CA1 INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION

Corrections- is the brach of administration of criminal justice system charged with the responsibility for
the custody, supervision, and rehabilitation of convicted offender.

- The process of handling individuals convicted for crime prevention and control.

Penology

-It came from the Latin word “POENA” which means pain or suffering and Poenalis means punishment “
Logus”, study.

- is the branch or division of criminology that deals with the management and administration of inmates.

- It is the study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes the study of control and
prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offender.

Correctional Administration

- Study and practice of systematic management of corrections.

What is Penal Management?

- Refers to the manner of practice of managing or controlling places of confinement as in jails or

prison.

Penitentiary

- Is the earliest form of large scale incarceration. It was a place for reform of offenders through
repentance and rehabilitation. It was derived from the English word penitent, which refers to a
person who repents, or ask for forgiveness, for sins he committed.

PUNISHMENT PENALTY
- Is defined as the redress that the state - Penalty is defined as suffering inflicted
takes against an offending member. by the state against an offending
- It involves pain or suffering produced member for the transgression of law.
by design and justified by some value
that the suffering assumed to have.

Ancient Forms of Punishment

a. Death Penalty- this was effected by the burning, boiling, in oil, breaking at the wheel, drowning,
hanging, etc.
(CAPITAL PUNISHMENT)
b. Physical Torture – this was so called corporal punishment, which was effected by mutilation,
maiming, whipping, etc.
c. Social Degradation- the purpose of this was to put the offender to shame or humiliation. This
was affected by branding, use of ducking stool, stocks, pillory, etc. (PUBLIC SHAMING)
 d. Banishment (EXILE)- sending or putting away of an offender which was carried out either by a
prohibition against coming into a specified territory, or a prohibition against going outside
specified territory, such as an island to where the offender has been removed. Modern
DESTIERO

Methods of Death Penalty Executed in the Philippines.

- Garrote collar attached

- Musketry
- Beheading/ Decapitation
- Hanging
- Electric Chair/ Cilla Electrica
- Lethal Injection
Sodium thiopental- induce sleep
Pancuronium bromide – paralyzing muscle
Potassium chloride- stopping heart beat

Other forms of Punishment

 Stoning/Lapidation- pelted with stones

 Crucifixion – Nailing on the cross
 Burning at the Stake- set on fire alive
 Pillory – wooden machine
 Flagellation- whipping
 Guillotine- device of cutting people head
 Gas Chamber- gas poisoning
 Impailmet- penetration of sharp object

Early forms of Discipline

 Deprivation
 Monotony- sameness
 Mass movement- mass living
 Degradation- insulting words or language
 Corporal Punishment- physical force
 Isolation/Bartolina- lone wolf

GALLEY SLAVERY
Galley is a large medieval vessel or boat propelled by sails and oars and used for war and trading. Its
improvement is dependent upon the men who row the boat using the oars. These men were usually
convicted offenders whose punishment was to become galley slaves.
lron Maiden
box-like structure with the front half hinged like and door so that a person could be
placed inside. When the door was shut protruding spikes both back and front
entered the body of the prisoner.
The Rack-device that drags apart the joints in the feet and hands
Scavenger’s Daughter (or Skevington’s Daughter)
It was an A-frame shape metal rack to which the head was strapped to the top paint of the A, the hands
at the midpoint and the legs at the lower spread end, swinging the head down and forcing the knees up
in a sitting position compressing the body so as to force the blood from the nose and ears.

2 Distinct Benefits of Banishment

1. It allows the transporting, country to colonize distant lands such as' Australia. Canada, Africa,
and all other far-flung colonies.
2. It reduced number of criminals and the concomitant reduction of criminality in the country of
origin.
Aside from banishment and hard labor, offenders were also sentenced to provide hard labor for
Spaniards also including the building of military fortifications and as result of these developments
Spaniards also built fortifications in the Philippines and that includes
Fort Santiago in Manila and Fort Del Pilar in Zamboanga.
Contemporary Forms of Punishment
1. Imprisonment- putting offenders in a prison for the purpose of PROTECTING THE PUBLIC at the same
time rehabilitating them by undergoing institutional treatment programs.
2. Parole- is defined as a procedure by which prisoners are selected for release on the basis of individual
response and progress within the correctional institution and la service by which they are provided with
necessary guidance as they SERVE THE REMAINDER OF THEIR SENTENCE in the free community.
3. Probation- It is a procedure under which a defendant FOUND GUILTY OF A CRIME is release by the
court without imprisonment subject to the condition in imposed by the court and subject to the
supervision of the probation officer.
4. Fine - Set of amount
5. Destierro-minimum of twenty five kilometers away and maximum of two hundred fifty kilometers.
6. Deterrence or Exemplarity- punishment gives a lesson to the offender by showing to others what
should happen to them if they violate the law.
7. Protection- by placing offender in prison society is protected from the further criminal depredation of
criminals.
8. Reformation- society’s interest can be best served by helping the prisoner became a law abiding
citizen and productive upon his return to the community by requiring him to undergo an intensive
program of rehabilitation.

PURPOSES/JUSTIFICATION OF PUNISHMENT
RETRIBUTION-revenge
EXPIATION OR ATONEMENT- group vengeance
DETERRENCE -lesson to the public and offender
INCAPACITATION- public will be protected
REFORMATION OR REHABILITATION - law-abiding citizen

Juridical Condition of Penalty

(Legal Requisites)
o Productive of suffering- not affecting human
personality
o Commensurate with the offense different
crime punished differently
o Personal-guilty must be punished/no proxy
o Legal-in accordance with the law
o Equal-applicable to all person
o Certain-no one must escape
o Correctional-become law abiding citizen

School of Penology
1. Classical School- among its proponents included Cesare Beccaria, Rousseau, Montesquieu and
Voltaire, maintained the doctrine of psychological hedonism, that the individual calculates pleasures and
pains in advance of action and regulates his conduct by results of his calculations.
2. Neo-Classical School- arose at the time of the French Revolution, maintained that while the Classical
Doctrine was correct in general, it should be modified in certain details; since children and lunatics
cannot calculate pleasures and pain, they should not be regarded as criminals or be punished.
3. Positive School- denied individual responsibility and reflected as essentially non punitive reaction to
crime and criminality. Since the criminal was held to be not responsible for his acts, he was not being
punished.

Correctional System
The function of correction serves to rehabilitate and neutralize the, deviant behavior of adult Criminals
and juvenile delinquents This. component of the criminal justice system
faces a three-side task in carrying out the punishment imposed on the convicted offender by the court
1.to deter
2.to inflict retribution,
Correctional System
The components of the correction effectuate their functions through different programs,
-probation,
-commitment to an institution, and
-parole.
Evolution of Corrections
 Code of Hammurabi (1750 BC) the first formal law dealing with the concept of justice as Lex
Taliones:"'An Eye for an Eye Tooth for a Tooth'
 Greek Code of Draco- Greece 621 BC,a harsh code that it provides the same punishment for
both citizens’ the slaves as it incorporates primitive concepts, First written law in Greece first
Society allows to prosecute offender in the name of the injured party
 Solons's Law-repealed Draco’s laws
- Allow- Capital punishment for limited offenses
- Give the right of representation of every person to claim redress on behalf of another

 Mosaic Law - Joshua writes the words the Law of Moses(Deuteronomy) (first five books of
Old Testament)
 Twelve Tables -Foundation of Roman Law(Decimvirs)
 Justinian Code- Roman Emperor Justin put this code into law in 529 AD and became the
standard law in all areas occupied by the Roman Empire particularly Europe. This code was.
A revision of the Twelve Table of the Roman Law that originated at bout 500 BC stating
every crime and penalties for every offense listed in the said table.
 Burgundian Code (Known as Lex Burgundionum). Code that introduced the Concept of
restitution but punishment was meted according to the social class of the offenders had to
pay. The specified value in order not to undergo physical sufferings as penalty.
 509 BC -a law was passed prohibiting flogging or execution unless affirmed by the Centuriate
Assembly
  Underground Cisterns-a foren of prison used to detain offenders undergoing trial in some
cases and to hold sentences offenders where they were to be starved to death.
 Ergastulum-Roman prison that was used to confine slaves. where they: were attached to
work benches and force to do hard in the period of their imprisonment.

Gaols - other word for jails during early days, were hard for poor prisoners but not for those who were
wealthy. This. was because prisoners had to pay for their accommodations, food and cost of
administration and security. Beddings, blankets, lights and everything were sold or rented to prisoners
at very high rates. The jailer or goaler was paid from payment of prisoners.

13th Century
Securing Sancłuary In the 13th C,
A criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refugee in a church for a period of 40 days at the end of
which time he has compelled to leave the realm by a road or path assigned to him.

Sing Sing Prisons- became famous or rather infamous all over the world and was plot of many movies
filmed because of the Sing sing bath which was inflicted aside from the floggings, denial of reading|
materials and solitary confinement.
- the shower bath was a gadgeti.do constructed as to drop a volume of water on the head of a
locked naked offender.
- the force of the icy cold water hitting the head of the offenders Caused by so much pain and
extreme shock that prisoners immediately sank into come due to the shock and hypothermia or
sudden drop of the body temperature.

King Henry VIIof England- he decreed corporal punishment for vagrants in 1531 and
penal slavery in 1547 to depend the interests of the still dominant landlord class.

Bridewell Institution in Bridewell, England- established during the reign of King Edward VI, as a
workhouse for vagabonds, idlers and rogues. The Bridewell was a reform of some sort over the
traditional., already unworkable system of punishment. Vagrants and prostitute were given, work while
serving their sentence. After two centuries this system lost its usefulness due to banishment of
offenders to the colonies.

IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES DEVELOPMENT OF PRISONS IN ENGLAND

John Howard- Sheriff of Bedfordshire, England.
- Penitentiary
-first prison reformers
-Died of Typhus/Goal Fever

Jeremy Bentham
- English Philosopher
- Panopticon Prison Design (Opticon-to observe well)
Alexander Maconochie
- Appointed Superintendent of Norfolk Island in1840.
- Responsible for Mark System
- Father of Parole
- Father of Modern Penology
lrish System- involved four (4) stages:
1.beginning with nine (9) months of solitary confinement
2.α period in which convicts could earn narks through labor and good behavior,
3. transfer to an open pre-release prison when they have accumulated the necessary. number of
marks
4.a ticket of leave
In 1597 England transports offenders to different Countries including America
-Overcrowding began again which resulted to creation of HULKS
Hulks- or prison ships (an alternative to goal according to John Howard) is anchored in some english port
used as prisons. (Floating Hell)
- Floating hell
- Old abandoned Warships
- Lasted for 80 years
England began transporting CONVICTED OFFENDERS in AUSTRALIA
-Galleys-long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails, Usually rowed by criminals. A type of
ship Used for transportation of criminals in the 16th century.
English transportation of criminals officially ended in 1867.

DEVELOPMENT OF PRISONS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

William Penn
-Governor of ĊommonWeolth of Pennsylvania He fought for religious freedom: and individual rights
- He is also responsible for the abolition of death penalty and torture as form of punishment.
- For most crimes-imprisonment and Hard labor
- Corporal Punishment-murderers

1847-flogging was declared illegal.

- St.Michael Prisons-first established in 1704 during the reign of Pope Clement XI at the Hospital of St.
Michael was a prototype of the reformatories for juvenile offenders. This is the seed of Auburn Prison
System of the United States wherein
Rehabilitative concept and pioneered segregation of prisoners and force silence to make prisoners
contemplate their wrongdoings.
-Hospice of Saint Michael in Rome (House of Correction for Boys)

INSTITUTION BUILT IN THE STATE OF PENSYLVANIA

The Walnut Street Jail (1790)
-Originally constricted as a detention jail in Philadelphia, it was converted into a state prison and
became the first American Penitentiary.
-It began the penitentiary system in the United States when legislation was passed establishing the
principle of solitary confinement, strict discipline ,productive work and segregation of the more
dangerous offenders.

The Western Penitentiary (1826)

The Eastern Penitentiary (1830)
-follows the Pennsylvania System
-inmates marching to their cells to avoid seeing other prisoners
Regimentation included lock step and single file marching with head turned right
No visitors and mail or newspaper were allowed
TWO RIVAL PRISON SYSTEM IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF IMPRISONMENT
AUBURN PRISON
- among its features were the confinement of the prisoners in a single cell at night and
congregate work in shops during the day. Complete silence was enforced.
Reformed through
- Hard Labor
- Rule of Silence
- Strict Discipline
Solitary Confinement-night
PENNSYLVANIA PRISON
- It features consisted in solitary confinement of the prisoners in their own cell’s day and night,
where they lived, slept, received religious instructions and read and the bible, and given the
work. Silence was also enforced. "Sentenced to Solitary Confinement at Hard Labor".
Reformed through
- Salvation
- Religious Enlightenment

The Medical Model

-a model of corrections positing that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological ,and biological
deficiencies that require medical treatment
-first serious efforts to implement truly medicalstrategies aimed at scientifically classifying,treating, and
rehabilitating criminal offenders
e.g. "medical" programs & institutions psychology (Karl Menninger) Maryland Patuxent Institution, 1955
sexual psychopath, sociopath laws crime as sickness.

The Crime Control Model

-less ambitious, less optimistic, less forgiving view of man & the ability of CJS to change him more
Crime is better controlled by incarceration & strict supervision
Precipitating factors
-Public concern over rising crime in the '60s
-disillusionment with treatment
-public clamor for longer sentences
-distrust of broad discretion given to correctional &parole authorities

The Community Model

Model of correction, positing the goal of CJS: Reintegrate offenders into model of corrections positing
the goal of CJS: to the community
Key features
- Prisons should be avoided;
Prison=artificial environment;
Need to focus on the offender's adjustment into society; not just on psychological treatment
- probation
Intermediate sanctions: (alternatives to incarceration)
-parole
PERSON INTRODUCING REFORMS IN THE CORRECTIONAL FIELD

MANUEL MONTESIMOS
- he was the Director of Prisons at Valencia, Spain in 1835, who divided
Prisoners into companies and appointed prisoners as Petty Officers in
charge; allowed reduction of the inmate’s sentence by one third. (0/3) for
good behavior; offered training to prepare the convicts for return to society.