Q1. Describe various mobile generations in detail.

Ans

1G – First generation 1G refers to the first generation of wireless mobile communication where
analog signals were used to transmit data. It was introduced in the US in early 1980s and designed
exclusively for voice communication. Features:  Speeds up to 2.4 kbps  Poor voice quality  Large
phones with limited battery life  No data security  Used analog signals 2G-Second generation 2G
refers to the second generation of mobile telephony which used digital signals for the first time. It
was launched in Finland in 1991 and used GSM technology. 2G networks used digital technology. It
implemented the concept of CDMA and GSM. Provided small data services like sms and mms. 2G
capabilities are achieved by allowing multiple users on a single channel via multiplexing.

Features:  Data speeds up to 64 kbps  Text and multimedia messaging possible  Better quality than
1G  2G requires strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there is no network coverage in
any specific area, digital signals would weak.  These systems are unable to handle complex data
such as Videos. When GPRS technology was introduced, it enabled web browsing, e-mail services
and fast upload/download speeds. 2G with GPRS is also referred as 2.5G, a step short of next mobile
generation 3G- Third generations Third generation (3G) of mobile telephony began with the start of
the new millennium and offered major advancement over previous generations. 3G has multimedia
services support along with streaming. In 3G universal access and portability across different devices
types are made possible. 3G increased the efficiency of frequency spectrum by improving how audio
is compressed during a call. so more simultaneous calls can take place in same frequency range. Like
2G, 3G evolved into 3.5G and 3.75G as more features were introduced in order to bring about 4G.
Features:  Data speeds of 144 kbps to 2 Mbps  High speed web browsing  Running web based
applications like video conferencing, multimedia e-mails, etc.  Fast and easy transfer of audio and
video files  3D gaming  TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls MUM1 Large Capacities and
Broadband Capabilities  Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services 4G- Fourth generation The main
purpose of 4G is to provide high speed, high quality and high capacity to users while improving
security and lower the cost of voice and date services, multimedia and internet over IP. Fourth
Generation (4G) mobile phones provides broadband cellular network services and is successor to 3G
mobile networks. It provides an all IP based cellular communications. The capabilities provided
adhere to IMT-Advanced specifications as laid down by International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

Features  It provides an all IP packet switched network for transmission of voice, data, signals and
multimedia.  It aims to provide high quality uninterrupted services to any location at any time.  As
laid down in IMT-Advanced specifications, 4G networks should have peak data rates of 100Mbps for
highly mobile stations like train, car etc., and 1Gbps for low mobility stations like residence etc.  It
also lays down that 4G networks should make it possible for 1 Gbps downlink over less than 67 MHz
bandwidth.  They provide have smooth handoffs across heterogeneous network areas. 5G- Fifth
generation  5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after 1G,
2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually
everyone and everything together including machines, objects, and devices. 5G wireless technology
is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, massive
network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users. Higher
performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connects new industries.
Features  High Speed, High Capacity 5G technology providing large broadcasting of data in Gbps. 
Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T. V pro clarity as to that of an HD Quality.  Faster data
transmission that of the previous generations.  Large Phone Memory, Dialing Speed, clarity in
Audio/Video.  Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet and other  5G is
More Effective and More Attractive.

Q2 .Describe wireless infrastructure components in detail.

Ans

Wireless Network Infrastructures The infrastructure of a wireless network interconnects wireless

users and end systems. The infrastructure might consist of base stations, access controllers,
application connectivity software, and a distribution system. These components enhance wireless
communications and fulfill important functions necessary for specific applications. 1. Base Stations
The base station is a common infrastructure component that interfaces the wireless communications
signals traveling through the air medium to a wired network? Often referred to as a distribution
system. Therefore, a base station enables users to access a wide range of network services, such as
web browsing, e-mail access, and database applications. A base station often contains a wireless NIC
that implements the same technology in operation by the user's wireless NIC. Residential gateways
and routers are more advanced forms of base stations that enable additional network functions. As
show in Figure a base station might support point-to-point or point-tomultipoint communications.

Digram……

Access Controllers In the absence of adequate security, quality of service (QoS), and roaming
mechanisms in wireless network standards, companies offer access-control solutions to strengthen
wireless systems. The key component to these solutions is an access controller, which is typically
hardware that resides on the wired portion of the network between the access points and the
protected side of the network. Access controllers provide centralized intelligence behind the access
points to regulate traffic between the open wireless network and important resources. In some
cases, the access point contains the access control function. Application Connectivity Software Web
surfing and e-mail generally perform well over wireless networks. All it takes is a browser and e-mail
software on the client device. Users might lose a wireless connection from time to time, but the
protocols in use for these relatively simple applications are resilient under most conditions. Special
application connectivity software is necessary as an interface between a user's computer device and
the end system hosting the application's software or database.

Distribution System A wireless network is seldom entirely free of wires. The distribution system,
which often includes wiring, is generally necessary to tie together the access points, access
controllers, and servers. In most cases, the common Ethernet comprises the distribution system..