Chapter 1 Working with numbers

1.1 Four operations with whole numbers: revision (1)

~ Learning objective
Solve problems involving all four operations for any integers

.~ - A. Multiple choice questions

(Select the correct answer from the given choices.)
To work out 38 X 99, the most suitable method for quick calculation is ( ).
A. 38 X 99 = 38 X 90 + 38 X 9
B. 38 X 99 = 38 X 100 - 38 X 1
C. 38 X 99 = 30 X 99 + 8 X 99
D. 38 X 99 = 40 X 99 - 2 X 99

2 To work out 123+456+544+877, the most suitable method for quick calculation
is ( ).
A. 123 + 456 + 544 + 877 = (123 + 456) + (544 + 877)
B. 123 + 456 + 544 + 877 = 123 + (456 + 544) + 877
c. 123 + 456 + 544 + 877 = 123 + (456 + 544 + 877)
D. 123 + 456 + 544 + 877 = (123 + 877) + (456 + 544)

To work out 444 X 25, the most suitable method for quick calculation is ( ).
A. 444 X 25 = 444 X 5 X 5
B. 444 X 25 = 400 X 25 + 40 X 25 + 4 X 25
C. 444 X 25 = 4 X 25 X 111
D. 444 X 25 = 440 X 25 + 4 X 25

4 To find the product of 196 multiplied by the difference between 104 and 5, the
correct number sentence is ( ).
A. 196 X 104 - 5 B. (196 X 104) - 5
C. 196 X (104- 5) D. (196 - 104) X 5

•
Working witn numbers

~ B. Fill in the blanks

~

Fill in the blanks with >, < or =.

(a) 27 + 83 83 + 72 (b) 54 X 104 104 X 54
(c) 25 X 8 + 20 X 8 25 + 20 X 8 (d) 04+7) Xll 14X11+7Xll
(e) 25 X 4 + 125 X 8 25 X 4 X 125 X 8
(f) (21 - 4) X 33 21 X 33 + 4 X 33

6 Calculate smartly and write the answers in the blanks. The first one has been
done for you.
(a) 125 X 88 = 125 X 80 + 125 X 8 = 10 000 + 1000 = 11 000
(b) 444 X 1001 = - - - - - -
(c) 680 X 11- 680 = ------

(d) 33 X 66 + 33 X 33 + 33 = - -- - - -

C. Questions that require solutions (Show your working.)

Work these out step by step. (Calculate smartly when possible.)
(a) 4600 + 800---;- 20 - 30 X 7 (b) 250 X 16 X 125 X 2

(c) 368 X 38 + 38 X 137 - 38 X 5 (d) (25 X 52 + 31) X (77 - 68)

(e) 72+36 X 2+72+ (99-27) (f) [ (297 - 97) X 450 - 3000] ---;-145

·8 Work these out smartly.

(a) 9999 + 999 + 99 + 9 (b) 333 X 999

(c) 20 062 006 X 2005 - 2006 X 20 052 005

2
 1.2 Four operations with whole numbers: revLsLon (2)

,fil21g
ii
Learning objective
Solve problems involving all four operations for any integers

A. Multiple ch.oice questions

Among the following equations, the correct one is ( ).
A. 6400712578=64007(125X8) B. 547-83-17=547-(83-17)
C. 28 + 42 + 14 = (28 + 42) 714 D. 512 X 100- 68 = 512 X (100 - 68)

2 From 31 7 7 = 4 r 3 , the correct one of the following is ( ).

A. 310 7 70 = 4 r 3 B. 310 7 70 = 4 r 30
C. 310770 = 40 r 3 D. 310770 = 40r 30

The following equations that correctly represent the law or property of the
operations indicated are ( ) . (Select all the correct answers.)
A. associative law of addition: (a+b) +c = a+ (b+c)
B. commutative law of multiplication: a X b = b X a
C. distributive law of multiplication: a X (b + c) = a X b + a X c
D. property of division: (a X c) 7 (b X c) = a 7 b (c is a non-zero number. )

~~ B. Fill in th.e blanks

4 Using properties of operations, fill in the blanks. The first one has been done for
you.
(a) 4 X 178 X 25 = 4 X 25 X 178 = 100 X 178 = 17 800
+ +
Cb) 213 1001 999 = - - - - -- -
+
(c) 125 X (80 8) = - - -- - -
(d) 6000 7125 = - - - - --

Using the property of division, write the answers.

(a) 260 7 130 = C ) Cb) 750 7 50 = C )
(c) 7200 7 600 = ( ) Cd) 4900 7 700 = C )
(e) 900 7 150 = ( ) ( f) 10 000 7 100 = ( )

• • • • •
Working with numbers

C. Questions th.at require solutions

6 Calculate smartly .
(a) 25 X (400 + 40) Cb) 4000-;-25

Calculate smartly using two different methods.

(a) 8800 X 125 Cb) 88 000 -;-125

8 A train is travelling from City A to City B at a speed of 125 km/h. The distance
between the two cities is 8000 km. How many hours will it take the train to travel
the whole journey?

• Adrian is reading a comic book which has 120 pages. He has been reading 16
pages per day for 3 days. How many more pages does he need to read to finish
half of the book?

4
 1.3 Working with decimals and fractions: revision (3)

·~}dl LearnLng objectlve

Solve problems involving decimals and fractions

. ,-."~ A. MultLple choLce questLc;ms

0 When 0. 07 is added to 0. 5, it means ( ).
A. 7 tenths is added to 5 hundredths
B. 7 tenths is added to 5 tenths
C . 7 hundredths is added to 5 hundredths
D. 7 hundredths is added to 5 tenths

2 If 6. 55 > 6. 06, the digit in D can be any integer of ( ).

A. 0 to 9 B. 0 to 7 C. 0 to 5 D. 0 to 4

C, The result of ~ -;- 2 is ( ).

2 1
A. 3 B.6 C. 6 D.23

4 6 tens and 6 hundredths make ( ).

A. 660 B. 60. 600 C. 60. 06 D. 60. 006

~
~ -- B. Fm Ln the blanks
In 59. 05, the '5' in the highest value place means 5 ---
. The '5' in the
least value place means 5 - -- - - -

6 Put 13.03 cm, 13. 33 cm, 13. 303 m, 130. 03 cm, and 13. 3 min order, starting
from the greatest:
- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

100 times 0. 25 is subtracted by the sum of 7. 22 and 3. 78. The difference is

. • • ••• 8
Working with numbers

8 A number 0. 42 greater than 25. 14 is subtracted by 14. 29. The difference is

• Calculate.
(a ) 35. 4 + 8. 53 = ---
(b) 4. 03 X 10 X 100 = - --
3 + o. 7 = _ _ _
(c ) 56. 7 7 = 0. 567 (d)
--- 10
(e) 10 - 6. 5 - 3. 5 = - - - (f) _ _ _ X 0. 792 = 792
31 (h) _ __ - 8. 25 = 2. 48
(g) 0. 82 - 100 = - - -

C. Questions that require solutions

, 10 Use your preferred method to calculate.

(a) 29. 95 +7. 35 = Cb) 54 -5. 45 =

Cc) 56. 38 - 24. 66 - 6. 34 = (d) 7. 35 + 1. 66+7. 34+ 7. 65 =

0, A supermarket bought in 300 kg of apples. It sold 134 . 6 kg on the second day.

The amount was 33 . 2 kg more than what was sold on the first day. How many
kilograms of apples were sold on the first day? How many kilograms of apples
were left unsold at the end of the second day?

12 Mr Lee bought 10 pens for £53 . 60. What was the price he paid for each pen? If
he wants to buy 100 pens, how much does he need to pay?

6
 Working with. numbers

G) Find the perimeter of the figure below.

1 cm 2.3 cm
1cm

4.13 cm

6.25 cm

14 The table shows the heights of four children in a family (unit: m).

Name Jade Marvin John Peg

Height 0 . 96 1. 58 1. 61 1. 36

(a) What is the average height of the four children? (Correct to 0. 01 m.)

3
(b) Given that the average weight of the children is 38 kg, what is their total
10
weight?

• •
 1.4 Factors, common factors and
highest common factors

~ Learnlng objectlve
Use concepts and vocabulary of factors, common factors and highest common factors

~ ll A. Multlple cholce questlons

If both 4 and 6 are divisible by a number, then the greatest value of the number is
( ).
A. 1 B. 2
C. 12 D. 24

2 To write 18 as a product of its prime factors, the correct answer is ( ).

A. 18 = 2 X 9 B. 18 = 1 X 18
C. 18 = 1 X 2 X 9 D. 18 = 2 X 32

There are ( ) common factors of 16 and 28.

A. 1 B. 2
c. 3 D. 4

4 Among the following pairs of numbers, the pair in ( ) do not have common
factors except 1.
A. 13 and 39 B. 9 and 12
C. 27 and 28 D. 26 and 65

The incorrect statement of the following is ( ).

A. Two unequal prime numbers must have no common factors except 1.
B. Two unequal composite numbers might have no common factors except 1.
C. A prime number and a composite number might have no common factors.
D. A prime number and a composite number might have common factors
besides 1.

8
 Working witn numbers

~ B. Fill in the blanks

~

6 Write 30 as a product of its prime factors: 30 = - - - - . Apart from the order

of the prime factors, the expression is _ _ _ ( fill in 'unique' or ' not unique' ) .

0 The common factor of 8 and 12 is____ The common prime factor of 8 and
12 is _ _ _ and the highest common factor is _ _ __

8 The highest common factor of 2 and 5 is - - - The highest common factor of

7 and 13 is

@ If A and B are positive integers and A is a factor of B, then their highest common
factor is ____ . The highest common factor of 7 and 14 is _ _ __

10 If A = 2 X 2 X 5, B = 2 X 3 X 5 , then the highest common factor of A and B is

If the highest common factor of A and B is 15 , and A = 2 X 3 X k, B = 3 X k X 7,

then k =

C. Questions that require solutions

12 In each of the following pairs of numbers, first write all the factors of each
number, and then find the highest common factor. The first one has been done
for you.
(a) 12 and 15 (b) 16 and 27
Solution:
The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12.
The factors of 15 are 1, 3 , 5 and 15.
Therefore, the highest common factor is 3.

(c) 24 and 56 (d) 17 and 119

• • • •
Working with numbers

G) In the following set of numbers, first use a factor tree to obtain the prime
factorisation of each number, and then find the highest common factor of these
numbers . The first one has been done for you.
(a) 18 and 24

Solution, d)~

So
18 = 2 X 3 X 3 = 2 X 32
24 = 3 X 2 X 2 X 2 = 23 X 3
Therefore, the highest common factor is 2 X 3 = 6.
Cb) 36 and 60 Cc) 10, 25 and 50 Cd) 14, 28 and 56

14 A rectangle is 48 cm long and 30 cm wide. It is cut into several squares that have
the same area without any remaining. What is the longest possible side length,of a
square? How many such squares can the rectangle be cut into?

Gr, In the figure below, point Bis the corner of street ABC. If streetlights are to be
installed along one side of the street with equal distance between the lights, and a
streetlight must be installed at points A, B and C, at least how many streetlights
can be installed along the street?
A B

1625 m

1170 m

10
 1.5 Multiples, common multiples and
lowest common multiples

~'P-J Learning objective

Use concepts and vocabulary of multiples , common multiples and lowest common multiples

~ - A. Multiple choice questions

The lowest common multiple of 4 and 12 is ( ).
A. 4 B. 12 C. 24 D. 48

2 If a whole number of tiles of 20 cm X 16 cm can be used to exactly cover a square

floor, . then the side length of the square floor is ( ) of the length and width of
the tile.
A. a common factor B. the highest common factor
C. a common multiple D. the lowest common multiple

Among the following statements, the correct one is ( ).

A. Two different prime numbers do not have the highest common factor.
B. The product of the highest common factor and the lowest common multiple of
two numbers equals the product of the two numbers .
C. A common factor of two numbers must be less than each of them.
D. A common multiple of two numbers must be greater than both of them.

~
~. B. Fill in the blanks
4 Any two integers have _ _ _ _ _ _ common multiples. Among these common
multiples, the least one is called their ---------

Within 200, there are -------

common multiples of 12 and 16. The
lowest common multiple is ---------

6 If two positive integers, A and B, have no common factors except 1, then their
lowest common multiple is _ _ _ . The lowest common multiple of 5 and 11 is

• •
Working with numbers

If A and B are two positive integers and A is a factor of B, then their lowest
common multiple is _ _ _ . The lowest common multiple of 3 and 18 is _ __

8 If A = 2 X 2 X 3 , B = 2 X 3 X 7, then the lowest common multiple of A and B is

- - - . Their lowest common multiple is - - - - times the highest common
factor.

C. Questlons that requLre solutLons

• In each of the following pairs of numbers, first make a list of multiples of each
number, and then find the lowest common multiple . The first one has been done
for you.
(a) 6 and 9 (b) 8 and 20
Solution:
Themultiplesof6are6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, .. .
Themultiplesof9are9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, . . .
Therefore, the lowest common multiple is 36.

(c) 17 and 51 (d) 18 and 42

10 In each of the following groups of numbers, first express each number as the
product of its prime factors, and then find their lowest common multiple. The
first one has been done for you. (Note: you may use the factor tree to find the
prime factorisation of each number . )

(a) 6, 15 and 45 Cb) 4, 8 and 16 (c) 15, 18 and 24

Solution:
6 = 2X3
.15 = 3 X 5
45 = 3 X 3 X 5
So the lowest common multiple is 2 X 3 X 3 X 5 = 90.

12
 Working with numbers

0, Jane asked her brother Brian about the size of his school choir. Brian said, 'I
don't know exactly, but there are 40 to 50 members , and we can line up exactly
with 12 people or 8 people in a row. ' Jane responded, 'Then I know the answer
already. ' Do you know what Jane's answer is? Show your working.

12 A team planned to plant trees on one side of a 1. 5 km-long road, with equal
distance between every tree. They planned to plant a tree every 10 m from one
end to the other, so one sign indicator was put in each place. Later, the plan was
changed so that a tree would be planted every 12 m. If the signs are still to be
used, how many sign indicators can be kept in the same place they were put
earlier?

• • • •
 1.6 Multipl~ing two decimal numbers (1)

'I~~
TTB:m Learnmg
· o b'~ectLve
·
Multiply two decimal numbers

A. Multiple choice questions

The product of 5. 17 X 3. 28 has ( ) decimal place(s).
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

2 , Among the following equations, the correct one is ( ).

A. 0. 83 X 5. 6 = 83 X 56 B. 0. 83 X 5. 6 = 83 X 56 710
C. 0. 83 X 5. 6 = 83 X 56 7 100 D. 0. 83 X 5. 6 = 83 X 56 7 1000

When one factor is multiplied by 10 and the other factor is multiplied by 100, the
product is multiplied by ( ).
A. 10 B. 100 C. 1000 D. 10 000

~ B. Fill in the blanlts

~

4 Given 72 X 25 = 1800, fill in the blanks.

(a) 7. 2 X 2. 5 = _ __ Cb) 0. 72 X 2. 5 = _ _ _
(c) 0. 072 X 0. 25 = - - - Cd) 0. 72 X 0. 25 = ---

Fill in the blanks with suitable numbers to complete the two methods for
multiplying 18.6 and 25.4.
Method 1 (converting to whole numbers): Method 2 (using the column method):
18. 6 X 25. 4 1 8. 6 decimal place(s)
= 186 X 2547 - -- X 2 5. 4 decimal place(s)
= 47 244 7 --- 7 4 4
9 3 0
3 7 2
decimal place(s).

14
 Working with. numbers

6 There are - --
decimal places in the product of 0. 01 X 0. 02 X 0. 03 X 0. 04 X ···
X 0. 09 in its simplest form.

C. Questions that require solutions

Use the column method to calculate.

(a) 8. 7 X 0. 9 = (b) 0. 73 X 8. 5 =

(c) 20. 7 X 6. 9 = (d) 8. 08 X 1. 05 =

8 Application problems.
(a) A car travelled from place A to place B at a speed of 78. 5 kilometres per
hour. It reached place B in 3. 8 hours. Find the distance between the two places.

(b) John's family plans to renovate their newly bought house. The lounge has an
area of 15. 2 m 2 and is to be covered using square tiles of 0. 3 m X 0. 3 m. Will
180 of the tiles be enough?

(c) On one day in August 2016, the price of unleaded petrol at a petrol station
was £1. 079 per litre. Jay filled up his car's fuel tank with 50. 5 litres of
unleaded petrol in the station. How much did he pay?

•
 1.7 Multipl~ing two decimal numbers (2)

.~~ Learning objective

Multiply two decimal numbers

.~~ A. Multiple choice questions

Given 0. 58 X 6. 4 = 3. 712, the correct one of the following is ( ).
A. 580 X 640 = 37 120
B. 580 X 640 = 371 200
C. 580 X 640 = 3 712 000
D. 580 X 640 = 37 120 000

2 Among the following statements, the correct one is ( ).

A. The product of two numbers must be greater than each of the two numbers.
B. The product of two numbers must be less than each of the two numbers.
C. If the two factors are decimal numbers, the product must be also a decimal
number.
D. If the two factors are decimal numbers, the product is not necessarily a
decimal number.

The product of 0. 024 X 0. 65 has ( ) decimal place(s).

A. four B. five
C. three D. two

4 The expression that does not have the same answer as 36. 5 X 0. 0254 = 0. 9271 is
( ).
A. 0. 365 X 2. 54 B. 254 X 0. 003 65
C. 36. 5 X 2. 54 D. 3. 65 X 0. 254

Given that only one of the following is correct, we can estimate that the correct
one is ( ).
A. 0. 95 X 0. 35 = 3. 325 B. 4. 7 X 0. 82 = 38. 54
C. 0. 78 X 12. 7 = 5. 316 D. 0. 46 X 2. 7 = 1. 242

16
 Working with numbers

~ B. Fill in the blanks

~

6 Put a decimal point in the product of each column multiplication and write the
answer below.
(a) 2. 8 Cb) 0. 3 5 (c) 0. 1 6
X 5. 3 X 4. 6 X 0. 2 1
8 4 2 1 0 1 6
1 4 0 1 4 0 3 2
1 4 8 4 1 6 1 0 3 3 6
Answer: Answer: Answer:

Based on the first product on the left, write the other products in the columns
accordingly.

Factor 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4. 8

Factor 15 1. 5 1 0. 15 0.01 5

Product 72

8 Fill in the blanks with >, < or = without working out the answers.
(a) 2. 56 X 12. 8 _ _ _ 2. 56 (b) 7. 95 X 0. 8 _ _ _ 7. 95
(c) 0. 78 X 12. 7
---
12. 7 Cd) 1. 003 X 0. 9 - -- 0. 9

• Using the result 4. 1 X 3. 2 = 13. 12, write the product of each multiplication
below.
4. 1 X 32 = - --
0. 41 X 320 = - - - 0. 041 X 32 = - - -
41 X 320 = 0. 41 X 3. 2 = 4. 1 X 0. 032 =

10 Based on the equation 75 X 26 = 1950, fill in the blanks with suitable numbers.
How many combinations can you write?
19.5 = x ___ ___ x ___ X
1. 95 = ---
X- -- X X

• • • • ••
Working with numbers

C. Questions that require solutions

m Use the column method to calculate.

(a ) 1. 28 X 0. 35 = Cb) 5. 26 X 2. 04 =

(c) 3. 32 X 0. 045 = Cd) 3. 02 X 0. 016 =

1
12 The speed of a bicycle is 9. 5 km/ h, while the speed of a car is 12. 5 times that of
the bicycle. How many kilometres does the car travel in 1. 5 hours?

18
 1.8 Division b~ a decimal number (1)

,~~ Learning objective

Divide a number by a decimal number

A. Multiple choice questions

The correct answer to 0. 1---:- 0. 5 is ( ).
A. 2 B. 0.2 C. 5 D. 0.5

,2 Among the following equations, the correct one is ( ).

A. 5. 87---:- 0. 025 = 587---:- 25
B. 0. 9 ---:- 0. 04= 90---:- 4
C. 1. 378 ---:-1. 5 = 137. 8---:-15
D. 475---:- 0. 29 = 4750---:- 29

Given 32---:- 12. 5= 2. 56, the correct one of the following is ( ).

A. 32---:- 1. 25 = 2. 56 B. 0. 32---:- 0. 125 = 0. 256
c. 32---:- 0. 125 = 256 D. 0. 32---:- 1. 25 = 0. 0256

~
.~
~ B. Fill in the blanks
4 Among the following, the divisions that have the same answer are (a) and (C),
(b) and _ _ _ , (c) and _ _ _ , (d) and _ _ _ respectively.
(a) ~--- (A)
8. 9} 3 8 2. 7 89} 3 8 2. 7
Cb) (B)

8 . 9} 3 8 2 7 0 89} 3 8 2 7 0
(c) (C)
0.89} 3 8 2. 7 89) 3 8 2 7
(d) (D)

8. 9) 3 8. 2 7 89) 3 8 2 7 0 0

•
Working with. numbers

Observe carefully and fill in both ( ) and ---

with suitable numbers.
7 --:- 1. 4 = _ _ _ 6 0.12 0. 091 --:- 0. 005=
tx10 tx10 t txc ) txc ) t tx c ) txc -) -t-
10 --:- 14 =

C. Questions th.at require solutions

6 Use the column method to calculate. The first one has been done for you. (Check
answers to the questions marked ·* . )
(a) 10. 8--:- 0. 24 = 4. 25 (b) 2. 05--:- 20. 5 = (c) 6--:- 7. 5 =
4. 2 5
2.4) 1 0. 8
9. 6
-- - ~ - -
1. 2 - O
1. 2 0
0

* Cd) 4. 75--:- o. 38 = (e) 0. 324--:- 0. 18 = * ( f) 0. 08--:- 2. 5 =

Application problems.
(a) Bob wants to cut a wire 40 m long into pieces so that each piece is 2. 5 m long.
How many pieces will he get?

(b) A clothing factory made 76 800 sets of clothes in the first half of a year,
which was 1. 6 times the production of the second half of the year. How
many sets of clothes did the factory produce in the year in total?

20
 Working with numbers

(c) A car travelled for 2. 5 hours from place A to place B, which were 207. 9 km
apart. The car took 3 hours on the return journey. What was the average
speed of the car for the round trip?

(d) A rectangular wall has a length of 8. 01 m and a width of 2. 5 m. If one litre

of paint can paint 4. 5 m2 , how many litres of paint is needed to paint both
sides of the wall?

• •
 1.9 Division by a decimal number (2)

~Q] Learning objective

Divide a number by a decimal number

~~ A. Multiple choice questions

Without calculation, compare the following divisions. The greatest quotient is
obtained in ( ).
A. 0. 75---:- 0. 13 B. 0. 075 ---:-1. 3 C. 7.5---:-1.3 D. 75 ---:-1. 3

·2 Without calculation, the result of comparing the quotients of CD 8. 256---:- 2.14,

® 8256---:- 2. 14, ® 82. 56---:- 0. 214, @ 0. 8256---:- 0. 0214 should be ( ).
A ®>®>@>CD B. ®>®>CD>@
C. ®>®>@>CD D. ®>®>CD>@

Given M > 0, the incorrect one of the following is ( ).

A. M---:- 0. 1 > M B. M X 1. 1 > M
C. M---:-1. l > M D. M X0. 99 < M

~ B. Fill in th.e blanRs

4 Observe carefully and complete the table.

Dividend 1. 2

Divisor 0.015 0.15 1 1. 5 15

Quotient

Without calculation, fill in ---

with > , < or = .
(a) 12. 1---:- 1. 1 - - - 12. 1 (b) 10. 8---:- 0. 9 - - - 10. 8
(c)3.6---:-0.9 3.6 (d) 1. 37---:- 0. 991 1. 37
(e)8.9---:-l.25 8.9 (f) 3. 8 X 100 3. 8---:- 0. 01
(g) 63. 8---:- 0. 9 63. 8 X 0. 9 (h) 78 X 0. 9 78 X 1. 1
(i) 26. 25---:- 1. 05 26. 25 X 1. 05

22
 Working with numbers

C. Questions that require solutions

6 . Use the column method to calculate. (Check answers to the questions marked -)(- . )
Ca) 22. 1-:- 0. 17 = Cb) 0. 216-:- o. 72 =

* (c) 6. 24-:- 0. 26 = * Cd) 0. 303 -:- o. 025 =

Work these out step by step.

(a) 2. 4-:- 0. 8 X 0. 9 (b) 35. 65-:- 4. 6 X 1. 3

(c) 0. 58 X 4. 3-:- 0. 2

G •
Working witn numbers

8 Application problems.
(a) Dan wants to cut a rope of 18. 6 m into pieces that are 2. 5 m long. How many
pieces can he cut the rope into? How many metres will be left over ?

Cb) A total of 29 litres of drinking water is poured into 1. 25-litre bottles. How
many bottles can be filled? How many litres of the drinking water will be left
over?

(c) A car park charges a minimum of £5 for each entry for up to two hours and
£2. 50 for every extra hour. One day, Mr Wilton parked his car there. He
paid £20 when he left the car park . For how many hours at most did he park
his car?

24
 1.10 Division of fractions (1)

.~~ Learning objective

Divide an integer or a fraction by a fraction and use the notation of reciprocals

-! ~ A. Multiple choice questions

Among the following statements, the correct one is ( ).
A. The product of a number and its reciprocal is always 1.
B. The sum of a number and its reciprocal is zero.
C. The reciprocal of a number must be less than the number itself.
D. Any number has a reciprocal.

2 Among the following statements, the correct one is ( ).

A. The expression 12 +~ is to find the sum of 12 lots of ~-

5 · l . f d l f 5
B . Th e express10n
9 --;- 12 1s to m 12 o 9 .
.

C. The sum of ~ and its reciprocal is 2 / .

2

D. The expression : --;- 5 is to find 5 times : .

~ B. Fill in the blanks

~

C) If a =I= 0, the reciprocal of a is _ __ If p =I= 0 and q =I= 0, the reciprocal of t

lS
- --

4 The reciprocal of ! is _ _ _ . The reciprocal of 10 is _ _ _

The reciprocal of _ __ is / . The reciprocal of _ __ is 1 ; .

2

6 The reciprocal of 1 is - - -

• • ••
Working witn numbers

0 The reciprocal of 7. 5 is - - -

8 The reciprocal of the product of ! and ~ is _ __

C. Questions that require solutions

0 Calculate the following. The first one has been done for you.

Ca) 1--;- i Cb) 1--;- ~

Solution: 1 --;- i= l X ~
=]_
4

Cd) l--;-2 ~

(f) 8 ! - ;- 4 ; - ~ --;- 2 ~

10 Given that the reciprocal of a is 4 and the reciprocal of b is 1 ~ , find the value of
a times b.

The product of a fraction multiplied consecutively by ~ , 2 ~ and 1 ! is the least

positive integer. Find this fraction.

26
 1.11 Division of fractions (2)

~';l Learning objective

Divide an integer or a fraction by a fraction and use the notation of reciprocals

~~ A. Multiple choice questions

The correct calculation of the following is ( ).
3 3. 1 .4.4 3 --;-. ( 5
4.4)
A . 12 = 12--;- 7 = 28 8.3 --;- 5 --;- 5 = --;- 5 = 3
7

2 In a Christmas sale, the promotional price of a large screen TV was £6480 after a
discount of lo· The original price of the TV was ( ).

A. £7128 B. £5832 C. £7200 D. £7920

~
~ B. Fill in the blanks

The reciprocal of 1 1 is _ __

.4 The reciprocal of _ _ _ is ;,

_ _ _ of~ is 5.

6 2 1 times
. . l 1.
_ _ _ 1s
2 2

5 . 1
8 8 . _ __ 8'

•••
Working with numbers

C. Questions that require solutions

• Calculate.

( a) 3 ~~~

10 A cheetah can run 1 ~ km per minute. In how many minutes can it run 4 ~ km?

G, When solving a problem involving operations of fractions, Tad mistakenly took

the multiplication of 2 ; as division of 2 ; , and got the answer ~~~ - What is the

correct answer to the question ?

12 Complete the flow chart of calculation . Write a suitable number in each box.

[D 7f
0 x1 f
0
7
s-¼
0 +1 f □
□ -3 □ +½ c:Jl :

28
 1.12 Converting between fractions and decimals

,~~ Learning objective

Convert fractions to and from terminating and recurring decimals

',"~ A. Multiple choice questions

. 1 3 2 3 5
Among the fractions , , , and , C ) of them can be converted to
8 12 11 9 16
terminating decimals.
A. 2 B. 3
c. 4 D. 5

2 Among the following fractions, the greatest one is ( ).

17 13
A. 30 B. 32
15 11
C. 35 D. 36

7. 777 is a ( ).
A. recurring decimal B. non-terminating decimal
C. terminating decimal D. none of the above

~
~ - B. Fill in th.e blanks
4 In recurring decimal O. 125 125 ... , the recurring part is - ---
. It can be
denoted as ---

The recurring part of the recurring decimal 1. 234 564 56 ... 1s ---
. It can
be denoted as _ _ _ _ . If it is kept to 4 decimal places, it can be written as

6 42 minutes = _ _ _ hour (in fraction) = _ _ _ hour (in decimal).

0 1428 g = _ _ _ kg (in fraction) = _ _ _ kg (in decimal) .

• • •
Working with numbers

8 Convert the following fractions or mixed numbers to recurring decimals.

(a)
2 = _ __ Cb) 1
3 = _ __
9 11
32 (d) 23 =
(c) 15 = --- 6 ---

C. Questions that require solutions

C) The lengths of two pieces of wood are 51 1 cm and 29. 6 cm, respectively. If they

are joined together and the overlapping part is ·5 . 4 cm long, what is the length of
the two pieces of wood after they are joined?

10 Convert the following fractions to recurring decimals.

1 3 1 7
(a) 3 (b) 11 (c) 24 Cd) 15

Put the following numbers in order, starting from the least.

5 · 2 ··
(a) , 0. 62, , 0. 40
8 5

19 ·· · 24
(b) 4 , 4. 95, 4. 95,4 , 4. 905
20 25

30
 Working with numbers

12 Convert the following fractions to decimals.

1 -2
9 9
3 4
9 9

-5 -
6
9 9
-7 -14
9 9

-17
9
Observe the above and look for patterns. Can you now convert the following
fractions to decimals quickly?
25 30
9 9
52 73
9 9

• • • •
 1.13 Calculating interest and percentag e CD

Learning objective
Solve problems involving percentage and simple interest in financial mathematics

'-l'-1 A. Multiple ch.oice questions

<-.: ~r:J
Mr Ling made a fixed deposit of £1000 for a period of one year, and the deposit
account bears an interest rate of 0. 25% each month. In this case, £1000 is called
( ) , the monthly interest rate is ( ) , the annual interest rate is ( ) and
without paying tax, the accrued amount at the end is ( ).
A. £1030
B. 3%
C. 0. 25%
D. principal amount

2 . Among the following calculations involving interest, the incorrect one is ( ).

A. Interest = principal amount X interest rate X time
B. Annual interest rate= 12 X monthly interest rate
C. Accrued amount = principal amount + interest
D. Interest after tax = accrued amount X tax rate - principal amount

A man borrows £50 000 from a bank without repayment for a period of 3 years.
The monthly interest rate is 0. 7%. The accrued amount that he needs to pay back
to the bank at the end of the three years is ( ) pounds.
A. 5 X 0. 7% X 3
B. 50 000 X 0. 7 % X 36
C. 50 000(1 +o. 7% X 36)
D. 5 + 5 X 0. 7% X 12 X 3

CD Unless otherwise stated, we use the term 'interest' in this book to refer to 'simple interest', that
is, the interest is only paid on the principal amount, but not on the interest accumulated over
previous periods.

32
 Working with numbers

~
~ - B. Fill in the blanks
4 Given that the taxable amount is £150 000 and the tax rate is 10. 5%, the amount
of tax to pay is £- - - -

0 Given that the taxable amount is £40 000 and the amount of tax paid is £3604,
the tax rate is - - - -

6 A company paid £693 000 for tax at a tax rate of 23% on the profit it made in a
year. The company made a profit of £_ _ __ _ _ in the year.

If the annual interest rate is 5% for a fixed deposit of £80 000 over a period of 3
years, then the accrued amount after 3 years is £- - - - - -

8 Alvin's family deposited £50 000 in a bank and had the accrued amount of
£52 430 after a period. If the annual interest rate is 2. 43%, then his family has
deposited the money for a period of _ _ _ years.

C. Questions that require solutions

C) Lily deposited £20 000 in a bank for a period of one year. The annual interest
rate was 2. 25% and the tax rate was 20% on the interest earned. How much is
the accrued amount of money Lily received after tax at the end of one year?

•••••
Working with numbers

10 A financial institution has released a new financial policy. The table summarises
the adjustment of interest rates offered for fixed deposit accounts over different
periods of time.

Interest rates (before and after change)

Annual interest rate

Duration of deposit
Before After

1 year 3. 60% 2.52%

2 years 4 .14% 3.06%

3 years 4 . 77% 3. 60%

5 years 5.1 3% 3 . 87%

(a) For a three-year fixed deposit of £10 000, the interest earned under the new
interest rate will be £( ) less than the interest that would be earned under
the original interest rate.

(b) Lee's family would like to deposit £50 000 for a period of two years. Lee
suggests opening a two-year fixed deposit account for the money. His brother
suggests opening a one-year fixed deposit first and at the end of one year,
withdrawing the accrued amount and then re-depositing the total amount for
a second year. Whose suggestion will earn more interest? By how much is it
more? (Round your answer to integers.)

34
 Unit test 1

A. Multiple choice questions

Among the following equations, the incorrect one is ( ).
A. 8400 ---:- 300 = 28 B. 45 - 45 ---:- 9 = 0
C. 800 ---:- 2 X 7 = 2800 D. 240 X 0. 5 - 40 = 80

2 Among the following equations, the incorrect one is ( ).

A. 225 - 34- 66 = 225 - (34 + 66)
B. 8. 3 X 6. 2 + 0. 83 X 38 = 0. 83 X (6. 2 + 3. 8)
C. 369 ---:- (3 X 3) = 369---:- 3---:- 3
D. 44---:-0. 4 = 440---:-40

The highest common factor of 12 and 20 is ( ).

A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 8

4 The lowest common multiple of 6 and 9 is ( ).

A. 1 B. 6 C. 18 D. 54

Among the following, the expression that has the same product as 10. 6 X 1. 74 is
( ).
A. 1. 06 X 1. 74 B. 1. 06 X 174
C. 0. 106 X 1740 D. 1060 X 0. 0174

6 Among the following equations, the value of a in ( ) is less than 1.

A. 6. 3 ---:- a = l B. a X 0. 3 = 1
C. a---:-0. 1 = 1 D. 0. 8 Xa = 1

If £5000 is deposited in a savings account at an annual interest rate of 3. 6 % for

three years , the accrued amount before tax at the end of three years is ( ).
A. 5000 X (1 + 3 X 3. 6%) B. 5000+ 5000 X 3. 6%
C . 5000 X 3 X 3. 6% D. 5000 X 3 X (1 + 3. 6%)

• •
Working witn numbers

~
~ B. Fill in the blanks
8 Work these out mentally. Write the answers.
(a) 0. 3--;- 0. 01 = ---
(b) 1. 2 X 0. 4 = ---
(c) 0. 9--;- 4. 5 X 0. 2 =
----
(d) 0. 125 X 0. 7 X 0. 8 = - - -

• The reciprocal of 8 ! is ____ . The reciprocal of 1. 8 is _ __

10 The recurring decimal 0. 323 232 . . . can be denoted as - - - -

The recurring part of the recurring decimal 0 . 103 103 103 ... 1s - - - -

12 The reciprocal of the product of ! and ~ is _ _ _

@ In 7 , 3 and 5 , the fraction that cannot be converted to a terminating decimal is

16 25 12

14 Convertmg . 17 to a recurnng
. t he f ract10n . dec1ma
. 1, t he resu 1t 1s
. _ _ __
22

41) If the monthly interest rate of a savings account is 0. 12%, the annual interest
rate is - --

16 If A = 2 X 3, B = 3 X 5, then the lowest common multiple of A and B is - - -

4D If the sum of two consecutive even numbers is 18, then the lowest common
multiple of these two numbers is ---

18 In 3, 5 , 12 and 20, there are ----

pairs of numbers that have no common
factors except 1.

36
 Working with numbers

C. Questions that require solutions

CD) Work these out step by step. (Calculate smartly when possible.)
(a) 117 - 56 - 44 + 83 (b) 680 X 89---;- 34

(c) 2200 ---;-125 (d) 037 X 31 - 31 X 12) X 8

20 In each of the following groups of numbers, find the highest common factor and
the lowest common multiple. (Show the factor tree for each number. )
(a) 18 and 54 (b) 21 and 35

(c) 24 and 42 (d) 10, 12 and 18

~ Use the column method to calculate. (Check the answer to the question marked * .)
(a) 12. 5 X 0. 82 (b) 0. 4 7 X 0. 28
(Round to the nearest tenth)

•
Working with. numbers

Cc) 4. 8--:-0. 43 * (d) 1. 296--:- 0. 18

(Round to the nearest hundredth)

22 Calculate.

(a) 13. 2 --:-1 ~ X ~~ ( b) 18 ~ --:- 1 ~ X : 2 --:- 1 /

4

(c) 2 -
1 X 7- -1 -5 -7
. -1
5 11 6 . 3

(e) 5. 4 X 6. 8 + 5. 4 X 4. 2 - 5. 4 (f) 8. 58 - 8. 58--:- 3. 3 X 2. 5

@) A bottle can be filled with 0. 55 litres of water. How many bottles will 100 litres
of water fill? How many litres will be left over?

38
 Working with numbers

24 The weight of a chicken egg is 0. 061 kg. The weight of an ostrich egg is 1. 55 kg.
How many times heavier is an ostrich egg than a chicken egg?

@) The area of a rectangle is 28 cm2 • Both the length a and the width b are whole
numbers and their lowest common multiple is 14. What is the perimeter of the
rectangle?

26 A company received a loan of £80 000 from a bank with an annual interest rate of
6. 9% for a period of 5 years. How much accrued amount does the company need
to pay back to the bank at the end of 5 years?

@'> Mr Johnson made a fixed deposit of £5000 in a bank at the annual interest rate of
2. 7% for two years. He will have to pay tax on the interest at the rate of 5%
when he withdraws the money. At the end of two years, how much will he need
to pay for the interest tax? How much money will he receive?