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Analog Electronics Lab 9a

An R-2R ladder digital-to-analog converter (DAC) was designed and simulated. The DAC uses a 4-bit input and operational amplifier configuration. It produces analog output voltages between 0V and 3.12V corresponding to the 16 possible digital input combinations. The design uses only two resistor values (R and 2R) and allows for expansion to more bits by adding more R-2R sections. A table shows the relationship between each 4-bit digital input and the resulting analog output voltage.

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Usman Aslam
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79 views4 pages

Analog Electronics Lab 9a

An R-2R ladder digital-to-analog converter (DAC) was designed and simulated. The DAC uses a 4-bit input and operational amplifier configuration. It produces analog output voltages between 0V and 3.12V corresponding to the 16 possible digital input combinations. The design uses only two resistor values (R and 2R) and allows for expansion to more bits by adding more R-2R sections. A table shows the relationship between each 4-bit digital input and the resulting analog output voltage.

Uploaded by

Usman Aslam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog Electronics 3 Lab 9a

R-2R Ladder DAC

Submitted By:
Name: Usman Aslam, Muhammad Taimour Azad, Muhammad Ali Qureshi
ID No: 170932, 170888, 170969
Class/Sec: BEEP-6A
Submitted To: Engr. Waseem Iqbal
Instructor’s Remarks:
Submission Time: In Late in Working Days
Time 0 1 2 3 4 5

Marks: Total Marks Obtained Marks

Additional Remarks: _______________________________________


______________________________________________________
Instructor’s Signature: _____________
R-2R Ladder DAC
DAC is basically a digital to analog converter, conversion is necessary because there are many
signals which need analog input but we only have a digital signal. Most basic example is sound,
sound is an analog signal if it is to be saved on a computer it has to be digital and to be heard again
through speakers it must be converted back to analog.

R-2R ladder is easier to build as it only requires two types of resistors and number of bits can be
expanded by adding more sections of R-2R resistors. A 4-bit R-2R ladder DAC using operational
amplifier is shown below

Figure 1: R-2R Ladder DAC

Since the input is connected to inverting terminal of the op-amp, the output must be negative
analog value. A table of 16 different possibilities of digital values can be created by changing these
inputs. Left most input i.e. R5 is the LSB (Least significant bit) in this case and right most input
i.e. R8 is the MSB (Most significant bit) in this combination. Logic 0 means the input is connected
to ground and Logic 1 means that the input is connected to 5 Volts DC.
Table 1: R-2R Ladder DAC Table

S.No D C B A Output Value

1 0 0 0 0 0.00V

2 0 0 0 1 0.21V

3 0 0 1 0 0.41V

4 0 0 1 1 0.62V

5 0 1 0 0 0.83V

6 0 1 0 1 1.04V

7 0 1 1 0 1.25V

8 0 1 1 1 1.46V

9 1 0 0 0 1.66V

10 1 0 0 1 1.87V

11 1 0 1 0 2.08V

12 1 0 1 1 2.29V

13 1 1 0 0 2.50V

14 1 1 0 1 2.71V

15 1 1 1 0 2.91V

16 1 1 1 1 3.12V
Conclusion
DAC are very important circuits for electronics, the easiest way to convert a digital signal to analog
is using R-2R logic which we learned in this lab and simulated the circuit on proteus using different
combinations of digital input and recorded the output in a table shown above.

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