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Lecture 03

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13 views21 pages

Lecture 03

Uploaded by

mmnnaayy98
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MECHATRONICS

SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS


Lecture 03

Dr. RAJ THIRUVENGADATHAN


rajagopalanthiruveng@suu.edu
435-865-8328
Displacement, Position & Proximity Sensors

• Displacement:
- Measures amount by which the object has moved.

• Position:
- Measures position of some object with respect to some reference position.

• Proximity:
- Tells whether object has moved within certain distance or not.
Displacement, Position & Proximity Sensors

Contact Type Non-Contact Type

Here, measured object comes in There is no physical contact between the


mechanical/physical contact with the sensor sensor and the object under
observation/measurement.
Typically, there is a sensing shaft attached to When the measured object moves close to
the sensor that moves as a result of object the sensor, it causes a change in the air
displacement. The extent of movement of pressure or perhaps a change in inductance
this shaft is measured in terms of changes in or capacitance.
resistance or electrical voltage or capacitance
or mutual inductance.
Potentiometer Sensor

Potentiometer is a displacement
measuring device

It is a variable resistance device whose


output resistance changes as the wiper
connected to a moving object moves
across the resistive surface

Potentiometer sensor can be used for


both linear and angular displacements.

Essentially the extent of the


displacement of an object is monitored
as a function of the potential
difference measured.
Potentiometer Sensor – Working Principle
Potentiometer Sensor – Working Principle

VI
Strain Gauge

• The strain gauge is a metal wire, metal foil strip or a strip of semiconductor material
which can be pasted on surfaces.
• When subjected to strain, its resistance R changes.

∆𝑅
• The fractional change in resistance ( ) is proportional to the strain, ∈.
𝑅

∆𝑅 ∆𝐿
=𝐺∈=𝐺
𝑅 𝐿
• G is constant of proportionality called gauge factor.
Commercially available strain Gauges
Strain Gauge

✓ G for metal wire/foil strain gauges with the metals is about 2.


✓ G for silicon p type semiconductor tor strain gauge is about
+100
✓ G for silicon n type semiconductor strain gauge is about -100
✓ G is supplied by manufacturer.
✓ Disadvantage of strain gauge is that resistance not only
changes with strain but also with temperature.
✓ Semiconductor-based strain gauges have a much greater
sensitivity to temperature than metal strain gauges.
How are these strain gauges used?
How are these strain gauges used?
How are these strain gauges used?

Strain gauges attached to flexible elements in


the form of cantilevers, rings, or U-shapes are
typically used to measure linear displacements
of the order of 1 to 30 mm and have a non-
linearity error of about ± 1% of full range.
Capacitive Element
Capacitive Element

Let us say that the plates move vertically increasing the distance of separation
between plates to d + x from the original distance of separation of d.

Since the distance increases, the capacitance decreases by an amount of C.

𝜖𝑟 𝜖𝑜 𝐴
𝐶 − ∆𝐶 =
(𝑑 + 𝑥)

Thus, there is a non-linear relationship


𝑥
∆𝐶 between the change in capacitance and the
= 𝑑𝑥
𝐶 1+
𝑑
displacement x. This non-linearity can be
overcome by using what is termed as a push-
pull displacement sensor.
Push-Pull Displacement Sensor – Capacitive Effect

𝜖𝑟 𝜖𝑜 𝐴
𝐶1 =
(𝑑 + 𝑥)

𝜖𝑟 𝜖𝑜 𝐴
𝐶2 =
(𝑑 − 𝑥)

Such a sensor is capable of measuring distances from a few mm to hundreds of mm.

Non-linearity and hysteresis are about 0.01 % of full range.


Applications of Push-Pull Displacement Sensor

Push-Pull mechanism used in the ADXL-78 MEMS


accelerometer which is used in automobiles to trigger
airbags.

It has a cell composed of fixed plates attached to the


substrate and movable plates attached to the frame.

Displacement of the frame either due to car crash or due to


some accident causes the change in the differential
capacitance, which is picked up by on-chip circuitry. This
change in capacitance triggers the deployment of airbag.
Applications of Push-Pull Displacement Sensor

Kionix KX022-1020 is an accelerometer


microchip, having capacitor plates mounted on
a cantilever.

Whenever the cantilever experiences


acceleration, the capacitances of the four
capacitors change.

This concept is used in mobile phones, for


example. Whenever we rotate the phone for
example, the image on the display screen is
adjusted accordingly.
Additional Applications of Capacitive Sensors

Capacitive sensors are also used to detect the presence and levels of
liquids, pellets and powders through container walls and so find
applications in monitoring the packing of containers on production lines.

Another form of capacitor sensor is parallel plate with fixed dielectric


but one that is hygroscopic. With one of the capacitor plates permeable
to water, when the dielectric absorbs water it changes its dielectric
constant and so changes the capacitance, giving a measure of the
moisture content of the air.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCE - POTENTIOMETER

https://youtu.be/1G11DbaUlec
ADDITIONAL RESOURCE – LINEAR POTENTIOMETER

https://youtu.be/ff351Sc1XNQ
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES - CAPACITIVE ENCODERS

https://youtu.be/XLa5PICnxpg

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