Senior High School

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS AND IMMERSION

Lesson – Module :
Listing of References and Writing
Research Report

Government Property

NOT FOR SALE

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS AND IMMERSION– Senior High School

Lesson 1 – Module 2: Background of the Problem

1
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Printed by the Department of Education – Regional Office 5

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad
Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Razelle D. Genetia
Editors:
Reviewers:
Illustrator: Veron G. Guelas
Layout Artist: Lemuel De Ramon and Veron G. Guelas

Printed in the Philippines by

2
 MODULE 2

Listing of References and Writing Research Report

In the previous discussions, you have learned the important points in making
interpretation of data, using methods for data analysis and forming conceptualized
framework for research.

Upon completion of this module, you are expected to:

 Discuss the guidelines in listing references

 Explain the ways on how to write research report

Here are some helpful terms you must be familiar with before we begin:

1. Bibliography is used for descriptive design.

2. References is used for experimental design.
3. Appendix is the second to the last section of thesis or research paper.
4. Curriculum vitae is the last section of a research paper, thesis, and dissertation.

Let us asses your knowledge about writing the Background of the

problem. Write T on the blank if the statement is true and F is it is false.

1. ______Bibliography or references should be added at the back part of research

paper.
2. ______The margins to be considered in research is one inch on all sides (top,
bottom, left, right).
3. _______Font size and type of research output will be 12-pt. and Times New
Roman font.
4. _______In line spacing, single-space throughout the paper, including the title
page, abstract, body of the document references, appendixes, footnotes, tables, and
figures will be considered.

1
5. ______Draft of research report should be done before submitting it to research
teacher.

“Will you check your answers? Did you get all the answers correctly? Alright!”
Before we begin, you may turn off some distractions around you which you think
and feel unnecessary at this moment.

“Hey, are you familiar

with plagiarism? You can
check your dictionary if this is
unfamiliar to you. The
following topic that you will
read will also help you to avoid
plagiarism in your work. Let’s
proceed”.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES

Bibliography is used for descriptive design while References is for

experimental design. Writing bibliography or references follows the
recommendations of a research paper, thesis and dissertation. This is placed in the
middle of heading of a page in all capital letters and the page number is indicated at
the bottom. This is the listing of source materials used in the study that you have
read , used and quoted . See the example below.

2
Illustration 1:

BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES

Banik, S., D. Nag and S. Debnath. 2008. “Utilization of Pineapple Leaf Agro-Waste for Extraction of Fiber
and the Residual Biomass for Vermicomposting.” Indian Fiber and Textile Research Journal. 36(6):172-
177. June 2008.
Bartholomew, D.P., R.E. Pauli and K.G. Rohrbach. 2003. The Pineapple Botany, Production and Uses.
CABI Publishing. Walingford. United Kingdom.
Black, R. F. 1992. “Pineapple Growth and Nutrition Over a Plant Crop Cycle in Southeastern Queensland.”
Queensland Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 19(5):435-451. May 1992

“Is it quite overwhelming to learn the listing of references? That’s fine now.
Later on, as long as you know the patterns on how to write them, you will surely
find it easy. Look the given examples that follow. Let’s have them one by one. If
you have internet connection, you may check the links cited as we go along to
each item.

I. General Document Guidelines

A. Margins: One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right)
B. Font Size and Type: 12-pt. Times New Roman font
C. Line Spacing: Double-space throughout the paper, including the title page, abstract, body
of the document, references, appendixes, footnotes, tables, and figures.
D. Spacing after Punctuation: Space once after commas, colons, and semicolons within
sentences. Insert two spaces after punctuation marks that end sentences.
E. Alignment: Flush left (creating uneven right margin)

F. Paragraph Indentation: 5-7 spaces

G. Pagination: The page number appears one inch from the right edge of the paper on the first
line of every page, beginning with the title page
H. Running Head: The running head is a short title that appears at the top of the pages of a
paper or published article. The running head is typed flush left (all uppercase) at the top of
all pages (including the title page). The running head should not exceed 50 characters,
including punctuation and spacing. Using most word processors, the running head and page
number can be inserted into a header, which then automatically appears on all pages.
I. Active voice: As a general rule, use the active voice rather than the passive voice. For
example, use "We predicted that ..." rather than "It was predicted that ..."
J. Order of Pages: Title Page, Abstract, Body, References, Footnotes, Tables, Figures,

3
 Appendixes
II. Title Page
A. Pagination: The Title Page is page 1.
B. Running Head: The running head is typed flush left (all uppercase) following “Running
head:”
C. Key Elements: Paper title, author(s), institutional affiliation(s), author note.
D. Paper Title: Centered uppercase and lowercase letters in the upper half of the page..
E. Author(s): Uppercase and lowercase letters, centered on the line following the title.
F. Institutional affiliation: Uppercase and lowercase letters, centered on the line following the
author(s).
G. Author Note: Provide information about the author’s departmental affiliation,
acknowledgments of assistance or financial support, and a mailing address for
correspondence.

H. Example of APA-style Title

Page: http://www.vanguard.edu/uploaded/research/apa_style_guide/titlepage.pdf
III. Abstract: The abstract is a one-paragraph, self-contained summary of the most important elements
of the paper.
A. Pagination: The abstract begins on a new page (page 2).
B. Heading: “Abstract” (centered on the first line below the running head)
C. Format: The abstract (in block format) begins on the line following the Abstract heading.
The abstract word limit is set by individual journals. Typically, the word limit is between
150 and 250 words. All numbers in the abstract (except those beginning a sentence) should
be typed as digits rather than words.
D. Example of APA-style
Abstract: http://www.vanguard.edu/uploaded/research/apa_style_guide/abstract.pdf
IV. Body
A. Pagination: The body of the paper begins on a new page (page 3). Subsections of the body
of the paper do not begin on new pages.
B. Title: The title of the paper (in uppercase and lowercase letters) is centered on the first line
below the running head on the first page of the introduction (page 3).
C. Introduction: The introduction (which is not labeled) begins on the line following the paper
title.
D. Headings: Five levels of headings are available to be used to organize the paper and reflect
the relative importance of sections. For example, many empirical research articles utilize
two levels of headings: Main headings (such as Method, Results, Discussion,
References) would use Level 1 (centered, boldface, uppercase and lowercase letters), and
subheadings (such as Participants, Apparatus, and Procedure as subsections of the Method
section) would use Level 2 (flush left, boldface, uppercase and lowercase letters). E. Example
of APA-style Headings:
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploaded/research/apa_style_guide/headings.pdf

V. Text citations: Source material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the
author(s) and date(s) of the sources. The underlying principle is that ideas and words of others must
be formally acknowledged. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references
that follows the body of the paper.
A. When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence,
the year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the authors.
Consider the following example:
Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that although there was a reduction in insulin dosage over
a period of two weeks in the treatment condition compared to the control condition, the
difference was not statistically significant. [Note: and is used when multiple authors are
identified as part of the formal structure of the sentence. Compare this to the example in

4
 the following section.]
B. When the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the
authors and year of publication appear in parentheses. Consider the following example:
Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of
religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Gartner,
Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Levin & Vanderpool, 1991; Maton & Pargament,
1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991; Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991). [Note: & is
used when multiple authors are identified in parenthetical material. Note also that when
several sources are cited parenthetically, they are ordered alphabetically by first authors'
surnames and separated by semicolons.]
C. When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors are included every time the source
is cited.
D. When a source that has three, four, or five authors is cited, all authors are included the first
time the source is cited. When that source is cited again, the first author's surname and "et
al." are used. Consider the following example:
Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of
religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Payne,
Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991).

Payne et al. (1991) showed that ...

E. When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first author's surname and "et al."
are used every time the source is cited (including the first time).
F. Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. When it is
necessary to cite a source that you have not read ("Grayson" in the following example) that
is cited in a source that you have read ("Murzynski & Degelman" in the following
example), use the following format for the text citation and list only the source you have
read in the References list:
Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) identified four components of body
language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.
G. To cite a personal communication (including letters, emails, and telephone interviews),
include initials, surname, and as exact a date as possible. Because a personal
communication is not "recoverable" information, it is not included in the References
section. For the text citation, use the following format:
B. F. Skinner (personal communication, February 12, 1978) claimed ...
H. To cite a Web document, use the author-date format. If no author is identified, use the first
few words of the title in place of the author. If no date is provided, use "n.d." in place of the
date. Consider the following examples: Degelman (2009) summarizes guidelines for the
use of APA writing style.

Changes in Americans' views of gender status differences have been documented (“Gender
and Society,” n.d.).
I. To cite an entire website, give the address of the site in the text. Example: Eric Chudler’s
excellent Neuroscience for Kids (http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html) is
definitely not only for kids! [Note: No entry in the References list is needed for the
website.]
J. To cite the Bible, provide the book, chapter, and verse. The first time the Bible is cited in
the text, identify the version used. Consider the following example:
"You are forgiving and good, O Lord, abounding in love to all who call to you" (Psalm
86:5,
New International Version). [Note: No entry in the References list is needed for the
Bible.]

5
VI. Quotations: When a direct quotation is used, always include the author, year, and page number as
part of the citation.
A. A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks and
should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence. Example:
Patients receiving prayer had "less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and
antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were
less frequently intubated and ventilated" (Byrd, 1988, p. 829).
B. A lengthier quotation of 40 or more words should appear (without quotation marks) apart
from the surrounding text, in block format, with each line indented five spaces from the left
margin.
VII. References: All sources included in the References section must be cited in the body of the paper
(and all sources cited in the paper must be included in the References section). A.
Pagination: The References section begins on a new page.
B. Heading: “References” (centered on the first line below the running head)
C. Format: The references (with hanging indent) begin on the line following the References
heading. Entries are organized alphabetically by surnames of first authors. Most reference
entries have the following components:
1. Authors: Authors are listed in the same order as specified in the source, using
surnames and initials. Commas separate all authors. When there are eight or more
authors, list the first six authors followed by three ellipses (…) and then the final
author. If no author is identified, the title of the document begins the reference.
2. Year of Publication: In parentheses following authors, with a period following the
closing parenthesis. If no publication date is identified, use "n.d." in parentheses
following the authors.
3. Source Reference: Includes title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article) or
title, city of publication, publisher (for book). Italicize titles of books, titles of
periodicals, and periodical volume numbers.
4. Electronic Retrieval Information: Electronic retrieval information may include
digital object identifiers (DOIs) or uniform resource locators (URLs). DOIs are
unique alphanumeric identifiers that lead users to digital source material. To learn
whether an article has been assigned a DOI, go to
http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/.
D. Example of APA-style References: Go to
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploaded/research/apa_style_guide/references.pdf

E. Examples of sources
1. Journal article with DOI
Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and judgments
of vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26,
1617-
1626. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb00088.x
2. Journal article without DOI, print version
Koenig, H. G. (1990). Research on religion and mental health in later life: A
review and commentary. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 23-53.
3. Journal article without DOI, retrieved online [Note: For articles retrieved from
databases, include the URL of the journal home page. Database information is not
needed. Do not include the date of retrieval.]
Aldridge, D. (1991). Spirituality, healing and medicine. British Journal of
General Practice, 41, 425-427. Retrieved from
http://www.rcgp.org.uk/publications/bjgp.aspx
4. Book
Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion (2nd ed.).

6
 Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
5. Informally published Web document
Degelman, D. (2009). APA style essentials. Retrieved from
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploaded/research/apa_style_guide/apastyleessentia
ls.pdf
6. Informally published Web document (no date)
Nielsen, M. E. (n.d.). Notable people in psychology of religion. Retrieved from
http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.htm
7. Informally published Web document (no author, no date)
Gender and society. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.html 8. Abstract from secondary database
Garrity, K., & Degelman, D. (1990). Effect of server introduction on restaurant
tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 168-172. Abstract
retrieved from PsycINFO database.
9. Article or chapter in an edited book
Shea, J. D. (1992). Religion and sexual adjustment. In J. F. Schumaker (Ed.),
Religion and mental health (pp. 70-84). New York, NY: Oxford University
Press.
10. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of
mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
VIII. Footnotes: Content footnotes are occasionally used to support substantive information in the text. A
content footnote may be placed at the bottom of the page on which it is discussed or on a separate
page following the References.
A. Pagination: Footnotes begin on a separate page.
B. Heading: “Footnotes” is centered on the first line below the running head.
C. Format: Indent the first line of each footnote 5-7 spaces and number the foonotes (slightly
above the line) as they are identified in the text.
D. Example of APA-style
Footnotes: http://www.vanguard.edu/uploaded/research/apa_style_guide/Footnote.pdf
IX. Tables: A common use of tables is to present quantitative data or the results of statistical analyses
(such as ANOVA). See the Publication Manual (2010, pp. 128-150) for detailed examples. Tables
must be mentioned in the text.
A. Pagination: Each Table begins on a separate page.
B. Heading: “Table 1” (or 2 or 3, etc.) is typed flush left on the first line below the running
head. Double-space and type the table title flush left (italicized in uppercase and lowercase
letters). C. Example of APA-style Tables:
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploaded/research/apa_style_guide/table.pdf
X. Figures: A common use of Figures is to present graphs, photographs, or other illustrations (other
than tables). See the Publication Manual (2010, pp. 150-167) for detailed examples. A.
Pagination: Figures begin on a separate page.
B. Figure Caption: "Figure 1." (or 2 or 3, etc.) is typed flush left and italicized on the first line
below the figure, immediately followed on the same line by the caption (which should be a
brief descriptive phrase).
C. Example of APA-style Figure:
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploaded/research/apa_style_guide/figure.pdf
XI. Appendixes: A common use of appendixes is to present unpublished tests or to describe complex
equipment or stimulus materials.
A. Pagination: Each Appendix begins on a separate page.
B. Heading: If there is only one appendix, “Appendix” is centered on the first line below the
manuscript page header. If there is more than one appendix, use Appendix A (or B or C, etc.).
Double-space and type the appendix title (centered in uppercase and lowercase letters). C.
Format: Indent the first line 5-7 spaces.

7
 D. Example of APA-style
Appendix: http://www.vanguard.edu/uploaded/research/apa_style_guide/Appendix.pdf

“Are there several points to consider? Don’t worry. In following these

guidelines of listing references, you will be free from plagiarism which is unethical
and should be avoided. Citing authors and listing them as part of your references
or bibliography will help you earn respect from these people which is an important
characteristic of a researcher”.

“So, is your list of references or bibliography ready? Good job, if “yes”! If

not, you can extend your time in preparing that. For now, feel proud of yourself,
you are now near to accomplish your task. Ready for the next? Thank you for the
usual positivity you are showing to this activity”.

APPENDIX

Appendix is the second to the last section of thesis or research paper.

Appendix materials include a permission letter, sensory evaluation, computation of
data, computer printouts and tables that contain data of lesser importance. (Search
on the internet for more examples).

CURRICULUM VITAE

On the other hand, curriculum vitae is the last section of a research paper,
thesis, and dissertation. This is placed in the middle of the heading of a page. The
page number is at the right corner five singles spaces align with the right margin.

8
Illustration 2:

Curriculum Vitae
1.Personal Data

Name:
Address:
Birthplace:
Civil Status:
Mobile Number:
Email Address:

2.Educational Qualifications

Course:
School:
Year Completed:

3. Eligibilty

4.Work Experiences

Agency:
Position:
Year Employed:

5.Honors/Awards Received

Honors:
International Awards:

(Note: You can put some important qualifications too)

“For sure, you don’t need to worry much regarding the appendix section of
your research since this will only compose of attachment/s already conducted in
your previous preparation of your research. Similarly, curriculum vitae will also
contain of your personal data or bio-data as researcher.
“So, are you now ready to write research report? Let’s continue”.

Finalizing The Research Draft/ Report

9
 In writing your final output, you must always strive for clarity, conciseness,
and coherence. Aside from these, the following tips in finalizing your paper will be a
guide:

Tips in finalizing your best paper:

1.Proofreading. As a researcher, you may consider proofreader who is an

expert like teacher with vast experience that can help you in in editing and
proofreading.
2.Formatting. As a researcher, you may consider checking the margins,
lines, page numbering, and the like of your research paper.
3.Style. As a researcher, it involves considering and completing references
and proper citation with required format like APA, abstract, appendices, and
making sure that you have not written the first person.
4.Time. As a researcher, you should consider giving ample time in writing and
preparing your final draft.
5.Length. As a researcher, you should consider and meet the guidelines as to
the range for the number of words to be included in your research.

Tips in Revising your research paper

A. Avoid any information gaps

B. Read your paper aloud or have someone read it
C. Acknowledge sources used
D. Check for logical progression of arguments, consistency of tone and
expression, and the development of ideas.

Tips in editing your paper

A. Check your grammar, spelling, punctuation, and typhographical errors.

B. Rewrite unclear statements.
C. Avoid using irrelevant words.
D. Beware of using sexist language.
E. Use appropriate words.

Tips in Preparing the final Research Paper or Draft

A. Develop a title page.

B. Keep your paper neat
C. Make sure your pages are in order.
D. Meet all of your teacher’s requirements in writing your final paper.
E. Save your final draft on your computer or jump drive for future reference.
F. keep all of your notes and bibliography.
G. Put aside a copy of your final paper.
H. Submit your paper on time.
I. Congratulate yourself for a job well done.

10
Key Components of a Final Research Paper or Article

A. Title
B. Abstract
C. Introduction
D. Review of related literature
E. Research methodology
F. Results and discussion

“Fantastic for reaching this part! Congratulations. The above tips may bring
you in achieving success to your paper.

As a student- researcher, for sure, you want to read more details about
the discussion above. Feel free to search valid sources according to the
comfort and availability of your materials.

You may visit this hyperlinks.

http://www.vanguard.edu/uploaded/research/apa_style_guide/
apastyleessentials.pdf
https://education.seattlepi.com/stepbystep-background-study-thesis-1626.html
https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185917

Practice Task 1. Check this Out!

Put a check ( ) mark if the statement is true. Leave it blank if it is not.

______ 1. References is used for experimental design while

_______2. Bibliography is for descriptive design.
_______3. Appendix materials include a permission letter, sensory evaluation,
computation of data, computer printouts and tables that contain data of lesser
importance.
_______4. Curriculum vitae serves as the personal data or bio-data of the
researcher

11
_______5. A proofreader can be anyone who voluntarily and willingly helps the
searcher to proofread one’s work.

Practice Task 2. Fill in the missing word.

Read the items below and fill in the letter that meets the required guidelines in listing
references or bibliography in a research paper. Write the answer on the space
provided.

____1. Margin
A. One inch on all sides
B. Two inches on all sides
C. Three inches on all sides
D. Four inches on all sides

____2. Paragraph Indentation

A.1-2 spaces
B.2-3 spaces
C.3-5 spaces
D 5-7 spaces

____3. Abstract
A. It is a six-paragraph, self-contained summary of the most important
elements of the paper
B. It is a three-paragraph, self-contained summary of the most important
elements of the paper
C. It is a seven-paragraph, self-contained summary of the most important
elements of the paper.
D. It is a one-paragraph, self-contained summary of the most important
elements of the paper.

____4. Body
A. The title of the paper (in uppercase and lowercase letters) is centered
on the fifth line below the running head on the first page of the introduction
B. The title of the paper (in uppercase and lowercase letters) is centered
on the second line below the running head on the first page of the
introduction
C. The title of the paper (in uppercase and lowercase letters) is centered
on the first line below the running head on the first page of the introduction
D. The title of the paper (in uppercase and lowercase letters) is centered
on the third line below the running head on the first page of the
introduction

____5. Text Citation

A. When a source that has two authors is cited, only one included every
time the source is cited.
B. When a source that has two authors is cited, both are excluded every
time the source is cited.
C. When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors are included
every time the source is cited.
D. When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors are excluded
every time the source is cited. 12
 Task 4. Tick the column that best
describes how you understand the process of writing the background of the study.
Usually Sometimes Seldom Never
I should provide bibliography or
references in my research.
I follow the guidelines (like APA style)
to be considered in my writing.
I should give ample time in preparing a
research report or draft of my research.

Writing Activity: Revisit your chosen research paper. List down the various
sources you cited in your paper. Choose between Bibliography or References
depending on your study. (You may use additional sheet/s of paper.)

“Hurray! You really did great to your activity! Keep in mind that preparing a
draft/ research report is not the end of your research output. You may consider
preparing for an oral presentation depending on the schedule and sets of activity to
be given by your teacher”.

ANSWER KEY
I. WARMING UP
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. T

13
III. PRACTICE TASK 2
1. A
2. D
3. D
4. C
5. C

V. COOLING DOWN

VI.POINTS TO PONDER

VII. LEARNING CHALLENGES

*WRITING ACTIVITY*
REFFERENCES
Cristobal &Cristobal (2017) Practical Research For Senior High School 1. C& E
Publishing, Inc.
Calmorin, L. 2016. Research and Thesis Writing With Statistics Computer
Application. REX Bookstore. Manila Philippines

Bombita, M. et.al 2016. Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research). Lorimar

Publishing Inc. Quezon City, Metro Manila.

http://www.vanguard.edu/uploaded/research/apa_style_guide/apastyleessentials.pdf
https://www.editage.com/insights.com
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploaded/research/apa_style_guide/apastyleessentials.pdf
https://education.seattlepi.com/stepbystep-background-study-thesis-1626.html

14
15