2) 0 2
2 =( , )
= −1 2 2
= 1 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠. =(0, 1)

A(0, -1) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 3 + 5 −5 + 3

𝐶𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐹 = ( , )
2 2
B(2, 1) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
8 −2
C(0, 3) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) =( , )
2 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 =(4, -1)
1 D(-1, -3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 −𝑦2 )]
2 1 2
1
E(0, 1) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
= [0 + 2(3 + 1) + 0]
2 F(4, -1) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
1 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹
= [2(4)]
2
1
1 = [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 −𝑦2 )]
= (8) 2 1 2
2
1
= 4 square units. = [−1(1 + 1) + 0 + 4(−3 − 1)]
2
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 4 1
∴ = = [−1(2) + 4(−4)]
∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 1 2
13)The vertices of ∆ ABC are A(-5, -1), 1
= (−2 − 16)
B(3, -5) and C(5, 3). Show that the area 2
1
of ∆ ABC is 4 times the area o triangle = (−18)
2
formed by joining the mid-points of the = −9
sides of the triangle. = 9 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
Solution :
A(-5, -1)

D E

(3, -5)B C(5,3)

F

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A(-5, -1) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 0+4 5+3

𝐶𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸 = ( , )
B(3, -5) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 2 2
4 8
C(5, 3) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) =( , )
2 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 =(2, 4)
1
= [𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 −𝑦2 )]
2
1 A(0, 5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
= [−5(−5 − 3) + 3(3 + 1) + 5(−1 + 5)]
2 D(-2, 3) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
1
= [−5(−8) + 3(4) + 5(4)] E(2, 4) = (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
2
1 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐷𝐸
= (40 + 12 + 20)
2 1
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 −𝑦2 )]
1 2 1 2
= (72)
2 1
= [0 − 2(4 − 5) + 2(5 − 3)]
= 36 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠. 2
1
∴ 𝑎𝑟(∆𝐴𝐵𝐶) = 4 × 𝑎𝑟(∆𝐷𝐸𝐹) = [−2(−1) + 2(2)]
2
1
= (2 + 2)
14)In ∆ ABC with vertices A(0, 5), B(-4, 1) 2
and C(4, 3), D and E are the mid-points 1
= (4)
2
of the sides AB and AC respectively, then
= 2 square units.
find the area of ∆ ADE.
Solution :
A(0, 5)

D E

(-4, 1)B C(4,3)

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝐶𝑜 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐷 = ( , )
2 2
−4 + 0 1 + 5
=( , )
2 2
−4 6
=( , )
2 2
= (-2, 3)

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Lesson – 8. Real Numbers If a rational number has a non-terminating

or repeating or recurring decimal
Euclid’s Division Lemma :
expansion, then its denominator does not
“Given positive integers 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏,there exist
have the prime factorization of the form
unique integers 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 satisfying 𝑎 =
2𝑚 5𝑛 .
𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏”. This is called Euclid’s
HCF and LCM.
division lemma.
HCF of two positive integers 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 is the
Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic :
greatest number that divides 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏.
“Every composite number can be
HCF of two co-prime numbers is 1.
expressed as a product of its prime
LCM of two positive integers 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 is the
factors”. This is called Fundamental
least number that is divisible by 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏.
theorem of Arithemetic.
LCM of to co-prime numbers is equal to
For any two positive integers 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏,
their product.
𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏) × 𝐿𝐶𝑀(𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑎 × 𝑏
𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏) × 𝐿𝐶𝑀(𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑎 × 𝑏
Rational numbers :
Problems :
A number which can be expressed in the form
p 1) Find the HCF of 24 and 40 by using
, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0, is
q Euclid’s division algorithm. Hence find
called a rational number. the LCM of HCF(24, 40) and 20.
Irrantional Numbers : Solution :
A number which cannot be expressed in the 24) 40 ( 1 16) 24 ( 1
p 24 16
form , where p, q are integers & q ≠ 0, is
q
16 8
called an irrational number.
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 ∶ √2, √3, √5, √6
Real numbers : 8) 16 ( 2
Rational numbers and irrational numbers 16
are together called real numbers. 0

Let p is a prime number and 𝑎 is a positive HCF(24, 40) = 8

2
integer. If p divides 𝑎 , then p divides 𝑎.
8) 20 (2 4) 8 ( 2
If a rational number has a terminating
decimal expansion, then its denominator 16 8

has the prime factorization of the form 4 0

2𝑚 5𝑛 .
HCF(8,20) = 4

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Solution :
𝑎×𝑏 5 140
𝐿𝐶𝑀(8, 20) =
𝐻 2 28
8 × 20
= 2 14
4
= 40 7

2) Find the HCF of 135 and 75 by the prime 140 = 5 × 22 × 7

factorization, hence find the LCM of 4) Express 156 as a product of its prime

HCF(135, 75) and 20. factors.

Solution : Solution :

75) 135 ( 1 60) 75 ( 1 2 156

75 60 2 78

60 15 3 39
13

15) 60 ( 4 156 = 3× 22 × 13

60 5) Find the HCF of 96 and 404 by the prime

0 factorization method. Hence find their

HCF(135, 75) = 15 LCM.

Solution :

15) 20 ( 1 5) 15 ( 3 2 96 2 404

15 15 2 48 2 202

5 0 2 24 101
2 12

HCF(15, 20) = 5 2 6
3

𝑎×𝑏 96 = 25 × 3
𝐿𝐶𝑀(15, 20) =
𝐻
15 × 20 404 = 22 × 101
=
5 HCF = 22 = 4
= 60
𝑎×𝑏
3) Express 140 as a product of its prime 𝐿𝐶𝑀 =
𝐻
factors.
96 × 404
=
4

= 24 × 404

= 9696

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6) Find the HCF and LCM of 6, 72 and 120 Solution :

using prime factorization method. 7 × 11 × 13 + 13
Solution : = 77 × 13 + 13
= 13(77 + 1)
5 120 2 6 2 72 = 13 × 78
2 24 3 2 36 It is expressed as a product of prime
2 12 2 18 factors.
2 6 3 9 ∴ It is a composite number.
3 3 9) Prove that 𝟕 × 𝟔 × 𝟓 × 𝟒 × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟏 +
𝟓 is a composite number.
120 = 23 × 3 × 5 Solution :
7×6×5×4×3×2×1+5
72 = 23 × 32
= 1008 × 5 + 5
6=2×3
= 5(1008 + 1)
HCF = 2 × 3 = 5 × 1009

=6 It is expressed as a product of prime

factors.
𝐿𝐶𝑀 = 23 × 32 × 5
∴ It is a composite number.
=8×9×5
10)Show that √𝟐 is irrational.
= 360 Solution :

𝟐𝟑 Assume that √2 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.

𝟕) 𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐧
𝟐𝟎 𝑎
𝐿𝑒𝑡 √2 = , 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒.
in the form of 𝟐𝒏 × 𝟓𝒎 . 𝑏
Solution : ⇒ √2𝑏 = 𝑎

5 20 ⟹ (√2𝑏)2 = 𝑎2
2 4 ⟹ 2𝑏 2 = 𝑎2
2 ⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎2
⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎
20 = 51 × 22
⟹ 𝑎 = 2𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑐.
It is terminating decimal.
⟹ 𝑎2 = 4𝑐 2
8) Prove that 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟏𝟑 is a
⟹ 2𝑏 2 = 4𝑐 2
composite number.
⟹ 𝑏 2 = 2𝑐 2
⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏 2
⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏
⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏
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⟹ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 ⟹ 5𝑏 2 = 25𝑐 2

This is a contradiction. ⟹ 𝑏 2 = 5𝑐 2
∴ √2 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙. ⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏 2

11)Show that √𝟑 is irrational. ⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏

Solution : ⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏

Assume that √3 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙. ⟹ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑎 This is a contradiction.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 √3 = , 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒.
𝑏 ∴ √5 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.
⇒ √3𝑏 = 𝑎
13)Show that 𝟑 + √𝟓 is irrational.
2 2
⟹ (√3𝑏) = 𝑎 Solution :
2 2
⟹ 3𝑏 = 𝑎
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 3 + √5 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.
⟹ 3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎2 𝑎
𝐿𝑒𝑡 3 + √5 = , 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒.
⟹ 3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎
⟹ 𝑎 = 3𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑐. ⟹ √5 = − 3
𝑏
⟹ 𝑎2 = 9𝑐 2
𝑎 − 3𝑏
⟹ 3𝑏 2 = 9𝑐 2 ⟹ √5 = ( )
𝑏
⟹ 𝑏 2 = 3𝑐 2 ⟹ √5 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
⟹ 3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏 2 This is a contradiction.
⟹ 3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏 ∴ 3 + √5 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
⟹ 3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏
14)Show that 6+√𝟐 is irrational.
⟹ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒
This is a contradiction.
Solution :
∴ √3 is irrational.
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 6 + √2 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.
12) Show that √𝟓 is irrational. 𝑎
𝐿𝑒𝑡 6 + √2 = , 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒.
Solution : 𝑏
𝑎
Assume that √5 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙. ⟹ √2 = − 6
𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 − 6𝑏
𝐿𝑒𝑡 √5 = , 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒. ⟹ √2 = ( )
𝑏 𝑏
⇒ √5𝑏 = 𝑎 ⟹ 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
⟹ (√5𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 This is a contradiction.
⟹ 5𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 ∴ 6 + √2 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎2 15)Show that 𝟑 + 𝟐√𝟓 is irrational.
⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎 Solution :
⟹ 𝑎 = 5𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑐.
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 3 + 2√5 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.
2 2
⟹ 𝑎 = 25𝑐

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𝑎
𝐿𝑒𝑡 3 + 2√5 =
𝑏
, 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒. Lesson – 9. Polynomials
𝑎 A polynomial is an algebraic expression
⟹ 2√5 = −3
𝑏
having only positive integers as exponents.
𝑎 − 3𝑏
⟹ 2√5 = ( ) Standard form of a polynomial :
𝑏
𝑎 − 3𝑏 The standard form or general form of a
⟹ √5 = ( )
2𝑏 polynomial is,
⟹ √5 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 .

This is a contradiction. where 𝑥 is the variable and a0, a1, a2 . . . .

∴ 3 + 2√5 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 are constants and 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0.

Degree of a polynomial :
16)Show that 𝟓 − √𝟑 is irrational.
The highest power of the variable in the
Solution :
polynomial is called degree of the
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 5 − √3 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.
𝑎 polynomial.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 5 − √3 = , 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑏 A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear
𝑎 polynomial and its standard form is
⟹ √3 = 5 −
𝑏
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏.
5𝑏 − 𝑎
⟹ √3 = ( ) A polynomial of degree 2 is called a
𝑏
⟹ √3 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 quadratic polynomial and its standard

This is a contradiction. form is given by, 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.

∴ 5 − √3 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic

polynomial and its standard form is given
by, 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑.
Zero of a polynomial :
A zero of a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) is a real
number ‘c’ such that p(c) = 0. The number
‘c’ is called the root of the equation p(x) =
0.
A linear polynomial has one zero.
A quadratic polynomial has two zeroes.
A cubic polynomial has three zeroes.
Graphs of polynomials :
The graph of the equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is a
straight line.
Graph of the equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is
a parabola.
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Division Algorithm : 𝑥2 = 3
If a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) is divided by an 𝑥 = ±√3
another polynomial 𝑔(𝑥), then 𝑥 = √3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − √3
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥). 𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑟(𝑥). 3) Find the zeroes of the quadratic
Where, 𝑞(𝑥) is the quotient and 𝑟(𝑥) is the polynomial 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖.
remainder. Solution :
That is, 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 0 − 8𝑥 2
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 8 = 0 − 4𝑥, +2𝑥
Relationship between zeroes and
𝑥(𝑥 − 4) + 2(𝑥 − 4) = 0
coefficients :
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
Let 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are two zeroes of the quadratic
𝑥−4=0 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 + 2 = 0
polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, then sum
𝑥=4 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 = −2
and product of zeroes are given by,
4) Find the zeroes of the quadratic
𝑏
𝛼+𝛽 =− polynomial 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 and verify the
𝑎
𝑐 relationship between the zeroes and the
𝛼𝛽 =
𝑎 co-efficients.
Let 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 are three zeroes of the cubic Solution :
3 2
polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 , 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10 = 0 10𝑥 2
then, 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 10 = 0 + 5𝑥, +2𝑥
𝑏 𝑥(𝑥 + 5) + 2(𝑥 + 5) = 0
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =−
𝑎
𝑐 (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 =
𝑎 𝑥+5=0 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝑑 𝑥 = −5 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 = −2
𝛼𝛽𝛾 = −
𝑎
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 = −5 − 2 = −7
Problems :
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 = (−5)(−2) = 10
𝟐
1) If 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑, then find P(-2).
Solution :
𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10 = 0
2
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 7, 𝑐 = 10
𝑃(−2) = (−2)2 − 2(−2) + 3
−𝑏 7
=4+4+3 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 = = − = −7
𝑎 1
= 11 𝑐 10
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 = = = 10
2) Find the zeroes of the polynomial 𝑎 1
Hence verified.
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑.
Solution :
𝑥2 − 3 = 0

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5) If 𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜷 are the zeroes of the Sum = - 2

polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 , then Product = 2
find the sum and product of zeroes. The quadratic polynomial is,
Solution : 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 𝑥 2 − (−3)𝑥 + 2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −4, 𝑐 = 3 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
𝑏 8) If a polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 is divided
𝛼+𝛽 =−
𝑎 by a linear polynomial (𝒙 − 𝟐), then find
−(−4)
= the remainder.
1
=4 Solution :
𝑐 𝑥 2 − 4 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
𝛼𝛽 = =
𝑎 𝑥−2 (𝑥 − 2)
3 =𝑥+2
=
1 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑥 + 2
=3
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 0
6) The sum and product of the zeroes of a
9) Find the quotient and the remainder
quadratic polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +
when 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 is
𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 are – 3 and 2 respectively. Show
divided by 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏.
that 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟓𝒂.
Solution :
Solution :
3𝑥 − 5
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 = −3
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5
𝑏
− = −3 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
𝑎 (-) (-) (-)
𝑏 2
=3 − 5𝑥 – 𝑥 + 5
𝑎
−5𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 5
𝑏 = 3𝑎 . . . . . . . (1) (+) (+) (+)
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 = 2 9𝑥 + 10
𝑐
=2 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 3𝑥 − 5
𝑎
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 9𝑥 + 10
𝑐 = 2𝑎 . . . . . (2)
10)If 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟐
Adding (1) and (2),
find 𝒒(𝒙) and 𝒓(𝒙).
𝑏 + 𝑐 = 3𝑎 + 2𝑎
= 5𝑎
7) Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum
and product of whose zeroes are – 3 and
2, respectively.
Solution :
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Solution : Solution :
𝑥+2 √2 and −√2 are zeroes of 𝑃(𝑥).
𝑥+2 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 ∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − √2)(𝑥 + √2)
2
𝑥 + 2𝑥
(-) (-)
= 𝑥 2 − (√2)2

2𝑥 + 4 = 𝑥2 − 2
2𝑥 + 4
(-) (-)
2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 15
0
𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 19𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 30
𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2
2𝑥 4 + 0𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2
𝑟(𝑥) = 0 (-) (-) (+)

11)If two zeroes of the polynomial 7𝑥 3 – 15𝑥 2 − 14𝑥

𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟏𝟖 are 3 and – 7𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 − 14𝑥

(-) (-) (+)
3, find other zero of the polynomial. −15𝑥 2 − 0𝑥 + 30
Solution : −15𝑥 2 − 0𝑥 + 30
3 and – 3 are zeroes of 𝑃(𝑥) (+) (+) (−)

∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3) 0

= 𝑥 2 − 32
= 𝑥2 − 9 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 15 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃(𝑥).

2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 15 = 0
𝑥+2
2𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 15 = 0
𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 − 9 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 18
2𝑥(𝑥 + 5) − 3(𝑥 + 5) = 0
𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 − 9𝑥
(-) (-) (+) (𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 − 3) = 0
2
2𝑥 – 0𝑥 − 18 𝑥+5=0 𝑂𝑅 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
2
2𝑥 + 0𝑥 − 18 𝑥 = −5 𝑂𝑅 2𝑥 = 3
(-) (-) (+)
3
0 𝑥=
2
3
(𝑥 + 2) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃(𝑥) ∴ −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃(𝑥)
2
∴ 𝑥 = −2 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑃(𝑥) 13)On dividing 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
12)Find all zeroes of the polynomial by a polynomial 𝒈(𝒙), the quotient and
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝟕𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝟎 , remainder obtained are (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓) and
if two of its zeroes are √𝟐 and −√𝟐. (𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎) respectively. Find 𝒈(𝒙).

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Solution : 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 + 2𝑥 − 4
=
By Division Lemma, 𝑥−2
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) × 𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑟(𝑥) =
𝑥−2
𝑃(𝑥) − 𝑟(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑞(𝑥)
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
3 2
3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 − (9𝑥 + 10)
= 𝑥−2 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2
(3𝑥 − 5)
3 2
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2
3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 − 9𝑥 − 10 (-) (+)
=
3𝑥 − 5 −𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 5
= −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
3𝑥 − 5 (+) (-)

𝑥−2
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 𝑥−2
3𝑥 − 5 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 5 (-) (+)

3𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 0
(-) (+)

6𝑥 2 – 7𝑥
∴ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
2
6𝑥 − 10𝑥
(-) (+) 15)If one zero of the polynomial
3𝑥 − 5 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝒌 is twice the other
3𝑥 − 5 then find the value of 𝒌.
(-) (+) Solution :
0 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝑘.
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −6, 𝑐 = 𝑘
2
∴ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝛼 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃(𝑥).
𝑏
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 = −
14)On dividing 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝑎
by a polynomial 𝒈(𝒙), the quotient and −(−6)
𝛼 + 2𝛼 =
1
remainder obtained are (𝒙 − 𝟐) and
3𝛼 = 6
(−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒) respectively. Find 𝒈(𝒙).
6
Solution : 𝛼=
3
By Division Lemma, 𝛼=2
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) × 𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑟(𝑥) 𝑐
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 =
𝑎
𝑃(𝑥) − 𝑟(𝑥) 𝑘
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝛼(2𝛼) =
𝑞(𝑥) 1
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 − (−2𝑥 + 4) 2𝛼 2 = 𝑘
=
(𝑥 − 2)
2(22 ) = 𝑘
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2(4) = 𝑘 𝑘 = −2
8=𝑘 18)If 𝒙 = 𝟐is one of the zeroes of the
∴𝑘=8 polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒌 then
16)If the sum and product of the zeroes of find the value of 𝒌.
the polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒄 Solution :
are equal to 10, then find the values of 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑘
𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄. 𝑃(2) = 22 − 5(2) + 𝑘
= 4 − 10 + 𝑘
Solution : = −6 + 𝑘
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 = 2 is a zero of 𝑃(𝑥)
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 = 10 ∴ 𝑃(2) = 0
𝑏 −6 + 𝑘 = 0
− = 10
𝑎 𝑘=6
−(−5)
= 10 19)Find the polynomial of least degree that
𝑎
5 = 10𝑎 should be subtracted from the

5 polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒

𝑎=
10 so that it is exactly divisible by 𝒈(𝒙) =
1 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏.
𝑎=
2
Solution :
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 = 10
𝑥+1
𝑐
= 10
𝑎 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
𝑐 = 10𝑎 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1𝑥
(-) (+) (-)
1
= 10 × 2
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4
2
=5 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1
(-) (+) (-)
17)If (𝒙 − 𝟐) is a factor of the polynomial
5𝑥 + 3
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝒌 then find the value
of k. 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 5𝑥 + 3
Solution :
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑘
𝑃(2) = 22 − 2 + 𝑘
=4−2+𝑘
=2+𝑘
(𝑥 − 2) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃(𝑥)
∴2+𝑘 =0

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Lesson-10. Quadratic Equations

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
An algebraic equation involving a single 𝑥=
2𝑎
variable with degree 2 is called a quadratic
−(−7) ± √(−7)2 − 4(2)(3)
equation. =
2(2)
Standard form of a quadratic equation :
7 ± √49 − 24
The standard form of a quadratic equation =
4
is 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 , where 𝑥 is the 7 ± √25
=
variable and a, b and c are constants. 4
7±5
Solution of a quadratic equation : =
4
The value of the variable 𝑥 that satisfies
7+5 7−5
2
the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑥= 𝑂𝑅 𝑥=
4 4
0 is called solution or root of the equation. 12 2
𝑥 = 𝑂𝑅 𝑥=
The quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 4 4
1
0 has 2 roots or solutions. 𝑥=3 𝑂𝑅 𝑥=
2
Nature of the roots :
Nature of the roots of the quadratic 2) Find the roots of the quadratic equation
2
equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 is 𝟑𝒙𝟐 – 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 by using formula.
determined by the expression b2 – 4ac and Solution :
this expression is called discriminant of the 3𝑥 2 – 5𝑥 + 2 = 0
quadratic equation. Here a = 3, b = - 5, c = 2.
Discriminant = b2 – 4ac.
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
If b2 – 4ac > 0, then the roots are real and 𝑥=
2𝑎
distinct. −(−5) ± √(−5)2 − 4(3)(2)
=
If b2 – 4ac = 0, then the roots are real and 2(3)
equal. 5 ± √25 − 24
=
If b2 – 4ac < 0, then the roots are not real 6

and do not exist. 5 ± √1

=
6
Problems :
5±1
1) Solve the equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 – 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 =
6
using formula. 5+1 5−1
𝑥= 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 =
Solution : 6 6
6 4
2𝑥 2 – 7𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑥 = 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 =
6 6
Here a = 2, b = - 7, c = 3. 2
𝑥=1 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 =
3

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3) Solve 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 by sing 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 = 0

formula. Here a = 1, b = 4, c = 5.
Solution : −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4 = 0 2𝑎
Here a = 2, b = 1, c = 4. −4 ± √(4)2 − 4(1)(5)
=
2(1)
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= −4 ± √16 − 20
2𝑎
=
2
−1 ± √(1)2 − 4(2)(4)
= −4 ± √−4
2(2) =
2
−1 ± √1 − 32
= Roots are not real.
4
6) Find the roots of the quadratic equation
−1 ± √−31
= 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 by using formula.
4
Roots are not real. Solution :
4) Find the roots of the equation 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4 = 0
𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 – 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 using formula. Here a = 2, b = 1, c = - 4.
Solution : −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 10 = 0 2𝑎
Here, a = 6, b = 7, c =10 . −1 ± √(1)2 − 4(2)(−4)
=
2(2)
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= −1 ± √1 + 32
2𝑎
=
4
−7 ± √(7)2 − 4(6)(−10)
= −1 ± √33
2(6) =
4
−7 ± √49 + 240
= −1 + √33 −1 − √33
12 𝑥= 𝑂𝑅 𝑥=
4 4
−7 ± √289
= 𝟏
12 𝟕) 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒙 + = 𝟑.
𝒙
−7 ± 17
= Solution :
12
−7 + 17 −7 − 17 1
𝑥= 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 = 𝑥+ =3
12 12 𝑥
10 −24 𝑥2 + 1
𝑥 = 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 = =3
12 12 𝑥
5 𝑥 2 + 1 = 3𝑥
𝑥= 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 = −2
6 𝑥 2 – 3𝑥 + 1 = 0
5) Find the roots of the quadratic equation Here a = 1, b = -3, c = 1.
𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 by using formula.
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Solution : 𝑥=
2𝑎
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−(−3) ± √(−3)2 − 4(1)(1) 9) Find the discriminant of the quadratic

=
2(1) equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 – 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 and hence
3 ± √9 − 4 find the nature of the roots.
=
2 Solution :
3 ± √5 2𝑥 2 – 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
=
2
Here a = 2, b = - 4 and c = 3.
3 + √5 3 − √5
𝑥= 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 = Discriminant = b2 – 4ac.
2 2
𝟏 𝟏 = (-4)2 – 4(2)(3)
𝟖) 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 − =𝟑
𝒙 𝒙−𝟐 = 16 – 24
Solution : =-8
1 1 <0
− =3
𝑥 𝑥−2
∴ Roots are not real.
1(𝑥 − 2) − 1(𝑥)
=3 10)Find the discriminant of the quadratic
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥 – 2 – 𝑥 = 3𝑥(𝑥 – 2) equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 and hence

− 2 = 3𝑥 2 – 6𝑥 find the nature of the roots.

3𝑥 2 – 6𝑥 + 2 = 0 Solution :

Here a = 3, b = - 6, c = 2. 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4 = 0
Here a = 2, b = 1 and c = - 4.
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= Discriminant = b2 – 4ac.
2𝑎
−(−6) ± √(−6)2 − 4(3)(2) = (1)2 – 4(2)(-4)
=
2(3) = 1 + 32
6 ± √36 − 24 = 33
=
6 >0
6 ± √12 ∴ Roots are real and distinct.
=
6
11)Find the nature of the roots of the
6 ± √4 × 3
= quadratic equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 – 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝟎.
6
Solution :
6 ± 2√3
=
6 2𝑥 2 – 3𝑥 + 5 = 0
2(3 ± √3 ) Here a = 2, b = - 3 and c = 5.
=
6 Discriminant = b2 – 4ac.
3 ± √3 = (- 3)2 – 4(2)(5)
𝑥=
3
= 9 – 40
3 + √3 3 − √3
𝑥= 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 = = - 31
3 3
< 0
∴ Roots are not real.

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12)Find the nature of the roots of the 15)Find the value of k so that the quadratic
quadratic equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 – 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎. equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 has
Solution : equal roots.
2𝑥 2 – 6𝑥 + 3 = 0 Solution :
Here a = 2, b = - 6 and c = 3. 2𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 3 = 0
Discriminant = b2 – 4ac. a = 2, b = k , c = 3
= (- 6)2 – 4(2)(3) Roots are equal.
= 36 – 24 ∴ b2 – 4ac = 0
= 12 (k)2 – 4(2)(3) = 0
> 0 k2 – 24 = 0
∴ Roots are real and distinct. k2 = 24
13)Find the nature of the roots of the 𝑘 = √24
quadratic equation 𝟗𝒙𝟐 – 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝑘 = √4 × 6
Solution : 𝑘 = 2√ 6
2
9𝑥 – 6𝑥 + 1 = 0 16)Find the value of k for which the
Here a = 9, b = - 6 and c = 1. quadratic equation 𝒌𝒙(𝒙 – 𝟐) + 𝟔 =
Discriminant = b2 – 4ac. 𝟎 has equal roots.
= (- 6)2 – 4(9)(1) Solution :
= 36 – 36 𝑘𝑥(𝑥 – 2) + 6 = 0
=0 𝑘𝑥 2 – 2𝑘𝑥 + 6 = 0
∴ Roots are real and equal. a = k, b = - 2k, c = 6
𝟏𝟒) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 Roots are equal.
𝟏
𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟑𝒙𝟐 – 𝟐𝒙 + = 𝟎 ∴ b2 – 4ac = 0
𝟑
Solution : (- 2k)2 – 4(k)(6) = 0

1 4k2 – 24k = 0
2
3𝑥 – 2𝑥 + = 0
3 4k(k – 6) = 0
1
Here a = 3, b = - 2 and c = . 4k = 0 OR (k – 6) = 0
3

Discriminant = b2 – 4ac. k=0 OR k=6

1
= (- 2)2 – 4(3)( )
3

=4–4
=0
∴ Roots are real and equal.

Word Problems :
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1) The length of a rectangular field is 3 250𝑥 − 250𝑥 + 6250 1

=
times its breadth. If the area of the field 𝑥(𝑥 − 25) 2
6250 1
is 147 cm2, find its length and breadth. =
𝑥 2 − 25𝑥 2
Solution :
12500 = 𝑥 2 − 25𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑥
𝑥 2 − 25𝑥 − 12500 = 0
∴ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 3𝑥
𝑥 2 − 125𝑥 + 100𝑥 − 12500 = 0
2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 147 𝑐𝑚 .
𝑥(𝑥 − 125) + 100(𝑥 − 125) = 0
𝑙 × 𝑏 = 147
(𝑥 − 125)(𝑥 + 100) = 0
(3𝑥)(𝑥) = 147
(𝑥 − 125) = 0 𝑂𝑅 (𝑥 + 100) = 0
3𝑥 2 = 147
𝑥 = 125 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 = −100
147
𝑥2 = ∴ 𝑥 = 125
3
𝑥 2 = 49 So, the required number of children is 125.
3) Sanvi purchased some books for Rs.
𝑥 = √49
120. If she purchased 3 more books for
𝑥 = 7
the same amount each book would have
∴ Breadth of the rectangle = 7 cm.
cost her Rs. 2 less. Find the number of
Length of the rectangle = 21 cm.
books purchased by Sanvi and the price
2) A person distributes Rs. 250 to all
of the book.
children in a class, if the number of
4) Some students planned for a picnic. The
children is increased by 25, each child
budget for the food was Rs. 480. As eight
get 50 paise less than the first
of them failed to join the party, the cost
distribution. Find the number of
of the food for each member would be
children.
increased by Rs. 10. Find how many
Solution :
students went for the picnic?
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 = 𝑥
250 5) A train travels a distance of 480 km at a
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑 =
𝑥 uniform speed. If the speed had been
𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 – 25, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 8 km/hr less, then it would have taken 3
250 hours more to cover the same distance.
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑 =
𝑥 − 25
Find the speed of the train.
1
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 50 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑠. Solution :
2
250 250 1 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑥
∴ − =
𝑥 − 25 𝑥 2 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 =
250𝑥 − 250(𝑥 − 25) 1 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
=
(𝑥 − 25)𝑥 2 480
∴ 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 =
𝑥

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𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 − 8, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 5 𝑘𝑚 /ℎ𝑟

480 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑥 + 5
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 =
𝑥−8 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑥 − 5
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 3 ℎ𝑟
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 30 𝑘𝑚
480 480
∴ − =3 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 30 𝑘𝑚
𝑥−8 𝑥
480𝑥 − 480(𝑥 − 8) 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
=3 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 =
𝑥(𝑥 − 8) 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

480𝑥 − 480𝑥 + 3840 30

=3 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 =
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 𝑥+5
3840 30
=3 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 =
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 𝑥−5
3840 = 3(𝑥 2 − 8𝑥) 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 = 4ℎ𝑟 30 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
1
3840 = 3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 =4 ℎ𝑟
2
3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 − 3840 = 0
9
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 3 = ℎ𝑟
2
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 1280 = 0 30 30 9
∴ + =
𝑥+5 𝑥−5 2
𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 + 32𝑥 − 1280 = 0
30(𝑥 − 5) + 30(𝑥 + 5) 9
𝑥(𝑥 − 40) + 32(𝑥 − 40) = 0 =
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 5) 2
(𝑥 − 40)(𝑥 + 32) = 0
30𝑥 − 150 + 30𝑥 + 150 9
(𝑥 − 40) = 0 =
𝑂𝑅 (𝑥 + 32) = 0 𝑥 2 − 52 2
𝑥 = 40 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 = −32 60𝑥 9
2
=
𝑥 − 25 2
∴ 𝑥 = 40
120𝑥 = 9(𝑥 2 − 25)
Speed of the train is 40 km/hr.
120𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 − 225
6) A train travels 360 km at a uniform
9𝑥 2 − 120𝑥 − 225 = 0
speed. If the speed had been 5 km/hr
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 3
more, it would have taken 1 hour less
3𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 − 75 = 0 − 225𝑥 2
for the same journey. Find the speed of
3𝑥 2 − 45𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 75 = 0 − 45𝑥, +5𝑥
the train.
3𝑥(𝑥 − 15) + 5(𝑥 − 15) = 0
7) A motor boat goes down the stream
(𝑥 − 15)(3𝑥 + 5) = 0
30 km and again returns to the starting
(𝑥 − 15) = 0 𝑂𝑅 (3𝑥 + 5) = 0
point in a total time of 4 hours and 30
𝑥 = 15 𝑂𝑅 3𝑥 = −5
minutes. If the speed of the stream is
5
5 km/hr, then find the speed of the 𝑥=−
3
motor boat in still water. ∴ 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 15𝑘𝑚/ℎ
Solution :
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑥

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8) A motor boat whose speed is 18 km/hr 9) A motor boat whose speed is 15 km/hr
in still water takes 1 hour more to go 24 in still water goes 30 km downstream
km upstream than to return and comes back in a total of 4 hours 30
downstream to the same spot. Find the minutes; determine the speed of the
speed of the stream. stream.
Solution : 10)A motor boat, whose speed is 9 km/hr
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑥 in still water, goes 12 km downstream
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 18 𝑘𝑚 /ℎ𝑟 and comes back in a total time of 3
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 18 + 𝑥 hours. Find the speed of the stream.
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 18 − 𝑥 11)The sum of the ages of a father and his
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 24 𝑘𝑚 son is 45 years. Five years ago, the
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 24 𝑘𝑚 product of their ages in years was 124.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 Find their present ages.
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 Solution :
24
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 = 𝑥
18 + 𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑛 = 45 − 𝑥
24
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑜, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 = 𝑥 − 5
18 − 𝑥
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑛 = 40 − 𝑥
24 24 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 = 124
∴ − =1
18 − 𝑥 18 + 𝑥 (𝑥 − 5) (40 − 𝑥) = 124
24(18 + 𝑥) − 24(18 − 𝑥)
=1 40𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 200 + 5𝑥 − 124 = 0
(18 − 𝑥)(18 + 𝑥)
−𝑥 2 + 45𝑥 − 324 = 0
432 + 24𝑥 − 432 + 24𝑥
=1 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 (−1)
182 − 𝑥 2
48𝑥 𝑥 2 − 45𝑥 + 324 = 0
=1
324 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 324 = 0
2
48𝑥 = 1(324 − 𝑥 )
𝑥(𝑥 − 36) − 9(𝑥 − 36) = 0
48𝑥 = 324 − 𝑥 2
(𝑥 − 36)(𝑥 − 9) = 0
𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 − 324 = 0
(𝑥 − 36) = 0 𝑂𝑅 (𝑥 − 9) = 0
𝑥 2 + 54𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 324 = 0
𝑥 = 36 𝑂𝑅 𝑥=9
𝑥(𝑥 + 54) − 6(𝑥 + 54) = 0
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 36 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑
(𝑥 + 54)(𝑥 − 6) = 0
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 9 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠.
(𝑥 + 54) = 0 𝑂𝑅 (𝑥 − 6) = 0
𝑥 = −54 𝑂𝑅 𝑥=6
∴𝑥=6
∴ 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑖𝑠 6 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 .

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

Problems :
Lesson-11. Trigonometry.
1) If 15cotA = 8, then find sinA and secA.
Introduction :
Solution
Trigonometry is the study of relationships
15𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 = 8
between the sides and angles of a triangle.
8 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Trigonometric ratios : 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 = =
15 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
C
A

8
Hypotenuse 17
Opposite side

B C
B A 15
Adjacent side
By Pythagorus theorem,
Consider the right angled triangle ∆ ABC in AC2 = AB2 + BC2.
which ∠B = 900 and ∠A is acute. Then we = 82 + 152.
define the 6 trigonometric ratios as, = 64 + 225
Opposite side = 289
SinA =
Hypotenuse
𝐴𝐶 = √289
Adjacent side
CosA = 𝐴𝐶 = 17
Hypotenuse
Opposite side 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 15
TanA = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 = =
Adjacent side 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 17
Hypotenuse 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 8
CosecA = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝐴 = =
Opposite side 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 17
Hypotenuse 𝟏𝟐
SecA = 𝟑) 𝑰𝒇 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = ,
Adjacent side 𝟏𝟑
Opposite side 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽.
CotA =
Adjacent side Solution :
Reciprocal Ratios : 12 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = =
1 1 13 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
SinA = OR CosecA =
CosecA SinA A
1 1
CosA = OR SecA = 𝜃
SecA CosA
1 1 13
TanA = OR CotA =
CotA TanA
SinA CosA 12
TanA = OR CotA = B C
CosA SinA 12
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By Pythagorus theorem, 12 5
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (13 + 13)
AC2 = AB2 + BC2. =
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (12 − 5 )
132 = AB2 + 122. 13 13
12 + 5
169 = AB2 + 144 ( )
= 13
AB2 = 169 – 144. 12 − 5
( )
13
= 25 17
=
𝐴𝐵 = √25 7
AB = 5 𝟓) 𝑰𝒇 𝟐𝟒 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝟕,
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 5 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽.
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 13 Solution :
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 12 24 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 7
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 5
7 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =
𝟒) 𝑰𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 . 24 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝟏𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
Solution : A
5 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = 𝜃
13 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
25
A 24

𝜃
13 B C
5 7
By Pythagorus theorem,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2.
B C
12 AC2 = 242 + 72.

By Pythagorus theorem, = 576 + 49

AC2 = AB2 + BC2. = 625.

132 = 52 + BC2. 𝐴𝐶 = √625

169 = 25 + BC2. AC = 25

BC2 = 169 – 25.

= 25 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 7
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 25
𝐵𝐶 = √144
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 24
BC = 12 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 25

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

Trigonometric Ratios of Standard angles :

𝜽 00 300 450 600 900 Solution :
Sin 0 1 1 √3 1 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 450 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 300 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 600
2 √2 2 2 2
√3 √3
Cos 1 1 1 0 = 2(1)2 + ( ) − ( )
√3 2 2
2 √2 2
3 3
Tan 0 1 1 ND = 2(1) + −
√3 4 4
√3 =2
𝟗) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 , 𝑩 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 ,
Problems :
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝟏) 𝑰𝒇 √𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜽 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒆, 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩.
𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽. Solution :
Solution : 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
√3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 1 = cos(600 + 300 )
1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠900
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
√3
=0
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛300
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
∴ 𝜃 = 300
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠600 𝑐𝑜𝑠300 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛600 𝑠𝑖𝑛300
0) 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3(30 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(30 )
1 √3 √3 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛900 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠600 = × − ×
2 2 2 2
1
=1+ √3 √3
2 = −
4 4
3
= =0
2
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
𝟐) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇
Hence Proved.
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎𝟎 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝟓𝟎 .
Trigonometric ratios of Complementary
Solution :
angles .
𝑠𝑖𝑛300 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠600 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 450
C
1 1
= × − (1)2
2 2
900 - A
1
= −1
4
3
=−
4
𝟖) 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 ∶
B A
𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝟓𝟎 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟑𝟎𝟎 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟑𝟎𝟐

𝑆𝑖𝑛(900 − 𝐴) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴
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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

𝐶𝑜𝑠(900 − 𝐴) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 Trigonometric Identities :

𝑡𝑎𝑛(900 − 𝐴) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 − 𝐴) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
𝑠𝑒𝑐(900 − 𝐴) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 𝑂𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑡(900 − 𝐴) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
Problems : 𝑂𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

1) If tan2A =cot(A-180), where 2A is an

2) 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
acute angle, find the value of A.
Solution : 𝑂𝑅 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1

𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝐴 = cot(𝐴 − 180 ) 𝑂𝑅 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 1

cot(900 − 2𝐴) = cot(𝐴 − 180 )
3) 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
0 0
90 − 2𝐴 = A − 18
2𝐴 + 𝐴 = 900 + 180 𝑂𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1

3𝐴 = 1080 𝑂𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 1

1080
𝐴= Problems :
3
𝐴 = 360 𝟏) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝟐) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟗𝟎 − 𝑨) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟗𝟎 − 𝑨)
+
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝟓𝟎 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝑨
+ =𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝟎 . 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝟓𝟎 . 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟔𝟓𝟎 . 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟖𝟓𝟎 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨.
Solution :
Solution :
sin(90 − 𝐴) cos(90 − 𝐴)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 700 cos 550 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 350 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = +
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = + 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
sin 200 tan 50 . tan 250 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛650 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛850
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛200 sin 350 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐350 = +
= + 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
sin 200 tan50 . tan250 . cot250 . cot50
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛200 𝑠𝑖𝑛350 × = +
𝑠𝑖𝑛350 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= + (1 − ) (1 − )
𝑠𝑖𝑛200 1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
tan 50 . tan 250 . .
𝑡𝑎𝑛25 𝑡𝑎𝑛50 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
1 = +
=1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
( ) ( )
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
=1+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= +
=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = −
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
Hence Proved.
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)
=
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)

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= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

= [ − ]
= 𝑅𝐻𝑆 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Hence Proved. 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃

= [ ]
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝟐) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)
+ = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽. =
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Solution : (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)
=
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = + 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
= 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = +
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 + 2(1)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
= 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = +1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 1
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Hence Proved.
2 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝟒) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕,
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝒄𝒐𝒕𝑨 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝑨 − 𝟏
2(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = .
= 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝑨 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝑨 + 𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Solution :
2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝟑) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 ( − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
( + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)
+ = 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽 𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
1
Solution : 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 ( − 1)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 ( + 1)
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 + 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Hence Proved.
1− 1−
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
5) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝑨)𝟐 + (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝑨)𝟐
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝟕 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝑨.
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 Solution :
= +
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴)2 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴)2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 +
= −
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴

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= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 + 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 + 2 2

=
= 1 + 4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1
= 5 + 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 + 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 =2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 7 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
Hence Proved. Hence Proved.
𝟔)𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕,
𝟖) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕,
𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
− = 𝟒 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽. 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽. 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽)𝟐 .
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
Solution : Solution :
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
− 𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 − (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= = ×
(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − (1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2
= = 2
12 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 12 + 2(1)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
= =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
= =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
= 4. . = + +
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
= 4𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 + 2. . + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
Hence Proved. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝟕) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕, = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃)2
+ = 𝟐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽.
𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽) Hence Proved.
Solutiuon 𝟗) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕,
sin(90 − 𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
+ + = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽.
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 − cos(90 − 𝜃) 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Solution :
= +
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
+
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
=
(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
=
12 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
=
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 12 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
=
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
= 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 1
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 Hence Proved.
= +
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝟏𝟐) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1
= + × 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨 – 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
1 1 Solution :
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + ×
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
Hence Proved. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
𝟏𝟎) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕, 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
=
(𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝑨 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝑨) (𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝑨) = 𝟐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
Solution : 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴)
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴)(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 1 =
= (1 + − ) (1 + + ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 1 = . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= (1 + ) (1 + ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 1
=( )( ) Hence Proved.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)2 − 12 𝟏𝟑) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 1 𝟐
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨
𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑨
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 Solution :
1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 1
= 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 (1 − )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
=2 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
(1 + )
𝟏𝟏) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴

𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
Solution : =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
( )
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

= . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨 Hence Proved.

𝟏𝟒) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 − 𝟏
𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨 𝟏𝟔) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕,
Solution : 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟗𝟎 − 𝛉)
2 = 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝟗𝟎 − 𝛉) − 𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝟗𝟎 − 𝛉)
𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 Solution :
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
(1 − ) sin(90 − θ)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 LHS =
= cosec(90 − θ) − cot(90 − θ)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
(1 + )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
=
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
( ) −
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1 =
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴) 2 =
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
=
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 1 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨 = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝟏𝟓) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝟐
= 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨
𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑨 Hence Proved.

1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 𝟏𝟕) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕,

𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
(1 − ) √ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
(1 + ) Solution :
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = √
= 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 =√
= 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= =√ ×
1 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2
=√
= 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 12 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

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2(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 =
= √ (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃.
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= + Hence Proved.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝟐𝟎) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕,
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
Hence Proved. = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 + 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
Solution :
𝟏𝟖) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝟐 𝟐
𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
(𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨) (𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑨) = 𝟏. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
Solution : 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
( − )
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = (1 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴)(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴) 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
( + )
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴) (1 + ) 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 ( )
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
( )
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴) ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 =
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴) ( ) 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
=1 = ×
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Hence Proved. (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2
=
𝟏𝟗) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕, 12 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 12 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2(1)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
+ = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 =
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
Solution : 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = + 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = + −
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 2 .
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 12 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2(1)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
= = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= Hence Proved.
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 + 1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝟐𝟏)𝑰𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒑 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 + 𝒒 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅
=
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝒚 = 𝒑 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 + 𝒒 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
2 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕, 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒒𝟐 − 𝒑𝟐 .
=
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

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Solution : Lesson - 12.

𝑥2 − 𝑦2
Applications of Trigonometry.
= (𝑝 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝑞 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)2 − (𝑝 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑞 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)2
= 𝑝2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑞 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 + 2𝑝𝑞. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 Heights and Distances :

− 𝑝2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑞 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝑝𝑞. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 One of the applications of Trigonometry is

= 𝑝2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃) + 𝑞 2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃) to find the heights and distances of various
= 𝑝2 (−1) + 𝑞 2 (1) objects, without actually measuring them.

= −𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 Line of sight :

= 𝑞 2 − 𝑝2 Line of sight is the line drawn from the eye

= 𝑅𝐻𝑆 of an observer to the point in the object.

𝟏𝟗) 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕, Angle of elevation :

𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 (𝟗𝟎 − 𝜽) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 Angle of elevation is the angle formed by

+
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 the line of sight with the horizontal when
𝟏 the object is viewed above the horizontal.
=
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽
𝟐
Angle of depression :
Solution :
Angle of depression is the angle formed by
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 (90 − 𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = + the line of sight with the horizontal when
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 the object is viewed below the horizontal.
= +
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 Problems :
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1 1) As observed from top of a 75 m high
( ) ( 2 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= + light house, angles of depressions of two
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1 1
( − 1) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ships are 300 and 450. If one ship is
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1 exactly behind the other on the same
( ) ( 2 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= + side of the light house, find the distance
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
( ) ( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 between the two ships.
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 Solution :
= +
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
2 2
A
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 300 450
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1
= Light House
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
75 m

450 300
B
C D
Ship 1 Ship 2

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐶
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 , tan 450 = 𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐶𝐷𝐸, 𝑡𝑎𝑛 600 =
𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐸
75 ℎ
1= √3 =
𝐵𝐶 𝑥
𝐵𝐶 = 75 𝑚 𝑥√3 = ℎ
𝐴𝐵 ℎ
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐷, tan 300 = 𝑥=
𝐵𝐷 √3
1 75 𝐴𝐵
= 𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐸, tan 600 =
√3 𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝐸
2ℎ
𝐵𝐷 = 75√3 𝑚 √3 =
90 − 𝑥
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐵𝐷 − 𝐵𝐶 2ℎ = (90 − 𝑥)√3
= 75√3 − 75 2ℎ = 90√3 − 𝑥√3
= 75(√3 − 1) 𝑚 ℎ
2ℎ = 90√3 − ( ) √3
∴ 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑖𝑠 √3

75(√3 − 1) 𝑚. 2ℎ = 90√3 − ℎ

2) A man observes two vertical poles 3ℎ = 90√3

which are fixed opposite to each other 90√3

ℎ=
3
on either side of the road. If the width of
ℎ = 30√3 𝑚
the road is 90 feet and heights of the
∴ 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 30√3 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 60√3 𝑚.
poles are in the ratio 1 : 2, also the angle
3) From the top of a building 20 meter
of elevation of their tops from a point
high, the angle of elevation of the top of
between the line joining the foot of the
a vertical pole is 300, and the angle of
poles on the road is 600. Find the heights
depression of the foot of the same pole
of the poles.
is 600. Find the height of the pole.
Solution :
Solution :
A
A

C
Pole
𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 1 300
E C
2ℎ
B 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 2 600
ℎ Building
20 m
600 600
B D
90 − 𝑥 E 𝑥
B D
Road
(90feet)
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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

𝐴𝐸 Solution :
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐸𝐶, tan 300 =
𝐶𝐸 A
300
1 𝐴𝐸 600
=
√3 𝐶𝐸
Temple 1
𝐶𝐸 = 𝐴𝐸√3 50 m
300 C
𝐵𝐸 E
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐵𝐶𝐸, tan 600 =
𝐶𝐸

20 Temple 2
√3 =
𝐴𝐸 √3
600
√3 × 𝐴𝐸√3 = 20
B D
𝐴𝐸(√3)2 = 20 𝐴𝐵
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐷, tan 600 =
𝐵𝐷
𝐴𝐸(3) = 20 50
√3 =
20 𝐵𝐷
𝐴𝐸 =
3 √3 × 𝐵𝐷 = 50

2 50
=6 𝑚 𝐵𝐷 =
3 √3
𝐴𝐸
∴ 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 𝐴𝐸 + 𝐵𝐸 𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐶𝐸, tan 300 =
𝐸𝐶
20 1 𝐴𝐸
= + 20 =
3 √3 𝐵𝐷

20 + 60 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐴𝐸√3
= 𝐵𝐷
3
𝐴𝐸 =
√3
80
= 50 1
3 𝐴𝐸 = ×
√3 √3
2
= 26 𝑚 50
3 𝐴𝐸 =
3
4) There are two temples one on each bank of 2
𝐴𝐸 = 16 𝑚
3
a river just opposite to each other. One
∴ 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝐵𝐷
temple is 50 m high. From the top of this 50
=
temple, the angles of depression of the top √3
50 √3
and foot of other temple are 300 and 600 = ×
√3 √3
respectively. Find the width of the river and
50√3
= 𝑚
the height of the other temple. 3

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𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝐸 = 16(3)

= 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 = 48 𝑚
50 ∴ 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 𝐴𝐸 + 𝐵𝐸
= 50 −
3 = 48 𝑚 + 16 𝑚
150 − 50
= = 64 𝑚
3
100 6) The angles of elevation of the top of a
=
3 tower from two points at a distance of 4
1 m and 9 m from the base of the tower
= 33 𝑚
3
and in the same straight line with it are
5) From the top of a building 16 m high,
complementary. Prove that the height of
the angular elevation of the top of a hill
the tower is 6m.
is 600 and the angular depression of the
foot of the hill is 300. Find the height of
the hill.
Solution :
Solution :
A
A

Tower
Hill
600 D
E
300
Building
16 m 900 - 𝛳 𝛳
B 4m D C
9m
B C 𝐴𝐵
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, tan 𝜃 =
𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝐸 𝐴𝐵
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐵𝐷𝐸, tan 300 = tan 𝜃 =
𝐷𝐸 9
1 16 𝐴𝐵
= 𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐵, tan(90 − 𝜃) =
√3 𝐷𝐸 𝐵𝐷
𝐷𝐸 = 16√3 𝑚 𝐴𝐵
cot 𝜃 =
𝐴𝐸 4
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐸, tan 600 = Now, tan 𝜃 × cot 𝜃 = 1
𝐷𝐸
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵
√3 = × =1
𝐷𝐸 4 9
𝐴𝐸 = 𝐷𝐸√3 𝐴𝐵2
=1
36
𝐴𝐸 = (16√3)√3
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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

𝐴𝐵2 = 36 the top of a multi storeyed building are

𝐴𝐵 = √36 300 and 450 respectively. Find the height
𝐴𝐵 = 6 𝑚
of the multi-storeyed building and the
∴ 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 6 𝑚.
7) A tower stands vertically on the ground. distance between the two buildings.

From a point on the ground which is 15 Solution :

m away from the top of the tower, the A

300
450
angle of elevation of the top of the tower

is found to be 600. Find the height of the

Multistoreyed
tower. Building
300
E D

Building
8m
Solution : 8m
A
450
B C

𝐴𝐵
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, tan 450 =
Tower 15 m 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵
1=
𝐵𝐶
600
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶
B C 𝐴𝐸
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐸, tan 300 =
𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐸
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, sin 600 =
𝐴𝐶 1 𝐴𝐸
=
√3 𝐷𝐸
√3 𝐴𝐵
= 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐴𝐸√3 𝑚
2 15
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐸√3
2𝐴𝐵 = 15√3
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐸√3
15√3
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚 𝐴𝐸 + 𝐵𝐸 = 𝐴𝐸√3
2
𝐴𝐸 + 8 = 𝐴𝐸√3
15√3
∴ 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚 𝐴𝐸√3 − 𝐴𝐸 = 8
2
𝐴𝐸(√3 − 1) = 8
8) The angles of depression of the top and
8
𝐴𝐸 =
he bottom of an 8 m tall building from √3 − 1

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8 √3 + 1 𝐷𝐵
𝐴𝐸 = × 𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐷𝐵𝐶, tan 300 =
√3 − 1 √3 + 1 𝐵𝐶
1 𝐷𝐵
8(√3 + 1) =
= 2 √3 8√3
(√3) − 12
𝐷𝐵√3 = 8√3
8(√3 + 1)
= 8√3
3−1 𝐷𝐵 =
√3
8(√3 + 1)
𝐴𝐸 = 𝐷𝐵 = 8 𝑚
2
𝐷𝐵
𝐴𝐸 = 4(√3 + 1) 𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐷𝐵𝐶, sin 300 =
𝐷𝐶
𝐴𝐸 = 4√3 + 4 1 8
=
∴ 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑦𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 2 𝐷𝐶

= 𝐴𝐸 + 𝐵𝐸 𝐷𝐶 = 8 × 2
𝐷𝐶 = 16 𝑚
= 4√3 + 4 + 8
∴ 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐷𝐵
= (12 + 4√3)
= 𝐷𝐶 + 8
= 4(3 + √3)𝑚
= 16 + 8
9) A tree breaks due to storm and the
= 24 𝑚
broken part bends so that the top of the
10)From the top of a light house, angles of
tree touches the ground making an
depression of two ships are 450 and 600.
angle 300 with it. The distance between
The ships are on the opposite sides of
the foot of the tree to the point where
the light house and in line with its foot.
the top touches the ground is 8√𝟑 m. If the distance between the ships is 400
Find the height of the tree. m, find the height of the light house.
Solution : Solution :

A A
450 600

D Light
Tree House

450 600
300 D 𝑥 B 400 − 𝑥 C
B C
8√3 𝑚

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𝐴𝐵 Solution :
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐷, tan 450 =
𝐷𝐵
𝐴𝐵 A
1=
𝑥
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥
𝐴𝐵 28.5 m
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, tan 600 =
𝐵𝐶
𝑥 Building
√3 = 30 m
400 − 𝑥
300 600
(400 − 𝑥)√3 = 𝑥 B D
C
Boy
400√3 − 𝑥√3 = 𝑥 1.5 m
1.5 m
𝑥 + 𝑥√3 = 400√3
𝑥(1 + √3) = 400√3 𝐴𝐷
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐷, tan 300 =
400√3 𝐵𝐷
𝑥= 1 28.5 F
√3 + 1 =
√3 𝐵𝐷
400√3 √3 − 1
𝑥= × 𝐵𝐷 = 28.5 √3 𝑚
√3 + 1 √3 − 1
400√3(√3 − 1) 𝐴𝐷
𝑥= 𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐶, tan 600 =
𝐷𝐶
(√3)2 − (1)2
28.5
400√3(√3 − 1) √3 =
𝑥= 𝐷𝐶
3−1
𝐷𝐶√3 = 28.5
400√3(√3 − 1)
𝑥= 28.5
2 𝐷𝐶 =
√3
𝑥 = 200√3(√3 − 1)
28.5 √3
𝑥 = 200(3 − √3) = ×
√3 √3
∴ 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 200(3 − √3)𝑚 28.5√3
=
11)A 1.5 m tall boy is standing at some 3

distance from a 30 m tall building. The = 9.5 √3 𝑚

angle of elevation from his eyes to the ∴ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑒𝑑 = 𝐵𝐶

top of the building increases from 300 to = 𝐵𝐷 − 𝐷𝐶

600, as he walks towards the building. = 28.5√3 − 9.5√3 𝑚.

Find the distance he walked towards the = 19√3 𝑚
building. 12) A 1.2 m tall girl spots a balloon moving with
the wind in a horizontal line at a height of
88.2 m from the ground. The angle of
elevation of the balloon from the eyes of the
girl at any instant is 600. After some time,

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the angle of elevation reduces to 300. Find

Lesson-13. Statistics.
the distance travelled by the balloon during
the interval. Statistics is the collection, organization,
Solution : analysis and interpretation of numerical
A E
data.
Ungrouped data :
87 m If the observations are written
individually, the numerical data is called
88.2 m
ungrouped data.
600
Grouped data :
B 300
C D
If the observations are written in tabular
Girl
1.2 m form using class-intervals and their
1.2 m
frequencies, then the numerical data is
𝐸𝐷 called grouped data.
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐸𝐵𝐷, tan 300 =
𝐵𝐷 Measures of central tendency :
𝟏 87
= There are three measures of central
√3 𝐵𝐷
tendency.
𝐵𝐷 = 87 √3 𝑚
1) Mean.
𝐴𝐶
0
𝐼𝑛 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, tan 60 = 2) Median.
𝐵𝐶
87 3) Mode.
√3 =
𝐵𝐶 Arithmetic mean :
𝐵𝐶 × √3 = 87 Mean or arithmetic mean of ungrouped
87
𝐵𝐶 = data is given by,
√3
∑𝑥𝑖
87 √3 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
= × 𝑛
√3 √3 Where, 𝑥𝑖 are observations and n is the
87√3 number of observations.
=
3
Mean for grouped data is given by,
= 29√3 𝑚
∑𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
∑𝑓𝑖
= 𝐷𝐶 Where, 𝑥𝑖 are observations and 𝑓𝑖 are their
= 𝐵𝐷 − 𝐵𝐶 frequencies.
= 87√3 − 29√3 Mode :
= 58√3 𝑚 Mode is the most repeated observation in
the distribution of data.
Mode for ungrouped data is given by,

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𝑓1 − 𝑓0
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ( )×ℎ
2𝑓1 − 𝑓0 − 𝑓2 Solution :
Where, Class-Interval Frequency Cf
l = lower limit of the modal class.
50 – 60 12 12
h = size of the class intervals.
60 – 70 14 26
f1 = frequency of the modal class.
70 – 80 8 34
f0 = frequency of the class preceding the
80 – 90 6 40
modal class.
90 – 100 10 50
f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the
𝑛
modal class. − 𝑐𝑓
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + (2 )×ℎ
𝑓
Median :
Median is the middle most observation in 50
− 12
the frequency distribution. = 60 + ( 2 ) × 10
14
Median for grouped data is given by,
25 − 12
𝑛 = 60 + ( ) × 10
− 𝑐𝑓 14
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + (2 )×ℎ
𝑓 13
= 60 + × 10
14
Where, 130
= 60 +
l = lower limit of the median class. 14
n = number of observations. = 60 + 9.28
cf = cumulative frequency of the class = 69.28
preceding the median class. 2) Find the mode of the following
f = frequency of the median class. distribution.
Marks Number of
The empirical relationship between the students
mean, median and mode is, 0 – 10 20
3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean. 10 – 20 24
Problems : 20 – 30 40
1) Find the median of the following data : 30 – 40 36
Class-Interval Frequency 40 – 50 20
50 – 60 12
60 – 70 14
70 – 80 8
80 – 90 6
90 – 100 10

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Solution : Solution :
Marks Number of CI 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
students 5 – 15 6 10 60
0 – 10 20 15 – 25 11 20 220
10 – 20 24 25 – 35 21 30 630
20 – 30 40 35 – 45 23 40 920

30 – 40 36 45 – 55 14 50 700

40 – 50 20 55 – 65 5 60 300
𝑓1 − 𝑓0 80 2830
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ( )×ℎ
2𝑓1 − 𝑓0 − 𝑓2 ∑𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
40 − 24 ∑𝑓𝑖
= 20 + ( ) × 10
2 × 40 − 24 − 36 2830
=
16 80
= 20 + ( ) × 10
80 − 60 283
=
16 8
= 20 + ( ) × 10
20 = 35.37
16
= 20 + ( ) 4) The following frequency distribution
2
gives the monthly consumption of
= 20 + 8
electricity of 68 consumers in a locality.
= 28
3) The following table shows the age of the Find the median of the data.

patients admitted in a hospital during a Monthly Number of

year. Find the mean of the given table. consumption consumers

Age (in years) Number of patients (units)

5 – 15 6 65 – 85 4

15 – 25 11 85 – 105 5

25 – 35 21 105 – 125 13

35 – 45 23 125 – 145 20

45 – 55 14 145 – 165 14

55 – 65 5 165 – 185 8
185 – 205 4

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Solution : Solution :
Monthly Number of Class interval Frequency
consumption consumers Cf 10 – 25 2
(units) f 25 – 40 3
65 – 85 4 4 40 – 55 7
85 – 105 5 9 55 – 70 6
105 – 125 13 22 70 – 85 6
125 – 145 20 42 85 – 100 6
145 – 165 14 56
165 – 185 8 64 𝑓1 − 𝑓0
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ( )×ℎ
185 – 205 4 68 2𝑓1 − 𝑓0 − 𝑓2

𝑛 7−3
− 𝑐𝑓 = 40 + ( ) × 15
2×7−3−6
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + (2 )×ℎ
𝑓 4
= 40 + ( ) × 15
14 − 9
68
− 22 4
= 125 + ( 2 ) × 20 = 40 + ( ) × 15
20 5
= 40 + (4 × 3)
34 − 22
= 125 + ( ) × 20 = 40 + 12
20
12 = 52
= 125 + × 20
20 6) Find the median for the given
= 125 + 12 distribution.
= 137
Class interval Frequency
5) The marks obtained by 30 students of
1–4 6
class X of a certain school in a
4–7 30
mathematics paper are presented in a
7 – 10 40
table below. Find the mode of the data.
10 – 13 16
Class interval Frequency
13 – 16 4
10 – 25 2
16 – 19 4
25 – 40 3
40 – 55 7
55 – 70 6
70 – 85 6
85 – 100 6

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Solution :
Class Frequency Cf Solution :
interval Weight Number of
1–4 6 6 (in kg) students(f) Cf
4–7 30 36 40 – 45 2 2
7 – 10 40 76 45 – 50 3 5

10 – 13 16 92 50 – 55 8 13

13 – 16 4 96 55 – 60 6 19
16 – 19 4 100 60 – 65 6 25
65 – 70 3 28
𝑛 70 – 75 2 30
− 𝑐𝑓
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + (2 )×ℎ
𝑓
𝑛
100 − 𝑐𝑓
− 36 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + (2 )×ℎ
=7+( 2 )×3 𝑓
40
30
50 − 36 − 13
=7+( )×3 = 55 + ( 2 )×5
40 6
14
=7+ ×3 15 − 13
40 = 55 + ( )×5
6
42
=7+ 2
40 = 55 + × 5
6
= 7 + 1.05
10
= 8.05 = 55 +
6
7) The distribution below gives the weight = 55 + 1.66 …
of 30 students of a class. Find the = 56.666 …
median weight of the students.
Weight (in kg) Number of 8) Find the mean for the given data.
students
Class interval Frequency
40 – 45 2
0 – 10 3
45 – 50 3
50 – 55 8 10 – 20 5
55 – 60 6
20 – 30 9
60 – 65 6
30 – 40 5
65 – 70 3
70 – 75 2 40 – 50 3

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Solution : represented on y-axis, is called more than

Class Frequency 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
type ogive.
interval 𝑓𝑖
1) Draw less than type ogive for the given
0 – 10 3 5 15
distribution and find median age of the
10 – 20 5 15 75
student through the graph.
20 – 30 9 25 220
Age of students Number of students
30 – 40 5 35 175
5–7 20
40 – 50 3 45 135
7–9 18
25 620
9 – 11 22
11 – 13 25
∑𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 13 – 15 20
∑𝑓𝑖
620 15 – 17 15
=
25 17 – 19 10
= 24.8
Ogive curve :
Solution :
It is a graphical representation of a Age of students No. of students
Less than 7 20
frequency distribution, where class
Less than 9 38
intervals are represented on x-axis and
Less than 11 60
their corresponding cumulative Less than 13 85

frequencies are represented on y-axis. Less than 15 105

Less than 17 120
The ogive in which upper limits are
Less than 19 130
represented on x-axis and their

corresponding cumulative frequencies are

represented on y-axis is called less than

type ogive.

The ogive in which lower limits are

represented on x-axis and their

corresponding cumulative frequencies are

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Solution :
140
Daily income (in Rs) No. of workers
130
More than 100 50
120 More than 120 45

110 More than 140 35

More than 160 15
100
Less than Ogive More than 180 10
90
Cumultative frequency

80

70 60

60
50
50
More than Ogive
Cumulative Frequency
40
40

30
30

20 20

10 10

0
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 0
100 120 140 160 180 200

Upper limits Lower limits

2) The following distribution gives the

daily income of 50 workers of a factory. 3) Draw ogive for the following data.
Draw its more than type ogive. Class interval Frequency
5 – 15 6
Daily income (in Number of 15 – 25 11
Rs) workers 25 – 35 21
100 – 120 5 35 – 45 23
120 – 140 10 45 – 55 14
140 – 160 20 55 – 65 5
160 – 180 5
180 – 200 10

Solution :
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Class Frequency Cf
interval Solution :
Less than 15 6 6 Life time (in Frequency
Less than 25 11 17 hour) Cf
Less than 35 21 38 Less than 20 10 10
Less than 45 23 61 Less than 40 35 45
Less than 55 14 75 Less than 60 52 97
Less than 65 5 80 Less than 80 61 158
Less than 67 225

90 100

80
250
70

60 200
Less than Ogive Less than Ogive
Cumulative frequency

50 150
Cumulative frequency

40
100
30
50
20

10 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 Upper Limts
5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75
Upper limits
5) Draw more than ogive for the given
data.
4) The following data gives the information
Heights (in cm) Number of
on the observed lifetimes (in hours) of
students
225 electrical components. Represent in
120 – 130 5
the less than ogive.
130 – 140 10
Life time (in hour) Frequency
140 – 150 12
0 – 20 10
150 – 160 16
20 – 40 35
160 – 170 4
40 – 60 52
170 – 180 10
60 – 80 61
80 – 100 67

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Solution : 75 – 80 16
Heights (in Number of
cm) students Cf Solution :

More than 120 8 60 Production Number of Cf

More than 130 10 52 yield farms

More than 140 12 42 More than 50 2 100

More than 150 16 30 More than 55 8 98

More than 160 4 14 More than 60 12 90

More than 170 10 10 More than 65 24 78

More than 70 38 54

70
More than 75 16 16

60

50 More than Ogive 110

Cumulative frequency

100
40
90
30
80
More than Ogive
20 70
Cumulative frequency

10 60

50
0
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 40
Lower Limits
30

20
6) The following table gives production
yield per hectare of wheat of 100 farms 10

of village. Change the distribution to 0

50 55 60 65 70 75 80
more than type distribution and draw
Lower Limits
its ogive.
Production yield Number of farms
50 – 55 2
55 – 60 8
60 – 65 12
65 – 70 24
70 – 75 38

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Certain event :
Lesson – 14. Probability
An event which is certain to happen is
Random experiment :
called sure or certain event and its
An action, the results of which cannot be
probability is 1.
predicted is called a random experiment.
Playing cards :
Sample space :
A deck of playing cards consists of 52 cards
The collection of all the outcomes of a
which are divided into 4 suits of 13 cards
random experiment is called sample space.
each.
Event :
1) Spades (Black colour)
An action that has particular outcomes of a
2) Diamonds (Red colour)
random experiment is called event.
3) Hearts (Red colour)
Probability :
4) Clubs (Black colour)
Probability of an event tells the chance of
The cards in each suit are
happening of an event.
Ace, King, Queen, Jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3,
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 2. Kings, Queens and Jacks are called face
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑛(𝐸) cards.
𝑃(𝐸) =
𝑛(𝑆) Problems :
The probability of an event lies between 1) Find the probability of getting a head
0 and 1. That is, 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐸) ≤ 1. when a coin is tossed once. Also find the
Elementary events : probability of getting a tail.
An event having only one outcome of a Solution :
random experiment is called an S = {H, T}
elementary event. 1
𝑃(ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑) =
The sum of the probabilities of all the 2
1
elementary events is 1. 𝑃(𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙) =
2
Complementary events : 2) A die is thrown once, find the
If E is an event, then ‘Not E’ is called probability of getting,
complementary event of E. i) a prime number. ii) a square
P(E) + P(E) = 1 number.
Impossible event : Solution :
An event which cannot happen is called an S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
impossible event and its probability is 0. 𝑖) 𝐴 = {2, 3, 5}
𝑛(𝐴) 3 1
𝑃(𝐴) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 6 2

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𝑖𝑖) 𝐵 = {1, 4} 6) A box contains 5 red marbles, 3 white

𝑛(𝐵) 2 1 marbles and 6 green marbles. One
𝑃(𝐵) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 6 3 marble is taken out of the box at
3) Suppose a die is thrown once. What is random, what is the probability that the
the probability of getting a number, marble taken out will not be green?
(i) Greater than 4. Solution :
(ii) Less than or equal to 4. Red balls = 5
Solution : White balls = 3
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Green balls = 6
𝑖) 𝐴 = {5, 6} Total balls = 14
𝑛(𝐴) 2 1 8 4
𝑃(𝐴) = = = 𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 6 3 14 7
𝑖𝑖) 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4} 7) A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 black
𝑛(𝐵) 4 2 balls. A ball is drawn at random from
𝑃(𝐵) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 6 3
the bag.
4) Two unbiased dice are rolled once. What
What is the probability that the ball
is the probability of getting,
drawn is,
i) A doublet.
(i) Red?
ii) A sum equal to 7.
(ii) Not red?
Solution :
Solution :
S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4) . . . . . . (6, 6)}
Red balls = 3
(i) A = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}
Black balls = 5
𝑛(𝐴) 6 1
𝑃(𝐴) = = = Total balls = 8
𝑛(𝑆) 36 6
3
(ii) B = {(1,6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)} 𝑃(𝑅𝑒𝑑) =
8
𝑛(𝐵) 6 1 5
𝑃(𝐵) = = = 𝑃(𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑑) =
𝑛(𝑆) 36 6 8
5) If two dice are thrown once. Find the 8) A box contains 28 bulbs of which 7
probability of getting the sum of the bulbs are defective, a bulb is drawn
digits on the faces of the die is 8. randomly from the box. Find the
Solution : probability of picking a non-defective
S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4) . . . . . .(6, 6)} bulb?
A = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)} Solution :
𝑛(𝐴) 5 Total bulbs = 28
𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36
Defective bulbs = 7
Non – defective bulbs = 21

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21 3 (b) B = {(5, 5)}

𝑃(𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) = =
28 4 𝑛(𝐵) 1
9) A lot of 25 bulbs contain 5 defective 𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36
ones. One bulb is drawn at random from 12)A die numbered 1 to 6 on its faces is
the lot. What is the probability that the rolled once. Find the probability of
bulb is good? getting either an even number or a
Solution : multiple of 3 on its top face.
Total bulbs = 25 Solution :
Defective ones = 5 S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Good ones = 20 A = {2, 3, 4, 6}
20 𝑛(𝐴) 4 2
𝑃(𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠) = 𝑃(𝐴) = = =
25 𝑛(𝑆) 6 3
4
= 13)A cubical die numbered from 1 to 6 is
5
rolled twice. Find the probability of
10)If A is an event in a random experiment
getting the sum of numbers on its faces
such that P(A) : P(A) = 5 : 11, then find
is 10.
P(A) and P(A).
Solution :
Solution :
S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . .(6, 6)}
P(A) : P(A) = 5 : 11
A = {(4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)}
Sum = 16
𝑛(𝐴)
5 𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑛(𝑆)
16
11 3 1
𝑃(𝐴¯) = = =
16 36 12
11)Two dice are thrown simultaneously. 14)A die is thrown twice. What is the

Find the probability of getting, probability that,

a) same number on both faces. i) 5 will not come up either time.

b) both faces having multiples of 5. ii) 5 will come up at least once.

Solution : S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . .(6, 6)}

S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . .(6, 6)} (i) A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 6),

(a) A = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6,6)} (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 6),
𝑛(𝐴) (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 6),
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛(𝑆) (4, 1), (4, 2),(4, 3), (4,4), (4,6),
6 (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5)}
=
36
𝑛(𝐴) 25
1 𝑃(𝐴) = =
= 𝑛(𝑆) 36
6
(ii) B = {(1, 5),(2, 5),(3, 5),(4, 5),(5, 1),

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(5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), 18)One card is drawn from a well shuffled
(6, 5)} deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of
𝑛(𝐵) 11 getting,
𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36 i) A face card.
15)Two dice, one blue and one grey, are ii) A spade.
thrown at same time. What is the Solution :
probability that Total cards = 52
i) Sum is 8? (i) Face cards = 4
ii) Sum is 13? 4 1
𝑃(𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑) = =
iii) Less than or equal to 12? 52 13
Solution : (ii) Spades = 13

S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4) . . . . . . (6, 6)} 13 1

𝑃(𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑒) = =
52 4
(i) A = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4,4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}
19)Two players, Sangeeta and Reshma, play
𝑛(𝐴) 5
𝑃(𝐴) = = a tennis match. It is known that the
𝑛(𝑆) 36
(ii) B = { } probability of Sangeeta winning the

𝑛(𝐵) 0 match is 0.62. What is the probability of

𝑃(𝐵) = = =0
𝑛(𝑆) 36 Reshma winning the match?
(ii) C = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), . . (6, 6)} Probability of winning = 0.62
𝑛(𝐶) 36 Probability of losing = 1 – 0.62
𝑃(𝐶) = = =1
𝑛(𝑆) 36 = 0.38
16)Harpreet tosses two different coins 20) If P(E) = 0.05, what is the probability of
simultaneously. What is the probability ‘not E’?
that she gets at least one head? P(not E) = 1 – P(E)
Solution : = 1 – 0.05
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} = 0.95
3
𝑃(𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑) =
4
17)Three fair coins are tossed
simultaneously; find the probability of
getting minimum one tail.
Solution :
S = {HHH, HTH, HHT, HTT,
THH,THT,TTH,TTT}
7
𝑃(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙) =
8

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

Lesson – 15. Cone :

Surface Area and Volume

Cylinder :
𝑙
r ℎ

𝑟
h

A cone is a solid described by the rotation

of a right angled triangle about one its
sides containing the right angle as axis.

A cylinder is a solid described by the A cone has one plane or flat surface and
one curved surface. The plane surface is
rotation of a rectangle about one of its side
circular in shape and is the circular base of
as axis. the cone.

A cylinder has two plane or flat surfaces

‘𝑟’ is the radius of the circular base, ‘ℎ’ is
and one curved surface. The plane surfaces the height of the cone and ′𝑙′ is the slant
height of the cone.
are circular in shape and are called circular
𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
bases.
𝑇𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙
‘𝑟’ is the radius of the circular base and ‘h’
= 𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + 𝑙)
is the height of the cylinder.
1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝑙 2 = 𝑟 2 + ℎ2
Sphere :
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 A sphere is a solid described by the
2 2
= 𝜋𝑟 + 𝜋𝑟 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
rotation of a semicircle about its diameter
= 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
= 2𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + ℎ) as axis.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

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Solution :

24 cm

7 cm
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
61 cm
4
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3 30 cm
3

Hemisphere :
7 cm
A plane through the centre of a sphere

divides it into two equal parts, each is

called a hemisphere.

r 𝑙 2 = 𝑟 2 + ℎ2

r
= 72 + 242
= 49 + 576
= 625

A hemisphere has a plane circular surface 𝑙 = √625

and a curved surface. 𝑙 = 25 𝑐𝑚

𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 22
= × 7 × 25
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 3𝜋𝑟 2 7

2 = 550 𝑐𝑚2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3 𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
Problems : 22
=2× × 7 × 30
1) A cone and a hemisphere are joined on 7
= 1320 𝑐𝑚2
either sides of a cylinder. These solids
𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑟 2
have radius 7 cm each. If the total height
22
of the solid is 61 cm and the height of =2× ×7×7
7
the cylinder is 30 cm, find the cost of
= 308 𝑐𝑚2
painting the outer surface of the solid at
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
the rate of Rs. 10 per 100 cm2.
= 550 𝑐𝑚2 + 1320 𝑐𝑚2 + 308 𝑐𝑚2
= 2178 𝑐𝑚2

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10
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑅𝑠. × 2178
100 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠
= 𝑅𝑠. 217.8
4
= 𝑅𝑠. 218. = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
2) A social welfare association decides to 4
= × 𝜋 × 60 × 60 × 60
supply drinking water for the flood 3
= 288000𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
affected people. The drinking water is
filled in a water tanker which is the 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
shape of a cylinder with hemispherical = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
ends. The whole length of the tanker is = 𝜋 × 60 × 60 × 300
4.2 m and the diameter of the base of = 1080000𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
the cylinder and two hemispheres are 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
each 1.2 m. If they distribute drinking = 288000 𝜋𝑐𝑚3 + 1080000𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
water to 60 people in a container, each = 1368000 𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
is in the shape of a cylinder of radius 21
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟
cm and height 50 cm, find the quantity
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
of water left in the tanker after
= 𝜋 × 21 × 21 × 50
distribution in litres.
= 22050𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
Solution :
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑
= 60 × 22050𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
60 cm = 1323000𝜋 𝑐𝑚3

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘

= 1368000𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 − 1323000𝜋 𝑐𝑚3

420 cm
= 45000𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
300 cm
= 45𝜋 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
= 45 × 3.14
= 141.3 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
60 cm
3) A milk tank is in the shape of cylinder
with hemisphere of same radius
attached to both ends. If the total height
of the tank is 6 m and the radius is 1 m.
Calculate the maximum quantity of milk
filled in the tank in litres. And also

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calculate the total surface area of the 16

= × 3.14 𝑚3
tank. 3
≈ 16 𝑚3
≈ 16,000 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
Solution :
4) A solid consisting of a right circular cone
of height 120 cm and radius 60 cm
standing on a hemisphere of radius 60
1m cm is placed upright in a right circular
cylinder full of water such that it
touches the bottom. Find the volume of
6m water left in the cylinder in m3, if the
4m
radius of the cylinder is 60 cm and its
height is 180 cm.
1m Solution :

1.2 m

1.8 m
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠
4 0.6 m
= 𝜋𝑟 3
3
4
= ×𝜋×1×1×1
3
4𝜋
= 𝑚3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
3
2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
2
=𝜋×1×1×4 = × 𝜋 × 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.6
3
= 4𝜋 𝑚3 = 0.144 𝜋 𝑚3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 1
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
4𝜋 3
= + 4𝜋 1
3 = × 𝜋 × 0.6 × 0.6 × 1.2
4𝜋 + 12𝜋 3
= = 0.144𝜋 𝑚3
3
16𝜋 3
= 𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
3
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
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= 𝜋 × 0.6 × 0.6 × 1.8 1

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
= 0.648𝜋 𝑚3 3
1 22
= × ×7×7×3
3 7
= 154 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
= 0.648𝜋 − (0.144𝜋 + 0.144𝜋 ) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙
= 0.648𝜋 − 0.288𝜋 = 3080 𝑐𝑚3 − 154 𝑐𝑚3
= 0.36 𝜋 𝑚3 = 2926 𝑐𝑚3
= 0.36 × 3.14 = 2.926 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
= 1.1304 𝑚3 = 3 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
= 1.1304 × 1000 𝑙
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘 = 𝑅𝑠. 20 × 3
= 1130.4 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
= 𝑅𝑠. 60
5) The bottom of a right cylindrical shaped
6) A toy is in the form of a cone of radius
vessel made from metallic sheet is
3.5 cm mounted on a hemisphere of
closed by a cone shaped vessel. The
same radius. The total height of the toy
radius of the circular base of the
is 15.5 cm. Find the total surface area of
cylinder and radius of the base of the
the toy.
cone each is equal to 7 cm. If the height
Solution :
of the cylinder is 20 cm and height of the
cone is 3 cm. Calculate the cost of the
milk to fill completely this vessel at the
12 cm
rate of Rs. 20 per litre.
15.5 cm
Solution :

7 cm
3.5 cm
3 cm

𝑙 2 = 𝑟 2 + ℎ2
20 cm
= (3.5)2 + 122
= 12.25 + 144
= 156.25
𝑙 = √156.25
𝑙 = 12.5 𝑐𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
22
= × 7 × 7 × 20 22
7 = × 3.5 × 12.5
= 3080 𝑐𝑚3 7
= 137.5 𝑐𝑚2

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𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 = 3234 𝑐𝑚3

22
=2× × 3.5 × 3.5 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 462 𝑐𝑚3 + 3234 𝑐𝑚3
7
= 3696 𝑐𝑚3
= 77 𝑐𝑚2
8) A toy is in the form of a cone mounted
on a hemisphere. If the radius of these
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑦
solids is 3.5 cm and height of the cone is
= 137.5 𝑐𝑚2 + 77 𝑐𝑚2
5 cm, find the volume of the toy.
2
= 214.5 𝑐𝑚
Solution :
7) A solid is in the form of a cone mounted
on a right circular cylinder both having
same radii. The radius of the base and
height of the cone are 7 cm and 9 cm
respectively. If the total height of the 5 cm

solid is 30 cm, find the volume of the

solid.
3.5 cm
Solution :

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
9 cm
2
= 𝜋𝑟 3
7 cm 3
30 cm
2 22
m = × × 3.5 × 3.5 × 3.5
3 7
269.5
= 𝑐𝑚3
3

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒
1
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
1 1 22
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = × × 3.5 × 3.5 × 5
3 3 7
1 22 192.5
= × ×7×7×9 = 𝑐𝑚3
3 7 3
= 462 𝑐𝑚3
269.5 192.5
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑦 = +
3 3
22 462
= × 7 × 7 × 21 =
7 3

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= 154 𝑐𝑚3 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑

= 44 𝑐𝑚2 + 88 𝑐𝑚2 + 154 𝑐𝑚2
9) A solid is composed of a cylinder with a
= 286 𝑐𝑚2
hemisphere at one end and a cone at the
10)The circumference of the base of a
other end. If the radius of each of the
cylinder is 132 cm and its height is 25
solids is 3.5 cm and height of the
cm. Find the volume of the cylinder.
cylinder is equal to the slant height of
Solution :
the cone, find the total surface area of
2𝜋𝑟 = 132 𝑐𝑚
the solid if the slant height is 4 cm.
132
Solution : 𝑟=
2𝜋
132 × 7
=
2 × 22
66 × 7
4 cm =
22
=3×7
= 21 𝑐𝑚
3.5 cm

61 cm 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
4 cm 22
= × 21 × 21 × 25
7
= 34650 𝑐𝑚3

3.5 cm 11)A wooden solid is made by mounting a

cone on a hemisphere. If the area of base
of the cone is 38.5 cm2 and total height
of the solid is 15.5 cm, then find the total
𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 surface area and volume of the solid.
22 Solution :
= × 3.5 × 4
7
= 44 𝑐𝑚2
𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
22
=2× × 3.5 × 4
7
12 cm
= 88 𝑐𝑚2
𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑟 2
22 3.5 cm
=2× × 3.5 × 3.5
7
= 154 𝑐𝑚2

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269.5
=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 38.5 𝑐𝑚2 3
= 89.83 𝑐𝑚3
𝜋𝑟 2 = 38.5
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 154 + 89.83
38.5
2
𝑟 = = 243.83 𝑐𝑚3
𝜋
7
= 38.5 ×
22
= 12.25
𝑟 = √12.25
Conversion of solid from one shape to
= 3.5 𝑐𝑚
other
𝑙 2 = 𝑟 2 + ℎ2
1) The radius of a solid metallic sphere is
= (3.5)2 + 122
10 cm. It is melted and recast into small
= 12.25 + 144
cones of height 10 cm and base radii 5
= 156.25
cm. Find the number of small cones.
𝑙 = √156.25
Solution :
𝑙 = 12.5 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 =
𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒
22 4 3
= × 3.5 × 12.5 𝜋𝑟
7 = 3
1 2
= 137.5 𝑐𝑚2 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3
𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 4𝑟 3
=
22 𝑟2ℎ
=2× × 3.5 × 3.5
7 4 × 10 × 10 × 10
=
= 77 𝑐𝑚2 5 × 5 × 10
= 16 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠

𝑇𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 137.5 + 77 2) A hemispherical vessel of radius 14 cm

= 214.5 𝑐𝑚2 is fully filled with sand. This sand is

1 poured on a level ground. The heap of

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3 sand forms a cone shape of height 7 cm.
1 22 Calculate the area of ground occupied by
= × × 3.5 × 3.5 × 12
3 7
the circular base of the heap of the sand.
= 154 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
2
= 𝜋𝑟 3
3
2 22
= × × 3.5 × 3.5 × 3.5
3 7

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Solution : Solution :
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
1 2
𝐵ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3
𝐵ℎ = 2𝜋𝑟 3
22
𝐵×7=2× × 14 × 14 × 14 4 cm
7 7 cm

𝐵 × 7 = 88 × 14 × 14
88 × 14 × 14 3 cm
𝐵=
7
= 2464 𝑐𝑚2
3) A 20 m deep well with diameter 7 m is 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑦𝑠
dug and the earth from digging is evenly 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
=
spread out to form a platform 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑜𝑦
𝟐𝟐 𝒎 × 𝟏𝟒 𝒎. Find the height of the 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
=
platform. 1 2 2
𝜋𝑟 ℎ + 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3
Solution : 6 × 6 × 15
=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 1 2
( × 3 × 3 × 4) + ( × 3 × 3 × 3)
3 3
𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
6 × 6 × 15
22 7 7 =
22 × 14 × ℎ = × × × 20 (3 × 4) + (2 × 3 × 3)
7 2 2
6 × 6 × 15
22 × 14 × ℎ = 11 × 7 × 10 =
12 + 18
11 × 7 × 10 6 × 6 × 15
ℎ= =
22 × 14 30
10
ℎ= = 18 𝑡𝑜𝑦𝑠
2×2
10 5) A right circular metallic cone of height
=
4 20 cm and base radius 5 cm is melted
ℎ = 2.5 𝑚 and recast into a solid sphere. Find the
∴ 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑠 2.5 𝑚 radius of the sphere.
4) A solid metallic cylinder of diameter 12 Solution :
cm and height 15 cm is melted and 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒
recast into a toy in the shape of right 4 3 1 2
𝜋𝑅 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
circular cone mounted on a hemisphere. 3 3
4𝑅3 = 𝑟 2 ℎ
If the radii of the cone and the
4𝑅3 = 5 × 5 × 20
hemisphere are equal to 3 cm and the
5 × 5 × 20
height of the toy is 7 cm, calculate the 𝑅3 =
4
number of such toys that can be formed.
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𝑅3 = 5 × 5 × 5 larger base and 𝑟2 is the radius of the

𝑅 3 = 53 smaller base.
𝑅 = 5 𝑐𝑚 ℎ is the height of the frustum of the cone.
6) A solid sphere of radius 3 cm is melted
𝑙 is the slant height of the frustum of the
and reformed by stretching it into a
cone.
cylindrical shaped wire of length 9 m.
Find the radius of the wire. 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒
Solution : 1
= 𝜋(𝑟1 2 + 𝑟2 2 + 𝑟1 𝑟2 )ℎ
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 3
4
𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 3 𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )𝑙
3
4
𝑟2ℎ = 𝑟3
3 𝑇𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒
4
𝑟 2 × 900 = × 3 × 3 × 3 = 𝜋(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟1 2 + 𝜋𝑟2 2
3
𝑟 2 × 900 = 4 × 9 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦
4×9
𝑟2 = 𝑙 = √ℎ2 + (𝑟1 − 𝑟2 )2
900
4 Problems :
𝑟2 =
100 1) A glass is in the shape of frustum of a
𝑟 = √0.04 cone of height 12 cm. The diameters of
𝑟 = 0.2 𝑐𝑚 its two circular ends are 6 cm and 4 cm.
Frustum of a cone : Find the capacity of the glass.
Solution :

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒

𝑟2 1
= 𝜋(𝑟1 2 + 𝑟2 2 + 𝑟1 𝑟2 )ℎ
3

1
𝑙
= 𝜋[(32 + 22 + (3)(2)] × 12
ℎ 3

= 𝜋(9 + 4 + 6) × 4

= 𝜋(19) × 4
𝑟1
= 76𝜋 𝑐𝑚3

2) The radii of two circular ends of a

𝑟1 and 𝑟2 are the radii of the ends of the
frustum of a cone shaped dustbin are 15
frustum of the cone. 𝑟1 is the radius of the

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cm and 8 cm. If its depth is 63 cm, find Solution :

the volume of the dustbin. 2𝜋𝑟1 = 18 𝑐𝑚
Solution : 18 9
𝑟1 = =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑏𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 𝜋
2𝜋𝑟2 = 6 𝑐𝑚
1 6 3
= 𝜋(𝑟1 2 + 𝑟2 2 + 𝑟1 𝑟2 )ℎ 𝑟2 = =
3 2𝜋 𝜋
1
= 𝜋[(152 + 82 + (15)(8)] × 63 𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )𝑙
3
9 3
22 = 𝜋( + )×4
= (225 + 64 + 120) × 21 𝜋 𝜋
7
12
= 𝜋( )×4
= 22(409) × 3 𝜋
= 48 𝑐𝑚2
= 26,994 𝑐𝑚3

3) A drinking glass vessel is in the shape of

frustum of a cone of height 14 cm. The 𝑇𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚

diameters of its two circular ends are 4 = 𝜋(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟12 + 𝜋𝑟22

cm and 2 cm. Find the capacity of the 9 2 3 2

= 48 + 𝜋 [( ) + ( ) ]
𝜋 𝜋
glass vessel.
81 9
Solution : = 48 + 𝜋 ( + )
𝜋2 𝜋2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 90
1 = 48 + 𝜋 ( 2 )
= 𝜋(𝑟1 2 + 𝑟2 2 + 𝑟1 𝑟2 )ℎ 𝜋
3 90
1 22 = 48 +
= × [(22 + 12 + 2(1)] × 14 𝜋
3 7 5) An open metal bucket is in the shape of
1
= × 22(4 + 1 + 2) × 2 a frustum of a cone, mounted on a
3
1 hollow cylindrical base made of the
= × 22 × 7 × 2
3 same metallic sheet. The diameters of
308 the two circular ends of the bucket are
=
3
42 cm and 28 cm. The total vertical
= 102.66 𝑐𝑚3
height of the bucket is 30 cm and that of
4) The slant height of the frustum of a cone
the cylindrical base is 6 cm. Find the
is 4 cm and the perimeter of its circular
area of the metallic sheet used to make
bases are 18 cm and 6 cm respectively.
the bucket. Also find the volume of the
Find the curved surface area and total
water the bucket can hold?
surface area of the frustum.

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Solution : = 29260 𝑐𝑚3

𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 = 30 𝑐𝑚
6) A bucket is in the shape of frustum with
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 6 𝑐𝑚
top and bottom of the circle of radii 15
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 24 𝑐𝑚
cm and 10 cm. Its depth is 12 cm, find its
𝑙= √ℎ2 + (𝑟1 − 𝑟2 )2 curved surface area and total surface
= √242 + (21 − 14)2 area.

= √576 + 72 Solution :

= √576 + 49 𝑙 = √ℎ2 + (𝑟1 − 𝑟2 )2

= √625 = √122 + (15 − 10)2

= 25 𝑐𝑚 = √144 + 52
= √144 + 25
𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝜋(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )𝑙
22 = √169
= (21 + 14) × 25
7 = 13 𝑐𝑚
22
= × 35 × 25
7 𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝜋(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )𝑙
= 22 × 5 × 25 22
= (15 + 10) × 13
= 2750 𝑐𝑚2 7
22
= × 25 × 13
𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 7
22 = 𝜋 × 325
=2× × 14 × 6
7 = 325𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
= 44 × 2 × 6
𝑇𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚
= 1848 𝑐𝑚2
= 𝜋(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟12 + 𝜋𝑟22
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 = 2750 + 1848 = 325𝜋 + 𝜋(152 + 102 )
= 4598 𝑐𝑚2 = 325𝜋 + 𝜋(225 + 100)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 = 325𝜋 + 325𝜋
1 = 650𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
= 𝜋(𝑟1 2 + 𝑟2 2 + 𝑟1 𝑟2 )ℎ
3

1
= 𝜋[(212 + 142 + (21)(14)] × 30
3

22
= (441 + 196 + 294) × 10
7

22
= × 931 × 10
7

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Formulas : Real numbers.

Arithmetic Progressions. 𝟏) H × L = a × b
𝟏) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 2) 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟
𝑛 Polynomials.
2) 𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2 𝑏
𝑛 1) 𝛼 + 𝛽 = −
3) 𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑙) 𝑎
2 𝑐
2) 𝛼𝛽 =
4) 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑎

5) 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑛 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠, 3) 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽

Quadratic equations.
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
𝑆𝑛 = 1) 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶ 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
2
6) 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠, −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2) 𝑥 =
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛2 2𝑎

7) 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠, 2) 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 = √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) Trigonometric ratios :

Areas related to circles. Opposite side

1) Sinθ =
Hypotenuse
1) 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 4𝑎
Adjacent side
𝟐) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝑎2 2) Cosθ =
Hypotenuse
𝟑) 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏) Opposite side
3) tanθ =
𝟒) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑙𝑔𝑒 = 𝑙 × 𝑏 Adjacent side
𝟓) 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑟 Reciprocal Ratios :
2 1 1
6) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟
1) Sinθ = OR Cosecθ =
𝜃 Cosecθ Sinθ
7) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
360 1 1
𝜃 2) Cosθ = OR Secθ =
Secθ Cosθ
8) 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑐 = × 2𝜋𝑟
360
1 1
9) 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑐 = 𝜋𝑟 3) tanθ = OR Cotθ =
Cotθ tanθ
1
10) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2 4) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Coordinate Geometry
𝟏) 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 Trigonometric Ratios of Standard angles
𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1 𝜽 00 300 450 600 900
𝟐) 𝑃 = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 Sin 0 1 1 √3 1
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 2 √2 2
𝟑) 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ( , )
2 2 Cos 1 1 1 0
√3
𝟒) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 2 √2 2
1 Tan 0 1 1 ND
= [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) √3
2 1 2
√3

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

Trigonometric Identities : Surface Areas and Volumes.

1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 1) 𝐿𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 4𝑎2
2) 𝑇𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 6𝑎2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
3) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 𝑎3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 4) 𝐿𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 2(𝑏ℎ + 𝑏𝑙)
5) 𝑇𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + ℎ𝑙)
2) 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
6) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ
2 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 1
7) 𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
8) 𝑇𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + ℎ)
3) 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
9) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
10) 𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1
11) 𝑇𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + 𝑙)
Trigonometric ratios of complementary
1 2
12) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
angles: 3

1) sin(90 − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 13) 𝑙2 = 𝑟 2 + ℎ2

2) cos(90 − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
14) 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
3) tan(90 − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
4
15) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3
Statistics 3
∑𝑓𝑖 𝑥
𝟏) 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑖 16) 𝑃𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2
∑𝑓𝑖
𝑓1 − 𝑓0 17) 𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑟 2
2) 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ( )×ℎ
2𝑓1 − 𝑓0 − 𝑓2 18) 𝑇𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 3𝜋𝑟 2
𝑛
− 𝑐𝑓
3) 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + (2 )×ℎ 2
19) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3
𝑓 3
20) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒
4) 3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean.
1
Probability = 𝜋(𝑟1 2 + 𝑟2 2 + 𝑟1 𝑟2 )ℎ
3
𝑛(𝐸)
𝟏) 𝑃(𝐸) = 21) 𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝜋(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )𝑙
𝑛(𝑆)
22) 𝑇𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒
2) 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐸) ≤ 1
= 𝜋(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟1 2 + 𝜋𝑟2 2
3) P(E) + P(not E) = 1
23) 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦

𝑙 = √ℎ2 + (𝑟1 − 𝑟2 )2

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