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4-Bit R-2R Ladder DAC

one of type of DAC

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Rajendra Jadhav
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399 views2 pages

4-Bit R-2R Ladder DAC

one of type of DAC

Uploaded by

Rajendra Jadhav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aim: Design of R/2R ladder 4-bit D/A Converter using IC 741

Apparatus: Op-amp IC 741, Breadboard, Dual power supply(0 – 30 V) ,


connecting wires , etc.

Circuit Diagram:

R-2R ladder DAC using Opamp IC 741

Theory: Real world signals are analogue. Digital systems that interface with
the real world do so using analogue-to-digital converters (ADC).
Conversion back to analogue is accomplished using digital-to- analogue
converters (DAC). The R-2R ladder network is commonly used for Digital
to Analogue conversions.

In basic N bit R-2R resistor ladder network the digital inputs or bits range
from the most significant bit (MSB) to the least significant bit (LSB). The
bits are switched between either 0V or VR and depending on the state and
location of the bits Vo will vary between 0V and VR . The MSB causes the
greatest change in output voltage and the LSB causes the smallest.

The R-2R ladder is inexpensive and relatively easy to manufacture since


only two resistor values are required. It is fast and has fixed output
impedance R.

In R-2R ladder type D to A converter, only two values of resistor is used


(i.e. R and 2R). Hence it is suitable for integrated circuit fabrication. The
typical values of R are from 2.5KÙ to 10KÙ . In this output voltage is a
weighted sum of digital inputs. Since the resistive ladder is a linear network,
the principle of super position can be used to find the total analog output
voltage for a particular digital input by adding the output voltages caused by
the individual digital inputs.The output voltage is linearly proportional to the
digital input and the range can be adjusted by changing the reference voltage
VR .

Calculations: Output Voltage is given by

Vo = - VR * (Rf / 2R) * ( d1/2 + d2/4 + d3/8 + d4/16)

where, VR = 5V , Rf = 2R , d1 (MSB bit ) and d4 (LSB bit )

Let R = 12KΩ , then

Resolution = VFS / ( 2n- 1 ) , where n= no of digital inputs

VFS = Value of analog output when digital input is 1111.


Resolution = 0.3125 = Value of LSB bit.

Procedure: 1. Wire the R/2R ladder 4 bit DAC circuit on the bread board.

2. Select the approximate value of R and 2R.

3. Reference voltage VR is set as 5V .

4. Find the output voltage Vo for different combinations of digital binary


inputs from 0000 to 1111.

5. Compare the calculated values with observed values and plot DAC
characteristics.

Observation table :

Result :

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