GLOBALIZATION → The British dominated the world and

globalization, steam engines and machines

INTRODUCTION were invented which improved trading.
○ The world wars
● We have a single giant market.
→ Put an end to globalization, the economy
● Enables active participation in the global economy
either as producers, processors, and consumers. flattened, and the US experienced the Great
● All about interconnection and interdependence. Depression.
● Fuels cooperation, innovation, and development. ○ Second and third wave of globalization
● Results in employment losses in western countries → New start for the economy, new
and being transported to developing countries; tho technologies rose and the Iron Curtain
there is an income gap; disparity vanished later on. New innovations were
made such as the internet, more people
Global Economy or World Economy
belonged in the middle class.
● Refers to the interconnected worldwide economic ○ Globalization 4.0
→ The US and China dominated
activities that take place between multiple countries.
globalization, the economy began to be
● Pertains to all the economies of the world which we
digital and easier.
consider together as one giant economic system. It
● Land routes → Sea Routes
includes everything we all buy, sell, and own on this
● Global Interstate System
planet. ○ Five Key Attributes of World Politics
● Involves a wide variety of processes, opportunities, 1. Nobody is in charge. Each
and problems related to the spread of economic country is sovereign, which means
activities among countries around the world. that it has the authority to make its
own domestic and foreign policies.
Globalization 2. States are still the primary
international players.
3. These countries interact with each
● Globalization is the word used to describe the growing other through diplomacy.
interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, 4. There are international
and populations; brought about by cross-border trade organizations, like the United
in goods and services, technology, and flows of Nations (UN), that facilitate these
investment, people, and information. interactions.
● Keywords: Integration, Interdependence, Interaction, 5. Beyond simply facilitating
connectivity meetings between states,
● asd international organizations also
● Globalization is the cause of the formation and take on lives of their own.
creation of the global economy. ● States vs Nation
● Globalization = new world order ○ State is a political unit that has sovereignty
● Global economy = product of the new world over an area of territory and the people
● Four Characteristics of Globalization within it. Sovereignty is the legitimate and
○ Creation of new and the multiplication of ultimate authority over a polity (i.e., a
existing social networks and activities that political unit)
increasingly overcome traditional political, ○ Nation consists of a distinct population of
economic, cultural, and geographic people that are bound together by a
boundaries. common culture, history, and traditions who
○ Expansion and stretching of social relations, are typically concentrated within a specific
activities, and interdependencies. geographic region.
○ Intensification and acceleration of social ● Internationalism vs Globalism
exchanges and activities. ○ Internationalism refers to political, economic,
○ The creation, expansion, and intensification and cultural cooperation between nations.
of social interconnections and ○ Globalism refers to the belief that people,
interdependencies do not occur merely on goods, and information ought to be able to
an objective, material level. cross national borders unhampered.
● Globalization is viewed as a long term process rather ● Global Governance
than a phenomenon that emerged in the last decades ○ Global Multilateral Organizations
or even centuries. It is an old phenomenon that started ■ World Bank
since civilization began communicating and interacting ■ World Trade Organization
with one another via different means. ■ International Monetary Fund
■ United Nations
● Waves of Globalization ■ North Atlantic Treaty Organization
○ Silk roads ○ Regional Multilateral Organizations
→ Luxury goods started to be traded by ■ European Union
China to Rome. Trade became global, ■ ASEAN
luxury goods and spices were traded.
○ Spice routes Should we have a Global Government?
→ Globalization continued to emerge To have a global government means to have a global institution
through the Prophet Mohammed. Islamic that has its own constitution and by laws that are strictly
trade focused on Spices. followed, and to be able to uphold these and enforce these laws
○ Age of Discovery requires immense power and to have that power is difficult to
→ America is discovered by Columbus, achieve given the diversity of the human race and requires the
Magellan’s circumnavigation led to the complete subordination of all of its 8 billion members. And as we
access to the Spice Islands. know “Absolute Power corrupts absolutely.” Moving forward it is
○ First wave of globalization prone to western dominance given their influence monetarily,
and it gives the great global powers the platform to bully or push
smaller states into doing its bidding.
LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA
 Technology & Innovation

- 30 years have passed, since the end of the Cold War,

ADVANTAGES AND BENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATION Globalization has changed the world a lot. It's always a
question of what our world would be like if
Globalization by definition: Globalization didn’t exist in this century
- But, we could answer that most cultures of countries
- Globalization is the word used to describe the growing would become intact as it is, and there would be no
interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, convenience when it comes to accessing technologies
and populations; brought about by cross-border trade such as smartphones, laptops, and television that we
in goods and services, technology, and flows of have today. Innovations such as cars, machinery,
investment, people, and information. research, and discoveries of technological materials in
- Globalization is a cultural phenomenon that improves the future. Globalization can't be emphasized by
the economy of some countries and it brings them out capitalism only, but by the effects it has given us,
from the ruins of poverty. In both local and as we live in a better world today.
international settings, we learn more about how
globalization itself functions given the fact that it widely Access to New Market
influences every continent.
- By accessing new markets, you also inevitably
Poverty Reduction develop your products and services in new ways. This
is one of the greatest pros of globalization. Businesses
- Governments and international organizations are frequently need to modify their offers when entering
increasingly concerned about the influence of new markets in order to satisfy regional demand.
globalization on poverty eradication. The economic While this may seem like more work, it is a great
reasons for globalization emphasize the favorable links opportunity for innovation. By building successful
between increased international trade and investment products and services, and a solid customer base, you
flows and quicker economic growth, greater living can increase your revenue streams beyond national or
standards, rapid innovation, dissemination of state borders.
technology and management skills, and new economic - Reach potential customers
possibilities. - Massive growth of revenue
- Poverty increases health risks - Wide number of goods & services
- Poverty weakens our democracies
- Poverty weakens families Cheaper Prices of Products
- Poverty decreases mobility
- Different companies have offered cheap products to
World Peace & Unity different countries, it's a good thing that we can buy
those things at a very cheap price. One example is
- Globalization can't exist without the union or buying through Shopee and Lazada, these two are for
agreement of different countries, thus, they must be the convenience of every Filipino to buy whatever they
willing to put their differences or conflict aside to work afford at a very affordable price. It might be a win-win
together. Due to this, increased globalization has been situation for both the company and its buyers, the
linked as a promoter of peace and unity among company is also gaining enough profit. People in both
nations to achieve a common goal. developed and developing countries fit on less money.
- Globalization unites countries so that they can discuss
common goals or resolve international problems. With Cultural Adaptation
the combined efforts and resources of each country, it
allows for more creativity and innovation to solve - Culture is considered an adaptive mechanism because
problems affecting the people around the globe that it provides behavior patterns, strategies, and
requires a concentrated global effort. For instance, techniques aimed at helping people adapt in a
world leaders have seen the impact of climate change particular environment
and decided to tackle it together in order to combat the - It's an advantage for globalization to develop mutual
rising carbon emissions and such. relationships between different nationals. Given the
time today, Filipinos undeniably romanticized Korean
Increased Global Cooperation culture through the popularity of Korean dramas here
in the Philippines. Not only K-Drama, but also KPop
- Nations must be prepared to set aside their differences has widely influenced the world through the stereotype
and cooperate for a worldwide economy to survive. of its music.
Reactionary movements that deepen racial and ethnic
divisions among individuals are sparked by Labor & Employment
globalization. The focus of widespread collaboration is
then on supporting one’s own ethnic, racial, or - Due to globalization, all countries have access to a
linguistic group. larger labor pool. Labor has become increasingly
- As a result, growing globalization has been associated globalized. For instance, there are more commodities
with a decrease in conflict—though not its eradication. and services being exchanged as more nations around
For instance, external international cooperation started the world start to trade with one another, which results
to play a more significant role in interstate relations as in a rise in jobs.
environmental challenges grew worse and took on a - Globalization, or the idea that instead of having many
global character. States have understood that working diverse markets, the entire world is one enormous
together is the only effective approach to safeguard market, has connected markets from all over the
the environment in order not to overexploit and world. Conversely, wealthy countries may outsource
exhaust it. low-skill jobs to developing countries with lower living
expenses in order to minimize the cost of items
supplied and pass those savings on to the customer.
- Produces Valuable Goods & Services
- Contributes to Economic Growth

LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA

 economic growth in these countries may be slow or
DISADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION stagnant.

International Recruiting
Environmental Concerns
- International Recruiting was cited as the most common
challenge by 30% of US and UK tech leaders. - Increased transport of goods can lead to
- HR teams face unknowns when they recruit across - increased emissions
borders. - habitat destruction
- Economic specialization can threaten forest health and
Managing Employee Immigration lead to serious environmental issues, often in the form
of habitat loss, deforestation, or natural resource
- Cited as one of the top challenges by 28% of US and overuse
UK tech leaders. - Increased greenhouse gas emissions, ocean
- Immigration laws change frequently, and in some acidification, deforestation (and other forms of habitat
countries, obtaining visas for foreign national loss or destruction), climate change, and the
employees is extremely difficult. introduction of invasive species all work to reduce
biodiversity around the globe.
Incurring Tariffs and Export Fees

- mentioned by 29% of tech leaders

- Depending on the market, getting those items WORLD DIVISIONS
overseas can be costly for companies looking to sell
their products abroad. Political Context
● 1494 CE: Treaty of Tordesillas
Loss of Cultural Identity ○ On June 7, 1494, the
government
- The success of certain cultures throughout the world
● 1946 to 1991
caused other countries to emulate them. But when
cultures begin to lose their distinctive features, we lose ● The end of the Second World
our global diversity. War is a landmark in
contemporary world politics
Foreign Worker Exploitation (1939-1945).
● The consequences of the end of the Second world
- Lower costs do benefit many consumers, but it also was the rise of two new powers on the global stage.
creates tough competition that leads some companies
● The United States and the Soviet Union became the
to search for cheap labor.
greatest powers in the world with the ability to
Global Expansion Difficulties influence events anywhere on earth, giving rise to a
bipolar world. (Mutually Assured Destruction)
- Global businesses must keep up with different and ● After World War II, the world split into two large
ever-changing labor laws in new countries. When geopolitical blocs, separating into communism and
expanding into new countries, companies must be capitalism. This led to the Cold War from 1947 to
aware of how to navigate new legal systems.
1991.
Otherwise, missteps lead to impediments and severe
financial and legal consequences.

Increased Competition

- Global free trade is beneficial to the entire system.

Individual Companies, Organizations, and workers can
be disadvantaged, however, by global competition.
This is similar to how these parties might be
disadvantaged by domestic competition: The pool has
simply widened. ● First World Concept
○ First World is a term developed during the
Disproportionate Growth Cold War in the 1950s, originally referred to
a country that was aligned with the United
- Globalization can introduce disproportionate growth
States and other Western nations in
both between and within countries.
- Within countries, globalization often has the effect of opposition to what was then the Soviet
increasing immigration. Union and its allies.
○ The “Three Worlds” of the Cold War Era of
Imbalance Trades 1975
■ First World: Western Bloc led by
- Any country can trade with any other country, and the USA, UK, NATO, Japan and
globalization causes an imbalance in this ratio. It is
their allies
also termed ‘trade deficit.’ Over the years, trade
imbalance has increased in developed countries by ■ Second World: Eastern Bloc led
competition in the market. by the USSR. the Warsaw Pact,
China and their allies.
■ Third World: Non-Aligned
Exploits Cheaper Labor Markets Movement (led bv India and
Yugoslavia) and other neutral
- Globalization allows businesses to increase jobs and
economic opportunities in developing countries, where countries.
the cost of labor is often cheaper. However, overall

LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA

Economic Context
● New International Economic Order (NIEO)
○ Set of proposals advocated by developing
countries to end economic colonialism and
dependencies through a new interdependent
economy. Economic Context: First World Countries
○ Mission to achieve a more equitable ● Currently, it describes a developed and industrialized
international system was motivated also by country characterized by political and economic
increasing inequality in the share of global stability, democracy, the rule of law, a capitalist
national income between developed and economy, and a high standard of living.
underdeveloped countries. ● First world countries are often characterized by
○ The United Nations Conference on Trade prosperity, democracy, and stability –both political and
and Development (UNCTAD), along with the economic.
associated Group of 77 and the Non-Aligned ● A high literacy rate, free enterprise, and the rule of law
Movement, was the central forum for are other common characteristics of first world
discussions of the NIEO. countries.
○ The United Nations General Assembly ● Examples of first world countries include the United
adopted the Declaration for the States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand andJapan.
Establishment of a New International Several Western European nations qualify as well,
Economic Order and its accompanying especially Great Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland
program of action in 1974. and the Scandinavian countries.
● Rise of the Liberal Order
○ Belief in the universal equality of individuals, ● "First world" is a term that consists of countries that
as well as individual and collective may have the following characteristics: stable
freedoms. Political liberalism entails the rule democracies, high standards of living, capitalist
of law, and the sovereign equality of states, economies, and economic stability. Other measures
as well as protections for human rights, that may be used to indicate first world countries
political rights and civil liberties. include gross domestic product (GDP) or literacy rates.
○ The United States has championed this ● "Third world" refers to countries with high mortality
system-known as the liberal world order-for rates, especially infant mortality rates. They also have
the past seventy-five years. During this time, an unstable and inconsistent economy. These are
the world has enjoyed unprecedented peace countries that contain massive amounts of poverty and
and prosperity. in some cases have fewer natural resources than
● Rise of Liberal Internationalism other nations throughout the world. These countries
○ US and world leaders created a series of often have to rely on more Industrialized countries to
international organizations and agreements aid them and help stabilize their economy.
to promote global cooperation on issues
including security, trade, health, and
monetary policy.
○ It foresees a gradual transformation of world
politics from anarchy to common institutions
and the rule of law. To that extent, global
free trade, liberal economics and liberal
politics systems are all encouraged. In
addition, liberal internationalists are
dedicated towards encouraging democracy
to emerge globally.
● Foundation for World Economic Order
○ International economic institutions (the Criticisms: There is an argument to be made that the model of
World Trade Organization, World Bank, and dividing nations into first, second, or third worlds represents an
International Monetary Fund), the economic archaic and antiquated perspective.
principles underlying most free trade 1. Controversy exists around the use of the term "first
agreements around the world. world'' to describe democratic countries in comparison
○ rules-based international economy is with developing nations and those with political
required-one that inspires hope and fear in regimes that do not align with Western nations.
equal measure. 2. Designation as a first world nation does not
● Rise of the Neoliberalism necessarily mean a country has local access to certain
○ Neoliberalism is contemporarily used to refer luxuries or resources that are in demand. For example,
to market-oriented reform policies such as oil production is a staple industry in many countries
“eliminating price controls, deregulating that historically have not been regarded as first world
capital markets, lowering trade barriers” and nations.
reducing, especially through privatization
and austerity, state influence in the economy
○ Neoliberalism is often associated with the
leadership of Margaret Thatcher
(Conservative Party) and Ronald Reagan
(Republican Party).
○ A policy model that encompasses both
politics and economics, and seeks to
transfer the control of economic factors from
the public sector to the private sector.
(privatization)

LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA

 Global North and Global South
● In the 1980s, the Brandt Line was developed as a way
of showing how the world was geographically split into
relatively richer and poorer nations.
● According to this model:
○ Richer countries are almost all located in the
northern hemisphere, with the exception of
Australia and New Zealand.
○ Poorer countries are mostly located in
tropical regions and in the Southern
hemisphere.
● The World Economy
Less Developed Countries ○ According to Immanuel Wallerstein’s world
● Developed Countries: countries which are developed systems theory, a global capitalist system
in terms of economy and industrialization. The separates countries into the core (the
developed countries are also known as advanced North), semiperiphery, and periphery (the
countries or the first world countries, as they are South) based primarily on their economic
self-sufficient nations. participation.
● Developing Countries: Countries which are going ○ His theory is largely influenced by Karl Marx,
through the initial levels of industrial development who saw the economy as the foundation
along with low per capita income are known as society that determined all cultural
Developing Countries. These countries come under phenomena.
the category of third world countries. They are also ● World-system refers to the
known as lower developed countries. inter-global and transnational division
of labor, which divides the world into
core countries, semi-periphery
countries, and the periphery countries.
● Core countries focus on
higher-skill, capital-intensive
production, and the rest of the world
focuses (semi-periphery and
periphery) on low-skill, labor-intensive
production and extraction of raw
materials.

Global North represents the economically developed societies

of Europe, North America, Australia, Israel, South Africa,
amongst others, the Global South represents the economically
backward countries of Africa, India, China, Brazil, Mexico
amongst others.
● They are wealthy, technologically advanced, politically
stable and aging as their societies tend towards zero
Human Development Index population growth.
● The HDI was created to emphasize that people and ● Countries that are dominating international trade and
their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for politics.
assessing the development of a country, not economic Global South represents countries that are agrarian based,
growth alone. dependent economically and politically on the Global North.
● Statistic Composite Index of Life Expectancy, ● Used to identify regions within Latin America, Asia,
Education (mean years of schooling completed and Africa, and Oceania.
expected years of schooling upon entering the
education system), and per capita income indicators,
which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human Regionalization
development. ● Regionalization is the process of transferring power
from the central government to the regions, for a better
application of the subsidiarity principle, within the
framework of national or federal solidarity.
● Regionalization can be defined as intensification of
intra-regional social and economic interactions
● Regionalization is defined as an increase in the
cross-border flow of capital, goods, and people within
a specific geographical area.

Regionalism
● Regionalism is a political ideology that seeks to
increase the political power, influence, and/or
self-determination of the people of one or more
subnational regions.
● Regionalism refers to three distinct elements:
○ a) movements demanding territorial
autonomy within unitary states;
○ b) the organization of the central state on a
regional basis for the delivery of its policies
including regional development policies;
○ c) political decentralization and regional
autonomy.

LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA

 CASE STUDY FOR LATIN AMERICA
Globalization vs Regionalization
● Globalization refers to the process of expanding your Latin America
business operations onto a global scale. This can ● Region in the Western Hemisphere, south of the
include selling products or services in other countries United States.
or setting up offices or factories in other parts of the ● The term Latin America is used to describe the
world.
countries in South America, Middle America, and the
● Globalization is a “process of interaction and
integration among people, companies, and Caribbean that speak Latin languages, also known as
governments worldwide”. It describes the growing the “Roman languages.”
interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, ● Latin America extends from Mexico in North America
and populations, brought about by cross-border trade and down through Central America, parts of the
in goods and services, technology, and flows of Caribbean and all of South America down to the
investment, people, and information” bottom of the continent.
● Regionalization is the opposite of globalization – it
● Roman Languages
refers to the process of dividing your business into
smaller units that operate within specific geographic ○ Spanish
regions. ○ Portuguese
● Regionalization is the process of dividing an area into ○ French
smaller segments called regions. It points to the ● Countries
“decomposition of the world into smaller economic ○ North America (Mexico)
units and regional integration groupings” ○ Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama)
Regionalism
● Types of regionalism include: ○ South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
○ “economic regionalism, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru,
○ linguistic regionalism, Uruguay, Venezuela)
○ political regionalism and even ○ Caribbean (Cuba, Dominican Republic,
○ sub-regional movements” Puerto Rico)
● In terms of establishing states, the types of
regionalism are supra-state, inter-state and intra-state
regionalism. Socio-economic Characteristics of Latin America
● In politics, “regionalism is an ideology that highlights ● Economy
the local identity, the need for independent regional ○ Sectors: Agriculture & Mining
planning and administrative freedom. It promotes the ○ Mixed Economy System
manifestation of cultural singularities and prioritizes the ■ Traditional
region’s interest over the interest of the nation as a ■ Command
whole”
■ Market Economy
Asian Integration ○ Latin American Economic System (SELA)
● In Asia, the largest episode of opening up to trade and ■ Spanish: Sistema Económico
investment occurred unilaterally from the 1980s Latinoamericano
through to the 2000s. The story is a familiar one in ■ Established in 1975, nearly 30
East Asia. Latin American and Caribbean
● In the 1980s and 1990s, there was a growing countries are members.
consensus among policymakers involved in integrating
■ This association was formed to
Asia that trade and openness were the key drivers of
development. Consequently, the removal of border promote economic cooperation
barriers and deeper integration were achieved without and development throughout the
formal or binding external agreements. region of Latin America
● This process is often termed market-driven integration, ○ Unemployment
as it did not involve RTAs. Competitive unilateral ■ Unemployment rate for the Latin
liberalization in the 1980s and 1990s was followed by
American and Caribbean region
reforms and further liberalization, influenced by
economic crises, regional institutions such as the overall was the lowest for the past
Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) and few decades:
ASEAN, and global commitments through the General ■ 6.4% down from 6.7% in 2011
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and WTO ■ Labor market improved with just a
processes 3.0% in the region’s economy
● Economic integration in Asia has progressed over the ■ Even with rising labor market
last 30 years through the formation of greater trade
participation, the number of urban
and investment linkages, which have been driven by
market-led integration, underpinned by international unemployed are: 400,000, on the
commitments back of relatively strong job
● In Asia, regional economic integration has mainly creation.
focused on trade in goods and services and, to some ■ 15 million are still jobless in the
extent, investment. region.
● East Asia experienced higher economic growth and ● Income
growth in trade and investment than did other regions,
○ Upper Middle-Income
even when China’s growth is not taken into account.
● East Asia’s supply chains and production 1. Brazil
fragmentation deepened trade and economic 2. Colombia
integration in Asia and were an engine of global trade 3. Costa Rica
and economic growth 4. Dominican Republic
5. Ecuador
6. Jamaica
LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA
 7. Mexico
8. Peru
○ High Income Factors & Challenges Affecting the Growth of Latin America
1. Argentina ● Colonial Rule
2. Panama ○ In post-colonial Latin America, high levels of
3. Trinidad and Tobago violence, political instability, economic
4. Uruguay balkanization, and anti-trade policies all
5. Chile sabotaged economic growth and reduced
○ Low Income state capacities below the already low levels
1. Haiti that had characterized the colonial regimes.
○ Some LAC countries perform worse than ○ Lost Decades – the natural flow of history
low-income economies worldwide in several (social, ideological, cultural changes) went
well-being aspects which include: through its course, it was interrupted by
■ satisfaction with living standards colonialism.
■ share of non-vulnerable jobs ○ Independence was followed in each case by
■ housing facilities political instability, violent conflict and
■ personal security or perceived economic stagnation (lost decades) lasting
honesty of public officials about a half-century.
● Education ○ Resistance by powerful settler elites and the
○ Latin America and the Caribbean have relative weakness of the liberal movements
made progress in increasing the enrollment that sought to dislodge them.
in pre-primary, primary and secondary
education in the last decades.
○ 12 million children and adolescents ranging
between ages 7 to 18 are out of the
educational system.
○ 2.3 million children are out of primary
school, and the situation is more critical at
the secondary level.
○
○ 2.5 million children and adolescents are out
● The Environment
of lower secondary school and 7.2 million in
○ Pollution
upper secondary.
○ Deforestation
○ Rising Sea Levels
Socio-economic Risks and Issues
○ Agriculture
● Inequality
● Human Systemic Risk
○ The Most Unequal Place in the World
○ Commodity Market
○ In Latin America, the richest 10% of people
■ Livestock
capture 54% of the national income, making
■ Coffee
it one of the most unequal regions in the
■ Corn
○ Latin American inequality is the result of an
■ Soybeans
uneven personal distribution of labor
■ Sugar
income.
■ Metals
○ Why is it so difficult for Latin America to
■ Oil
reduce inequality in a sustained way?
● Inequality
■ Latin America fails to reduce
○ Modern Latin America was early on set on a
inequality because of its
path of inequality, and it has mostly been
precarious tax system and its
faithful to it.
weak redistributive power.
○ Keeping access to political institutions broad
■ Without Taxes, There is No
and open enough so that the
Inequality – Claudio Lozano
underprivileged can influence economic
● Education
outcomes.
○ Majority of the children in the region are still
● Violence
not receiving high-quality and relevant
○ This absence of supervision or social
education.
control, either by traditional social
■ In 2015, Latin America is, on
institutions—i.e. the family–or modern
average, 2.5 years of schooling
institutions—i.e. schools and hospitals–,
behind the OECD average
might also be the basis for increasing
■ 50% of Mexicans, Colombians
gender- based violence and the creation of
and Brazilians do not have the
gangs which may become attached to illegal
skills necessary to solve simple
activities.
math equations or to explain basic
○ Government sometimes confront,
scientific phenomena.
sometimes appease, and sometimes simply
■ ⅕ of youth aged 15–24 in Latin
turn a blind eye to drug trafficking; each
America is out-of-school and not
policy option leading to divergent outcomes
working.
in terms of violence.

LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA

Future Development in Latin America ASEAN Membership
● More prosperous, but inherently fragile According to Article 6 of the ASEAN Charter,, the admission of a
● Pink Tide member-state to the organization is based on the following
○ “Not so much a red tide, as a pink one” procedures:
(Rohter, 2005). 1. The location must be recognized within the
○ The surge of left progressive politicians geographical boundaries of Southeast Asia
○ Two variations = shall coexist, should go 2. Recognition must be approved by all ASEAN
hand in hand member-states
■ Redistribution of resources 3. The member-state must agree on the provisions set by
■ Structural Reforms the Charter
○ Compromisation 4. The member-state must be willing to carry out
○ Political Development = “..constant change obligations set by the charter
in direction, at times undermining the
economic and social progress of nations.” Member states
● Factors that will drive the economic growth of Latin 1. Myanmar
America 2. Cambodia
1. Overall pace of world’s economic growth 3. Indonesia
2. How it positions itself in the pursuit of 4. Lao PDR
economic gain 5. Malaysia
a. Philosophical divide 6. Brunei Darussalam
i. Foreign investment 7. Philippines
ii. “Populist approach to 8. Singapore
development” 9. Thailand
● Low propensity for international conflict = civil conflicts 10. Vietnam
would be the primary security threat;
● Urbanization keep apace still that would question: Observer States & their membership problems
○ Infrastructures; and 1. Papua New Guinea
○ Institutions ● Geographic Location
● Inevitable change in technologies that would affect: ● Persistent Ethnic Violence
○ job market; and ● Political Instability
○ political systems ● Lack of Proper Law Enforcement
● Systemic and contemporary issues would gain serious 2. Timor Leste
importance (e.g. Climate Change) ● Underdeveloped Economy
● Turning away from the “New Left” to sustain
● Critical Elements Factors Leading to a greater integration of the Asian Region
○ Continuity ● Trade
○ Strategic Thinking ● Mutual Benefit
○ Long-Term Considerations ● Common Goals
● “Finding a way to combat destructive change is an ● Similar Culture
imperative, and there should be no waste in its pursuit” ● Similar Community Needs
● “Alliance for progress”
Challenges for Integration
● Regional ties and Geopolitical stability
ASEAN ○ Members of ASEAN are involved in
territorial conflicts with other parties. The
→The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a South China Sea, for instance, is the subject
regional intergovernmental organization of countries in of rival claims from Brunei Darussalam,
Southeast Asia. Historically, ASEAN was created to stop the Malaysia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam.
spread of communism within the region and to promote Although there are difficulties, better
camaraderie among conflicting Southeast Asian countries. cooperation and shared objectives among
ASEAN states can aid in promoting stability
→Nowadays, ASEAN’s primary purpose is to provide a political, and reducing the likelihood of disputes.
cultural, and economic union that promotes integration, stability, ● Business Governance Challenges
cooperation, and development among its member states. ○ The region's business climate is being
ASEAN has been one of the most successful organizations in undermined by entrenched interests with the
the developing world. big conglomerates and pervasive corruption,
which is especially harmful for small
ONE VISION, ONE IDENTITY, ONE COMMUNITY businesses. To combat corruption and boost
● Aims and Purposes the region's ability to compete
○ To accelerate economic growth, social internationally, the ASEAN region requires
progress, and cultural development in the powerful, independent civic organizations.
region One expectation is that technological
○ To promote regional peace and stability advancements will increase economic
through abiding respect for justice and the growth and transparency.
rule of law in the relationship among
countries in the region and adherence to the
principles of the United Nations Charter.

LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA

 ● New Business Structures How Member States Confront Challenges
○ More than 600 million consumers can be ● Asian Free Trade Agreement
found in the ASEAN region, which is a rising ● ASEAN adapted stronger laws and institutions
market. With Singapore's economy as the ● Three recommendations in the ASEAN Charter
exception, the region's GDP per capita is ● The ASEAN Surveillance
approximately $6,500, which is lower than
China's but higher than India's. Consumers
in the region are price-sensitive and ADDITIONAL RESOURCES FOR THE PRELIMINARY PERIOD
demanding, resulting in local businesses
with low margins and low labor costs – GLOBALIZATION I: The Upside
formidable competitors to foreign rivals. ● Globalization is a cultural phenomenon.
● Demographic Shifts ● Reflected in contemporary artwork, population
migration and linguistic changes.
○ Young, literate, urbanizing, and aspiring
● Trade – economic interdependence
populations can be found in ASEAN. ● Trade goes back to as early as the Indus Valley
Customers in the area are seeking higher- Civilization in Mesopotamia
quality goods and services, which gives a 1. Multinational corporations have global reach and
chance for companies looking to capitalize increasing power
on expanding consumer markets. 2. Travel and shipping are cheap and safe
● Inclusive Development 3. Governments have decreased tariffs and
regulation on international trade
○ The 2017 GDP per capita for ASEAN
→ Led to the term “Free Trade”
member nations varied widely, from → Cotton production
Singapore's $57,714 to Cambodia's $1,384 → US Gov subsidizes cotton
and Myanmar's $1,298. Lower-income production
states have significantly improved in recent → While it is produced in USA, it
years. Gains in the regional economy, is processed in other countries
however, have not been sufficient to like Mexico, Guatemala, China,
India, etc
significantly reduce disparities across
→ Blanks are processed in
ASEAN member states. The most recent Europe and the US, in the West.
Global Findex report from the World Bank, ● Government Regulation diminishes prosperity by
from 2017, revealed that only 22% of adults limiting growth.
in Cambodia and 26% of adults in Burma ● Latin American, Caribbean, African Nations are bullied
had bank accounts, compared to 98% of into free trade by larger economies
● Privatizing state run businesses to appease the IMF,
adults in Singapore and 85% of adults in
which offers low interest loans to developing nations.
Malaysia. These differences highlight the ○ Many Strings Attached
necessity of making extensive, substantial ● Manufactured domestically, sold to the world.
investments in financial institutions, ● Global Capitalism has been good for a lot of people
infrastructure, and strategic planning. (made clear in 2012)
● Regional Digital Economy ● Migration
○ With more than 125,000 new users 1. Air travel is cheap
2. Easy and inexpensive to stay in touch
expected to join the internet every day
3. Even with increased industrialization in the
through the year 2020, South-East Asia has developing world, economic opportunities
the fastest-growing internet user population are often much better in wealthy countries
in the entire world. Mobile usage will → Remittances – money sent
account for the majority of that growth, and it home by people working abroad
has the ability to launch new businesses, ● Globalization = Cultural Blending
supersede antiquated business models, and ● There are fewer languages spoken today, and less
drastically alter the lives of millions of cultural diversity.
people. However, there is a need to develop ● Green Revolution (2nd agricultural revolution in the
regional internet infrastructure because 50s)
technology adoption varies widely among
ASEAN nations.
● Economic Integration GLOBALIZATION II: Good or Bad
○ The ASEAN member states have come ● Globalization lead to the celebration of individualism
together as a closer-knit community since ○ Individualism also had a destabilizing effect
the formation of the ASEAN Economic on families (e.g. spending time playing with
Community (AEC) in 2015. The AEC seeks gadgets rather than family interaction)
to promote a single market, improve ● The biggest consequence of globalization and the
industrial production capacity, boost ensuing rise in the human population has been
competitiveness, promote inclusive growth, humanity's effect on the environment.
and further integrate the area into the global ○ As worldwide production and consumption
economy. Additionally, following the US's increases, we use more resources,
exit from the TPP, the ASEAN nations, especially water and fossil fuels.
Australia, Canada, and other nations joined ● Almost no human being alive today lives with stuff only
a revamped TPP in 2018. manufactured in their home country

LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA

 GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES ○ Has effects on the well-being of individuals.
○ Ex. The necessity of having the latest apple
Definition of Terms products affects the cognitive or
Globalization
psychological circumstances of people.
● The growing interdependence of the world's
3. Ideoscape
economies, cultures, and populations, brought about
○ Refers to the global flow of IDEAS
by cross-border trade in goods and services,
○ Small scale or in a larger scale
technology, and flows of investment, people and
○ Ex. Mere posting of ideas in social media for
information.
the public to see (small scale) - Missionaries
Media
(large scale)
● Played significant roles in shaping the global
4. Financescape
processes of economics, politics, and culture - the
○ Refers to the flow of MONEY globally.
three aspects that make up the multidimensionality of
○ Ex. Colonization of Spain in Cuba - Sugar
globalization
cane production and other assets that
● Tool for interaction of people with different cultures
equate to money.
Culture
5. Mediascape
● Can be defined as all the ways of life including arts,
○ Refers to the global flow of MEDIA.
beliefs, and institutions of a population that are passed
○ Ex. From newspaper entertainment to
down through generations.
telegraphs to telephones, and now the
internet.
Five Stages of Development of Media
1. Oral Communication
Dynamics of Local and Global Culture
2. Script
Local Culture
3. Printing Press
● Beliefs, customs, and shared experiences of every life
4. Electronic Media
in our localities.
5. Digital Media
Global Culture
● A culture experienced across different countries e.g.
Global Integration
international fashion and western, Japanese, and
● The process of expanding the degree of economic and
Korean pop music.
political interconnectedness affects countries
throughout the world. This can be accomplished
through several mechanisms, including treaties, trade
Cultural Flows
agreements, and infrastructure initiatives.
Cultural Differentialism
● A culture might be affected by global flows but it
Media & Global Integration
remains different from one another
● Technology enables rapid communication,
○ e.g. Samuel Huntington's theory of clash of
transportation, and mass marketing, all of which
civilization
contributes significantly to a worldwide marketplace.
● Huntington created a new civilization paradigm to best
● By employing digital technology to offer content quickly
explain the reality and global political order. It is
across a worldwide market, media economies of scale
divided into eight major civilizations:
produce substantially higher profit margins.
1. Sinic
● Through worldwide news broadcasts, television
2. Japanese
programming, new technology, cinema, and music, the
3. Hindu
mass media are now considered critical in increasing
4. Islamic Orthodox
globalization and allowing cultural interaction and
5. Western
numerous flows of information and images across
6. Latin America
nations.
7. African
● Global Media Cultures looks into the relationship
● He predicts a clash of civilizations between Islamic
between media, culture, and globalization. The topic
and Sinic against the West.
explores and questions the power of media
representation, as well as past and current
Cultural Hybridization
international communication challenges. The media
● A culture might be affected by global flows but it
has a significant impact on culture in a variety of ways,
remains different from one another.
including the widespread transnational transmission of
○ Mcdonaldization
cultural products and the formation of communicative
networks and social structures.
Cultural Convergence
● According to this theory, the more two cultures interact
Five Scapes of Globalization
and collide, the more they resemble one another.
Understanding the changing social landscapes in which modern
○ e.g. Pop Music between Korea and the
people often are embedded in their everyday lives requires a
Philippines
creative paradigm that views globalization in terms of the people,
objects, and ideas that traverse international borders.
CONCLUSION
● Globalization is defined as the process of integrating
1. Enthoscape
and influencing development on a global scale. There
○ Refers to the flow of PEOPLE across
are key factors as to where its effect could be
boundaries.
compounded.
○ Ex. People travel or migrate out of necessity.
● Influence is the capacity to have an effect on
2. Technoscape
character, behaviour, and or development of a
○ Refers to the flow of TECHNOLOGY.
LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA
 phenomenon. Influence has become the backbone of ● Religion has grown in prominence as a non-territorial
progress, paramount to the advancement of anything touchstone of identity.
that has been occurring. As influence compounds the ● This co-constitutive and paradoxical relationship that
effect of globalization, it is key to understand that there exists between globalization and religions faces
are mediums that heavily aid globalization, culture and hurdles.
media can be contended that these are the most ● Globalization tends to hybridize which triggers a
important factors. problem with assertion in religious aspects.
● Culture has been a long standing phenomenon. These ● Globalization also creates issues; while some religious
are the ways of life that are passed down through values weaken, there are some reinforcing specific
generations. Culture being as it is, the sole definition of identities that creates a conflict within the religious
culture strongly relates to globalization due to its group.
influential nature. On a similar note, Media being the
tool for interaction, it has played the major role of How does Globalization affect Religious Practices and
delivering influences on a larger scale. Media is Beliefs
responsible for the social networks we have today, and ● The existence of Religious Pluralism and
that greatly intensifies globalization. From the oral Multiculturalism in modern society.
communication that we have had ever since, to the ● The decomposition and criticism of religious culture &
Digital Media we have in the modern age. These two values.
have been mobilizing globalization rapidly. ○ Liberalization of Christian Values
● Culture, media, and globalization work hand in hand. It ● Benefits
is interdependent. The progress and effects of 1. The culmination of the variety of different
globalization is dependent on the progress of culture religious values foster civic virtue and their
and media. The interaction of these three contributes apostolic mission.
significantly to the improvement of the world in which 2. Reconciliation of religious rivalries and the
we exist. peaceful coexistence of different religions.
● These Five scapes are the tools used to view and 3. Focus on the actions for the promotion and
dissect the circulation of how specific circumstances advocacy of human, environmental, and
flow, explaining when, why, and how things happen in global rights.
a global context. ● Negatives
1. Decomposition of Global Religious Cultures,
Values, and Traditions.
2. Decline of Traditional Religious Customs,
Norms, and Ideals.
3. Misinterpretation of Religious Teachings
GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION leading to ideological extremism and
religious conflict.
Definition of Terms
Globalization
The Relationship between Religion and Global Conflict and
● The growing interdependence of the world's
Peace
economies, cultures, and populations, brought about
● Global peace also comes with conflict, so religion and
by cross-border trade in goods and services,
globalization are intertwined, as are the conflicts that
technology, and flows of investment, people and
result from them
information.
● The spread of religion due to globalization was positive
Religion
○ Allowed religion to be shared and have a
● A set of organized beliefs, practices, and systems
greater global impact.
which is associated with the faith regarding
○ Religious organizations also oppose
supernatural beings or gods.
repression.
● 7 Major religions:
○ Promote Peace and Tranquility
1. Christianity
● “Religion has been both a promoter of peace and a
2. Islam
harbinger of war”
3. Buddhism
○ extreme measures are necessary to carry
4. Hinduism
out God’s will
5. Judaism
○ Fundamentalists of all faiths seem to have a
6. Folk/Traditional Religion
Manichean worldview
7. Unaffiliated Religion
● Fundamentalist – people who believe in the strict and
literal interpretation of scripture in a religion.
Relationship of Globalization
● Manichean – struggle between a good, spiritual, world
● Religion has been a driving force in the progression of
of light, and an evil, material world
globalization through the years.
● People have their own free will to do what they truly
● Current trends in globalization paved a way to
desire.
accentuate religion through enhancing beliefs and
● Religion is not the sole problem, but rather, the people
values, religion teaching and exhibiting virtuous
themselves.
actions.
● Globalization improves the religious tolerance and
acceptance of other beliefs and practices.
Religion and Global Conflict and Peace = Religion and
● Religion maximizes the advantage of globalization
Global Politics
such as technology to flourish and milieu to spread on
● European Wars of Religion
a global scale.
○ Protestant Crowns vs Catholic Kingdoms

LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA

 ○ Anglo-Spanish War OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF BIG CITIES
● Colonization (GLOBAL AND PHILIPPINE CONTEXT)
○ Philippines
What part do educators play in involving pupils in
● Crusades
urbanization?
● In the modern day ● Educator's purposes for pupils are to define different
○ Islamophobia categories in many concerns, historical, scientific,
○ Islamic Extremism mathematical, anthropological, community, economic
○ Uyghur Genocide subjects, and so on.

The urban area can refer to towns, cities, and suburbs. Rural is
Inputs from the Instructor another side of urban and we only have limited access to
necessities.
What is the relationship between religion and globalization?
● Religion has entered the information age and has What is Urbanization?
globalized at an accelerating rate through ● Urbanization is a process of development of urban
technological advancement. areas and it is the increase in the population of or
proportion of people living in a region within cities and
Globalization gave rise to religious nationalism after WW2 towns.
● RA 11163 - National Bible Day Act
● RA 10966 - An Act declaring December 8 of every Global Cities
year a special non-working holiday in the entire ● Tokyo-Yokohama, Japan
country to commemorate the feast of the immaculate ○ Cosmopolitan port city
conception of Mary, the principal patroness of the ● Jakarta, Indonesia
Philippines. ○ 1940s: Dramatic increase in the population
● 1987 Constitution - separation of church and state ● Delhi, India
shall be inviolable (Article 2, Section 6), and no law ● Guangzhou-Foshan, China
shall be made an establishment of religion or ○ Large port megacity
prohibiting the free exercise thereof. ○ China’s primary transportation and trade hub
○ Separation of church and state - is the idea ● Mumbai, India
that the government should remain neutral ○ Most populous city in India
toward all religions and not officially ○ National Stock Exchange, Bombay Stock
recognize or favor any one religion. Exchange, and Reserve Bank of India
● ISSUES - Abortion, divorce, same-sex marriage ● Manila, Philippines
● Shanghai, China
Globalization led to the turn of religion into public life as a ● Sao Paula, Brazil
reaction to WW2 modernism ● Seoul-Incheon, South Korea
● Example: Iran as a theocratic state ● Mexico City, Mexico
● Theocracy - government by divine guidance or by
officials who are regarded as divinely guided. In many OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES OF BIG CITIES
theocracies, government leaders are members of the GLOBALLY
clergy, and the state’s legal system is based on
religious law. Opportunities
● Mahsa Amini protests of 2022 - an ongoing series of ● Accessibility
protests and civil unrest against the government of ● Mass Transportation System
Iran began in Tehran on 16 Sept 2022 as a reaction to ● Higher Quality Medical Care
the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amin. ● Job Opportunities
● Diversity
Proliferation of international terrorism
● Rise of religious extremism Challenges
● It is the desire to impose one’s belief on others, not ● Population Density
through argument or evangelism, but through ● Environmental Threats
coercion. ● Limited/Tight Resources
● Inequality
Increase of individual religiosity ● Governance
● Individual’s need to rely on his or her beliefs and
relationship with the supreme being. Big cities in the Philippines
● Quezon City
○ 1st City to hit the 2M mark.
● Manila City
○ Political, Economic, Ecclesiastical, and
Educational capital of the Philippines.
● Davao City
○ First class highly urbanized city.
○ Predicted to surpass Manila.
● Caloocan City
○ Bordered along Quezon City and Manila
City.
● Cebu City
LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA
 ○ Central area of trade, business, commerce, OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF MIGRATION AND
and education. DISPLACEMENT (GLOBAL AND PHILIPPINE CONTEXT)
○ 80% of the country’s total and domestic
shipping companies are based here. Why are challenges presented?
● Zamboanga City ● The aspect of uncontrolled, poorly managed irregular
● Taguig City migration and population displacement is what causes
● Pasig City policy debate.
● Cagayan De Oro City
● Parañaque City Migration
● To move from one country, place, or locality to another;
Opportunities and Challenges of Big Cities in the to pass usually periodically from one region or climate
Philippines to another for feeding or breeding; to change position
or location in an organism or substance.
Opportunities/Advantages ● International migration is the movement of people
● Easy access to workplace across international borders for the purpose of
● Easy access to malls, restaurants/fast food chains, settlement. International migrants change their usual
marketplaces place of residence from one country to another.
● Job opportunities ● The movement of groups and individuals from one
● Closer to medical services place to another, involving a change of usual
● Closer to educational institutions residence. Migration is usually distinguished from
mobility in general by conventions of spatial and
Challenges/Disadvantages temporal scale.
● The Problem of Land Use Change and Housing ● Types
Problems 1. Internal
○ 7.53% Filipino people are informal dwellers. 2. International
● Increase of Pollution ● Reasons:
○ 8,400 to 8,600 tons of garbage each day. ○ Climate Migration
○ Waterborne diseases. "The movement of a person or groups of
○ Yellow to Orange air quality. persons who, predominantly for reasons of
● Higher Risk of Flooding sudden or progressive change in the
○ Valenzuela, Malabon, Caloocan, Navotas, environment due to climate change, are
Manila, Pasay, Parañaque and Las Piñas obliged to leave their habitual place of
are considered the most flood prone areas. residence, or choose to do so, either
● Traffic Congestion temporarily or permanently, within a State or
○ Manila is ranked as the 8th city in the world across an international border. "
with the longest hours of traffic. ○ Labour Migration
● The Issue of Job Opportunities "Movement of persons from one State to
○ There are not enough jobs, let alone good another, or within their own country of
jobs for everyone to work in. The problem residence, for the purpose of employment."
lies within the unsuccessful structural This includes migrants moving within the
transformation. country and across international borders.
○ Irregular Migration
New focus on cities—as demographic, economic, and "Movement of persons that takes place
information centers where consumption and innovation occur—is outside the laws, regulations, or international
making it possible to generate a more scientific understanding of agreements governing the entry into or exit
human societies and their relationship to Earth’s natural from the State of origin, transit or
environments and to initiate policies with more traction destination." It is generally used to "identify
–Bettencourt persons moving outside regular migration
channels."
Major Trends ○ Forced Migration
● Green Planning "The movement of persons who have been
● 15-Minute Cities forced or obliged to flee or leave their homes
● Smart & Sustainable Infrastructures or places of habitual residence, in particular
as a result of or in order to avoid the effects
Summary of armed conflict, generalized violence,
● This report was established to address and violations of human rights or natural or
characterize an human-made disasters.”
● Introduction and background information about rural
and urban, a Displacement
● List of big global cities, Discuss the opportunities and ● Forced migration or displacement refers to the
challenges of big cities (global context), a List of big "movement of persons who have been forced or
cities in the Philippines, Discuss the opportunities and obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of
challenges of big cities (Philippine context), Discuss habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in
the foreseeable future of big cities, What part do order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations
educators play in involving pupils in urbanization, and of generalized violence, violations of human rights or
to know the advantages and disadvantages within the natural or human-made disasters." This migration can
areas. be either within their own country or between countries
after being displaced from their home country.

LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA

 ● "As long as there have been natural or man-made ● For ongoing displacement events, institute catch-up
disasters, climate change, conflicts, wars, persecution, plans to conclude ‘durable solutions’-based return and
and political instability, there have been displaced resettlement of IDPs.
people throughout history." ● Establish sustainable financing measures to support
● Types of Displaced People: follow-through.
1. Internally Displaced Person ● Develop packages for identified sectors, while
2. Asylum Seeker ensuring balance and ‘dual targeting’.
3. Refugee ● Partner and collaborate with local actors, while
4. Stateless Person continuously assessing potential ‘blind spots’ that
5. Human Trafficking embed existing exclusion in communities.
6. Human Smuggling ● Ensure that extensive social preparation and
● In a nutshell, according to the Internal Displacement consultation with local networks are built in across
Monitoring Centre (IDMC), at the end of 2021 there interventions at all stages of the project cycle.
were 59.1 million IDPs; 53.2 million as a result of
conflict, violence or human rights violations and 5.9 Challenges of Migration
million as a result of disaster. These are the countries For Host Countries
with some of the largest internally displaced ● Companies might disregard employee benefits plans
populations. ● Can result in exploitation
● Job displacement.
Opportunities in Migration ● It takes time to adjust to a new environment
For Host Countries ● Increased crime rates.
● Boost output and employment By Country of Origin
● Create new opportunities for native workers ● Loss of financial and informational wealth
● Provide skills needed for economic growth ● Loss of skilled labor
● Generate new ideas ● Negative impact on children
● Stimulate international trade In the Philippine Context
● Contribute positively to long-term fiscal balances ● The government subsequently developed a number of
For Countries of Origin institutions, laws, and policies aimed at enhancing the
● Lower the unemployment rate which reduces job protection of OFWs and their families, spurred on by
rivalry civil-society advocacy. The “success” of this approach,
● Create less demand on natural resources and services however, may have trapped the Philippines into
such as food, water, education, and healthcare complacency: Large, steady flows of remittances have
● Bring back social, cultural and other non-financial become the country’s lifeline. The Philippines ranks
forms of remittances such as acquired new skills and third after India and China as major recipients of
knowledge in the host country remittances.
● Create a flow of financial remittances ● The impact of migration/labor export in the Philippines,
● Increase international trade, FDI (foreign direct however, is not just economic. Instead, this type of
investments), and technology transfer. system, when it occurs on such a large scale, also can
Overall breed dependence, and a sense of hopelessness
● It contributes substantially to labor market flexibility by prevails with relation to the future and any effort to
reducing barriers to mobility (e.g. migrants accounted improve one's own country.
for 47% of the increase in the workforce in the United
States and 70% in Europe over the last ten years) Challenges of Displacement
● Plays an important role in the economic development Global Context
of different production sectors ● Displacement can have a wide range of consequences
● Increase the size of the working-age population for people who are forced to leave their homes due to
● Contribute to the development of high-skill labor as conflict, violence, climate change, or natural disasters.
well as to technology transfer and technological ● They might also be unable to continue doing their
advancement. previous jobs, which would result in underemployment,
unemployment, or informal labor, as well as a major
Opportunities of being Displaced reduction in income.
Global Context Philippine Context
● Fix the defect in the country’s shield against disaster ● IDPs are at a higher risk of contracting the disease
by re-thinking its urban and rural land use. due to inadequate shelter conditions
● Leaving the dangerous areas or danger zones. ● The lack of a national rights-centered displacement
● Start their life anew and escape chronic poverty. management framework has resulted in short-sighted
● Moving on from being squatters to home-owners. programmes and policies that do not fully address IDP
Philippine Context issues.
● Design grounded inclusion policies based on the type ● Due to local lockdowns, displaced communities
of crisis, as well as existing needs and opportunities in experience movement restrictions, but without the
specific geographic regions, including social and proper protective mechanisms in place in their camps
environmental safeguards for all project types. ● Some IDP communities were documented to have not
● Support decision-making with data. Establish received adequate relief support from their local
monitoring and evaluation systems across longer governments.
timeframes.
● Ensure transparency and accountability both for
donors and implementers.

LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA

 PEOPLE & POPULATION: MIGRATION ● The country’s birth rate remains significantly higher
than the world average, as well as the average for the
International Migration SEA region.
● Migration occurs when people cross state borders and ● Population has tended to move from rural areas to
urban areas.
stay in a host country for a certain amount of time.
● There is a considerable amount of Filipino emigration,
People migrate across the globe, either voluntarily or particularly of manual laborers and professionals.
involuntarily.
● The geographical definition of migration is the In China
movement of people across a specified boundary to ● China scrapped its decades-old One Child Policy in
establish a new permanent or semi-permanent 2016. Replacing it with a two-child limit which has
residence. failed to sustain an upsurge in births. China has now
allowed three children in a major policy shift beginning
● It is now a process that is reshaping societies and
2021.
cultures.
In Japan
Mobility - refers to the movement of people from one place to ● High aging population - the highest proportion of older
another, job to job, social class to social class persons in the world. Its move towards a super-aged
society is due to a combination of demographic
Migration - defined as a movement that results in a long-term or factors.
permanent change in usual place of residence. It is a general
Demographic Transition Model
term that involves any moving process from one location to ● It states that the population will eventually stop
another that is applicable to humans and animals. growing when the country transitions from high birth
rates and high death rates to low birth and death rates,
Emigration - process or act of leaving one country for another stabilizing the population.
one on a voluntary basis for economic, political, personal, or ● Suggest a shift from high fertility and mortality to low
fertility and mortality rates
other reasons. If people are forced to migrate, it is called
● Purpose - demographers can better understand a
deportation country’s current population growth rate based on its
placement with the five stages and then pass on that
Immigration - the process or act of entering another country for data to be used for addressing economic and social
a permanent or temporary residence or for some other purpose. policies within a country and across nations.
● This transition leads to steadily rising savings and
Internal - rural-urban, rural-rural, urban-rural, urban-urban investments rates and hence, faster economic growth
and improved living standards.
External - resettlement, contract migrations, refugees.
● Coined by Frank W. Notestein
● Is a generalized description of the changing patterns of
Economic factors, demographic factors, socio-cultural factors, fertility and mortality as societies move from one
political factors, and miscellaneous factors demographic regime to another.

Reasons: employment opportunities, to escape a violent conflict, 4 stages of demography

environmental factors, educational purposes, or to reunite with ● Stage 1 - pre-transition - characterized by high births
and deaths
family.
● Stage 2 - early transition - death rate begins to fall,
and the population starts to grow rapidly
● Stage 3 - late transition - births start to decline. Growth
rates decelerate.
PEOPLE & POPULATION: DEMOGRAPHY ● Stage 4 - post-transition - characterized by low birth
rates and death rates. Population growth is negligible
DEMOGRAPHY or even enters a decline.
● Statistical study of human populations.
In sum: demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory
● Demography examines the size, structure, and which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high
movements of populations over space and time. It death rates in societies with minimal technology, education, and
uses methods from history, economics, anthropology, economic development to low birth and death rates in societies
sociology, and other fields. with advanced technology, education, and economic
● Demographers seek to understand population development.
dynamics by investigating three main demographic
processes: birth, aging, death, and migration.
● Demographic data can help provide a basis for
PEOPLE & POPULATION: GLOBAL CITY
understanding communities as they are now, where
they’ve been and where they’re headed. It can be a
GLOBAL CITY
powerful tool for tracking change over time and for
● A global city (known as a power city, world city, alpha
uncovering the needs or strengths of a community to
city, or world center) is a city that serves as a primary
guide planning, policy development, or decision
node in the global economic network.
making
● Global city - an urban center that enjoys significant
● Demographics are a key part of your small business
competitive advantages and that serves as a hub
marketing strategy as they help you identify the
within a globalized economic system.
individual members of your audience by certain
● The concept originates from geography and urban
characteristics, wants, and needs.
studies, based on the thesis that globalization
● Has its origins in research on cities carried out during
Demographic trends: PHILIPPINES
● Population density of the Philippines is high, but the the 1980s, which examined the common
distribution of the population is uneven. characteristics of the world’s most important cities

LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA

 ● However, with increased attention being paid to the organizations and to promote the
processes of globalization during subsequent years wellbeing of communities and society
these world cities are known as global cities. ○ Social sustainability - preserves social
● Linked with globalization was the idea of spatial capital by investing and creating services
reorganization and the hypothesis that cities were that constitute our society. The concept
becoming key loci within global networks of accommodates a larger view of the world in
production, finance, and telecommunications. relation to communities, cultures, and
● In some formulations of the global city thesis, these globalization
cities are building blocks of globalization. ○ Economic sustainability - focuses on
● Early research on global cities concentrated on urban improving social equality, economic
centers such as London, NYC, and Tokyo. sustainability aims to improve the standard
● With time, however, research has been conducted on of living
emerging global cities outside of this triad, Amsterdam, ○ Environmental sustainability - aims to
Frankfurt, Houston, LA, Mexico City, Paris, São Paulo, improve human welfare through the
etc. protection of natural capital (e.g. land, air,
water, minerals, etc.)
Common features
● High degrees of urban development In 2015, all the countries in the UN adopted the 2030 Agenda for
● Large population
Sustainable Development. It sets out 17 goals, which include
● Presence of major multinational corporations
169 targets

The SDGs aim to transform the world. They are a call to action to
end poverty and inequality, protect the environment, and ensure
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FOOD SECURITY that all people enjoy health, justice, and prosperity. It is critical
that no one is left behind.
The global condition today: (US National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration) SDGs are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the
● Global temperatures rose about 1 degree Celsius from planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and
1901 to 2020 prosperity.
● Sea level rise has accelerated from 1.7 mm/year
throughout most of the 20th century to 3.2 mm/year SDG GOALS:
since 1993 1. No poverty
● Glaciers are shrinking; average thickness of 30 2. Zero hunger
well-studied glaciers has decreased more than 60 feet 3. Good health and well-being
since 1980 4. Quality education
● The area covered by sea ice in the Arctic at the end of 5. Gender equality
summer has shrunk by about 40% since 1979 6. Clean water and sanitation
● The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has 7. Affordable and clean energy
risen by 25% since 1958 and by about 40% since the 8. Decent work and economic growth
Industrial Revolution 9. Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
● Snow is melting earlier compared to long-term 10. Reduced inequalities
averages. 11. Sustainable cities and communities
12. Responsible consumption and production
UN Environment Programme: 2030 Agenda 13. Climate action
● Determined to protect the planet from degradation, 14. Life below water
including through sustainable consumption and 15. Life on land
production, sustainably managing its natural resources 16. Peace, justice, and strong institutions
and taking urgent action on climate change, so that it 17. Partnership for the goals.
can support the needs of the present and future
generations. For sustainable development to be achieved, it is crucial to
harmonize three core elements: economic growth, social
UN Sustainable Goals inclusion, and environmental protection. These elements are
● The sustainable development goals are the blueprint interconnected and all are crucial for the well-being of individuals
to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. and societies.
They address the global challenges we face, including
poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental
degradation, peace, and justice. FOOD SECURITY
● defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization:
Pillars for Sustainable Development when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and
● The term sustainability is broadly used to indicate economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food
programs, initiatives, and actions aimed at the that meets their dietary needs and food preferences
preservation of a particular resource. However, it for an active and healthy life.
actually refers to 4 distinct areas: human, social,
economic, and environmental - known as the 4 pillars The 4 pillars:
of sustainability. 1. Availability
○ Human sustainability - encompasses the 2. Access
development of skills and human capacity to 3. Utilization
support the functions and sustainability of 4. Stability

LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA

10 challenges:
1. Rising population
2. Rising income, changing diets
3. Failing water tables
4. More foodless days
5. Slowing irrigation
6. Increasing soil erosion
7. Climate change
8. Melting water reserves
9. Flattening yields
10. Little time to prepare

SDG Goal 2 - end hunger, achieve food security, improve

nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.
● Need to be achieved by 2030
● Aims to ensure that everyone everywhere has enough
good-quality food to lead a healthy life.

LANCE JOHANN SAJENES & VALERIE PERALTA