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Contruct a libfu audio transmission

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FADWA KM
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Abstract

• Urine is a typically sterile liquid by-product of the body secreted by the kidneys.
• Major composition of urine is water (97%). Other component of urine are organic & inorganic
compounds like urea,bilirubin, ammonium chloride and salts of calcium & potassium .Also they
excrete excess hormones & vitamins

 What is Urinalysis? :
• It is the series of test done on urine. It is the one of the most common method of medical
diagnostic.

Why Urinalysis
Most of the blood constituents are present in urine. Most of the body wastes
are brought to kidney for filtration. Hence the body ailment can be located
through this analysis.

 Most of the bacteria and viruses are discharged from our body through
urine.

This method is more convenient than blood test because:

 Some might be scared of blood so this provides to be an alternative for


blood tests.

 It is easy to analyze most of the bacteria in water medium than in blood.

Types of urine Specimens

Preservation of Urine :

1. Physical Preservation:

Urine is stored in the refrigerator which doesn’t affect the constituent of


urine.

Required Volume:30-45ml taken within 4 minutes


Temperature:32.5ºC to37.7ºC

2. Chemical preservation :

This process is done under following reagents :-

Phenol: causesanodor change

Toluene: noteffectivefor bacteriaand molds

Thymol crystals:preservesglucoseand sedimentswell

Formalin:excellent sediment preservative

Boricacid: preserves proteinwell

Procedure

Physical Examination :

O Colour :Denotes the degree of concentration. The color of non-pathological


urine varies widely from colorless to deep yellow; the more concentrated the
urine, the deeper the color. The color of urine is usually described after visual
inspection with common color terms.

Examination : Observing the colour .

O PH:Denotes the presence of H+ ion concentration in the content sample.

Examination : Using PH papers .


Materials Required

Urine sample

 Benedict’s solution

 Fehling’s solution – 1

 Fehling’s solution – 2

 Copper sulphate solution

 Sodium hydroxide

 Borsch’s reagent

 Ethanol

 Test tubes

ChemicalExamination :

O Protein Test :

Used to test amount of albumin present in the given content sample .


Examination :Done using sodium hydroxide & copper sulphate . This forms
thick blue ppt.

O Phenol test :
Used to test the presence of phenol based compounds present in urine .
Examination:Mixing the given urine soln. With neutral FeCl3. A light violet
colouring is observed .

O Amine test:

This test is used to detect the type of amino group that is excreted through
urine . These amines may be primary (1), secondary(2), tertiary(3) .

Examination

i) The given sample of urine is taken in a test tube .To the soln.
Alcoholic KOH is added along with CHCl3 . A foul smelling gas
poisonous gas is released (R-CN) . This indicates that the given
urine has the presence of 1amine . If there is no smell , then
1amine is absent .

O Carbonyl group test :This test is used to determine the presence of


carbonyl group namely KETONES(-CO-) & ALDEHYDES (-CHO) .

Examination :

I. Urine sample is mixed with BORSCH’s reagent , in presence of


alcohol it , there forms a yellow ppt. Which confirms the presence of
carbonyl group .
II. FEHLING TEST : This test is employed to test the presence of
reducible groups .
III. The sample is taken and FEHLING – A(CuSO4) & FEHLING – B
(Sodium Potassium Tartrate ) are added and water bathed .
Presence of red ppt. (Cu2O)confirms the presence of carbonyl group
.
IV.
V. O Confirmatory Test For carbonyl group :
VI. i. TOULENETEST:Given sample is mixed with TOLUENE’s reagent
(Ammo. AgNO3) & heated . If The sample doesn’t show any kind of
silver mirror then ALDEHYDE is absent
VII.
VIII. Ii. K2Cr2O7TEST :Given urine is mixed with K2Cr2O7and water
bathed . If the soln. Imparts green colour (CrO3 ion). Then it
confirms that there is ALDEHYDE present in the urine sample .
IX.
X. Iii. KETONE TEST:The sample urine is mixed with alcohol and
SCHIFF’s Base it forms violet colouration . This confirms the
presence of Ketone
XI.
XII. Blood Glucose Test :
XIII. O Benedict’s Solution test :
XIV. Sample urine is taken in a test tube and BENEDICT’s solutions is
added .This mixture is kept in water bath , after some time it
produces colouration depending upon the concentration of glucose .
XV.
XVI. Urinalysis
XVII.
XVIII. CONCLUSION:
XIX. In the given sample of urine specimen, the values of PH , Blood
Glucose level and Protein are the serious one . Higher albumin
(protein) & PH level in urine indicates serious trouble in Kidney. The
person is also affected by Diabetes
XX.
XXI. Reference
XXII. • Class XI practical textbook .
XXIII.
XXIV. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagent
XXV.
XXVI. •

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