D.A.V. PUBLIC SCHOOL, POKHARIPUT INVESTIGATORY PROJECT OF PHYSICS ON LDR CIRCUIT For the partial fulfillment of the conditions laid down for AISSCE 2019-2020 SUBMITTED BY: NAME: Samikhya Singhdeo CLASS/SEC: XII-B. ROLL NO. /SCHOOL NO.: 03 /2484 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: Mrs. Durgeshnandini Samal La -DECLARATION |, Samikhya Singhdeo a student of class XII of D.A.V public school Pokhariput, hereby submit the project entitled A”LDR CIRCUIT” to study the variation in current flowing in a circle containing and LDR For the Physics Practical of AiSSCE 2019-20. This Project consists of the original and work done by me under the able guidance and supervision of my physics teacher Durgesh Nandini samal DATE : SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENTCERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled LDR CIRCUIT for the Physics Practical of AISSCE 2019-20 is an original piece of work by SAMIKHYA SINGHDEO of Class X-II-‘B’ and is in accordance with the topic allotted to him.This Project is submitted towards the partial fulfillment of the conditions laid down for AISSCE 2019-20 and embodies the work done by her under my guidance and supervision. Examined a SIGNATURE OF HE Ramer SIGNATURE OF THE TEACHER he SIGNATURE OF THE SUPERVISIORACKNOWLEDGEMENT | would like to express my sincere sense of gratitude to my Physic teacher DURGESH NANDINI SAMAL for his valuable guidance during and before the preparation of the project work. | am extremely grateful to my Principal, Ms. Sujata, for her encouragement and Constant inspiration which worked as a fuel when | was emotionally down. With great pleasure, | also extend my thankfulness to my parents, friends. Physical and emotional support and our lab Assistant for his help, which enabled me to finish this piece of work successfully. DATE: STUDENT SIGNATUREINTRODUCTION A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive devices. They are also called as photo conductors, photo conductive cells or simply photocells.Application of light dependent resistor (LDR) The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) used for automatic contrast and brightness control in television receivers . The LDR is used in the infrared astronomy The LDR is used in optical coding. . Used in light activated control circuits. . Used in light failure alarm circuits and used in light meter. The LDR used in smoke detectors . Used in the security alarm. . The LDR also used in street light control circuits It is used in camera light meters 10. Used in photosensitive relay. 11. Itis also used as a proximity switch.WORKING OF LDR CIRCUIT Working Principle of LDR. This resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. It is nothing but, when the light falls on its surface, then the material conductivity reduces and also the electrons in the valence band of the device are excited to the conduction band.AIM OF PROJECT CIRCUIT CORT: FLOWING. INA" AN LDR. ‘BECAUSE OF "A" VARIATION INTRODUCTION A resistor photoresist or or light~dependent resistor(LDR) is a light-controlled variable. The resistance ofa photoresist or decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits Photoconductivity. A photoresist or can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light and dark activated switching circuits. These resistors use pure semiconductors like silicon or germanium. When the light falls on the LDR, then the electrons get excited by the incident photons and move from the valence band to the conduction band and therefore the number of charge carriers increases. In other words, the conductivity goes up. Distinction needs to be made here between photocells and LDRs. in a photocell, when it is excited by light (photons), electricity is generated. Unlike photocells, LDRs, do not generate electricity but only change their conductivity. Page 5 of 19 PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECTWhen light falls ie. when the photons fall on the material, the electrons in the valence band of the Semiconductor material are excited to the conduction band. These photons in the incident light should: have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor material to-make the electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction band. Hence when light having enough energy strikes on the device, more and more electrons are excited to the conduction band which results in large number of charge carriers. The result of this process is more and more current starts flowing through the device when the circuit is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the device has been decreased. This is the most common working principle of LDR. This can be clearly seen from the graph. The resistance of the LDR falls rapidly with the increasing intensity of the incident light. The converse is also true when light intensity is reduced or cut off.APPARATUS REQUIRED The project consists of the following apparatus: 1. Light source (white, ultra-violet and laser) 2. LDR 3. Switching circuit 4, Relay S. Buzzer 6. Batteries 7. Housing for the above Page & of 19site, ibis ee i i Oe i i i i a PROCEDURE FOLLOWED An empty cardboard box was used to mimic a house. An opening was cut on the box to present a door. Behind the door, a light source is placed and in the line of vision of the light source, an LDR is also placed. A circuit is connected to the LDR which switches on a relay when the light beam is intercepted. A schematic diagram of the set-up is shown below: As seen in the above diagram, a light source is positioned behind the door on the right-hand side and an LDR is placed in the same line of vision at the opposite end of the door. When the light beam falls on the LDR, it lowers the resistance of the same and this activates the switching transistor circuit. The transistor Page 9 of 19 PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECTeg a F circuit (described later) is connected to a relay which is in turn connected to an external buzzer. The relay is a special type of switch which is driven by its magnetic coil. The relay has two positions. In de-energized condition, position-1 will be active and in energized condition position-2 will be active. When the circuit is powered, the relay goes to position-1 to which the buzzer is connected. Thus, the buzzer will start ringing. But when the light source is switched on, the resistance of LDR falls and this drives the transistor switching circuit and the relay gets energized. This puts the relay switch in position-2, which cuts off the buzzer. In this condition, whenever the light beam is intercepted by an opaque object, the LDR stops receiving the incident light and its resistance becomes high. This de -energizes the relay and puts it to position-1 and the buzzer starts ringing Thus, to summarize, we can say that the if the light source is on and the LDR is illuminated, the buzzer will not ring. But the moment, the light source is interrupted, the buzzer will start ringing. We can Imagine the interruption of the light beam to be caused by an intruder and hence this arrangement can automatically detect any intruder by turning on the buzzer. Page 10 of 19 PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECTwvweweowevrvweweww ~ OO DO as Sa a a relay. AS such we can connect many vos, ashing lights or even an automatic daar to the mesrat police station. This intruder alarm can be easily 546 4P in houses, banks, schools ete the sama circuit can be rewired to reverse the effect of light. Viz we can make Ue buuer ring whenever, light present and interestingly this set up can be used as a moming alarm Circuit Qisgram sivaple switches. ln short, a transistor conducts current across the collector-emitter = path only when sufficient voltage i applied to its base. When no sufficient base Page 12.07 89 |voltage is present, the switch is off, When sufficient base voltage is present, the switch is on The circuit uses two transistors, connected in series. The base voltage of the first transistor is adjusted carefully through the variable resistor (potentiometer) so that the slightest increase in the base voltage can fire the transistor TL Thus, when there is no light on the LDR, the transistor remains un-fired. But when light falls on the LDR, the LDR starts conducting and the nat base voltage of transistor Tt crosses the threshold voltage, causing TL to fire. Therefore, the collector current of T2 drives transistor T2 and T2 begins to fire, The collector current of T2 is now large enough to energize the relay. The relay gets energized and changes the contact position from 3 to 2. When light is cut off, the base voltage of TS fats back to less than the threshold voltage of its base -eeltter junction and therefore, the relay gaits de-enargined. As stated earlier, the relay is connected to a buzzer through a battery. So, whenever, light is interrupted, the relay goes to position-1 where, the buamer is connected and the buuer starts ringing The ringing burzer wards off the intruder and alerts the neighbors about tha intrusion In addition Co tht buszav, ona can fog te 9 PHNDICS HATES TIGA TORT PEOMCTalso connect a high intensity flash light to warn the people in the neighborhood about the intrusion. One has also to install a stealth switch that is known only to the owner so that the owner can disable it for his own entry. in the set up described, the following observations were made by (@) varying the nature of light source, (6) varying the translucency of the interceptor object. Table of observations Type of Light| Material of | Result Source Interceptor White light Opaque Buzzer Rings | Transparent Buzzer does a not ring. Near _— ultra-| Opaque Buzzer Rings violet Transparent Buzzer does not ring. | Low intensity | Opaque Buzzer Rings ved laser Transparent Buzzer — does not ring. is wists died Inds the Scope of the project to the invisible fight sources suck at ultraviolet and infrared The advantage is that: we can dupe the intruder by using mista fight as the light rays will not be visible even in the night Another interesting application that can be thought of ix an automatic ‘people counter’ that can be used to measure the number of people traversing a Certain passage or entrance in an auditorium or theatre. It can also be used at a ‘traffic counter’ in check posts and toll gates. For this, we must simply replace the buzzer with a digital counter, A typical digital counter is chown in the accompanying picture.VARIATION IN LDR A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for example, silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must. have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (im Photoresistors are less light-sensitive devices : the two latter components than photodiodes or phototransistors , while a photoresistor is a passive are true semiconductor devices component and does not have a PN-junction. The photoresistivity of any photoresistor may vary widely depending on ambient temperature, making them unsuitable for applications requiring precise measurement of or sensitivity to light photons.purities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction. PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECTPRECAUTIONS the project uses certain devices that can be harmful to humans and animals if proper caution and care are not observed. 1. Laser diode: Although we have used a low intensity laser, this can be harmful if aimed accidently at the eyes or if the reflected beam is seen through naked eye. It is suggested to wear protective sun-glasses while assembling / positioning the light source. : 2. Ultraviolet LED: UV LED with wavelengths between 315 and 400 nm, which emits the least energetic and harmful type of UV light. However, prolonged exposure should be avoided which can damage the skin and eyes. 3. Buzzer: This device emits high frequency audio sounds that can damage the ears when put close to the ears or heard for prolonged period. 4.The LDR: Should a need arise to destroy the project; care should be taken to dispose of the LDR properly as it é Page 17 of 19 PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECTContains 4. rmrul “1. www.google.com 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/ 3. www.electrical4u.com PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT environmens chemicals can darnage the HELP FROM THR, INTERNET ——_—_ HELP FROM PARENTS Page 18 of 19