UNIT-3

faos aperakion, Subrauine, call and Rchuto inskuchions, Dclay loops,

Use Coun los, Tming Dlagnams, Inshrruchian yule, uMachine cycle,
T-shahts,timt Delay-
nteupt strzuchuie ot 8035 P, prtucessingbh vectatd and non vecha
n-ensuphs,
Mic csokralers Intuduchion, DilHurtenkt kypes at ye, enbedded N.
FrDCessoastchitcchue,- Havand Us Yincelan, ClsC vs RISC. artth
LDIGMOrZy hypes, H Feahures, clscking, yo ns, intovrzups, timers,
periphenals

Stack Opezation.
õtath 16a group b} memoay lpeation in read Luoriho mtmoray. is
LSed gor Emporzaivy Shoczge o binary injozmahion. duzing progueum
execurion he skatking memorzy location stach dehindd in dhe
man roguzm and dhe spac6 is eserved in Me memory map.

A Subrzoukine is A seh b instraicions wriHen, pEruzms a Subtask

b TIepeaked 0ctwrante ht 6ubizoutineuis writen as.a separa
Lunit ouls ide main rrbgzzm.
he yR Azanstes dht Programexteuion Jrom main Prrogyam do
he 6ulbroutine uoneneven ik is called o penlen dht husK A
CDMplehion_ t Subrtoubint, he teoguan tonhrol izchtns do hé maio
prrogrz.am
he subroultine techniaut dliinakes dhe need to wrcika sulbtask
epeaktdly. us, it usts memony c}ticiently.

The 4tack is use4 do shoce memory addsess ot he inshzucHan in

he main przagzam_ hak elows he subtoukine Lal During dhe

extuhon r a prdgrzaM, Somchimes it becomes netessarny do Save

dht contenis o cenain rzegishtrzs betause dht negisheas aRe
eaiaed Jur some othen lnskruchons tpözakisnim subseatnk sheps.
 Po

hese contents axt moveed Ao cenkzun memony locahons ty PusH

opezaHons hen, dhe negiskszs arnt wsed juzDhtz operaHions
AHZ tompleking AiESE Uperalions, dhose Conkanls Sautd in
AULE, Hrzns forzed
ska(k
Ao
bacK ntgiski by POP openakion.

Memoy 10cakions oz i s puwe pose is stk aside by he progua-

mmeu in dhe beginning.
hc eet o
meMorty locaions Kepk luz dhis puzpost is talled
STACK
he 1ask mEmONy ocation ot Ahe auupied poction b} stack 1s
called Stacx top
A spEciali1b bit nzcgislerc called STACK Poinlez holds addzess
b STACh Top
he shaK Poinlst must te inilialiscd in-lho tegioning t prnorta
by 1x1 5P,1 tihAddess

Anu Arta o RAM Lon ve used As a Stack Dala is stoncd

indhe 6hack nLIFOPrimciple
he StacK Pointerti Regiskez is. deeucmenhed hox a PUSH oper
and incrcmanted to a PoP openahion

nhoils upi

L
 Puge

SUBROUTIME -
it is a goup btinshruchons ariten seponately toon main Prsguan
DperzuLM AN pertakion, hat vccus nepe1kedly in dhe main
pItugrtam.
Forz e- otime qely is zequinzed tehiten 3suttessive
EvEnts3 delays can te sorciten in main Progzam. Buk to avtd
epekihanot Same delay instzucions, 6ubrzcukine Hthnisue15

nc Dclay inshuGhions otiH) onte 6eparzaltly hrom main Vsg.

and called by main Vrcgram when neauünee).

8085 P has 2 inshuchions to implement subzufinds i:t

LALL And RET

to caul Subreukint.
CALL inshrtuckicn used in main Yrogaum a

RET UStd at ht tnd bt subrzoukine h zeluzn o s mcin Prcg.

phen Subrtbukine is Lalled, conkenks tt reg-counkrz ie he

nddriess bt ht inshrzuchtn oilouwed by CALL inshzuchan jelloucing

h CAL1 inshzuchioo 15shozta on he Skacg nd he przegrzAm

exLLusheN 5 drzansttuzed do subrrouhine dduess.
When ReT inshzuchon exetuled al ht end o subztukiné, mémtu
dht SequenLE_ot
addess Sherzed on Skack 1s titved tod
enttukico Zesumee in man Srcgrtan
 ()
CALL and KET PUSH and PoP

when CALL i6 exattkte, JfP h prcgunmmet use Ahe Pu61

auh oialically stoues dhe 16bil instunction -1u sauc hc, conlcnls
address o e inshuckions egison pain. tn he Shat
nex to ALL on dhe
skach
hc FET instwclic) Aranstens PoP insktenckion zaued t
h e Cookenk ot dop sto location chun the contenks ram shat
e statK do he specikied negishen paz
pusgzan couaktr to
0utoiCaly.

CALL Md RET Ae boh conelitional Ni condikional PUSH and PCP

nd Unconiki0nal inshuchin.

T-5tate
-stale is dctined_48 a sut-qivision tt dhe opcuakion perctund
in on6 clocy Period. Ead skalt is prtciscly equal to one
clock perzioo he mieroprores0t opercating Fueaucnc is 3MHz
and Tim Pezid oh orn6-slalk 10= 033 5eL..

fiming Diaguam
Ihe nccss.0y sheps which arc tavcicd out in a. machine cycle
Can be neprcesenked guaphically. Such a
Laphit.al reprzescnkahion
16 Called Timing Diagram

Timing Diagram u Opcode Fekch Machine Cycle.

aFekch cycle, he JP }clchcs he opcode ot an inskzuchion
rzom Ahe mtmprey he lining Diagr.am tor an opcode fekh
machint cyele is given bcloo
 CIK

Ang.A X6 MB t addeess XUnspaci

addcess.
pcadle
ALE

10/

PL

L
dabiming Diaguam hor Dpzode Fekch with 4 T-shates.
Opcodo fehah Maclint tycl
Ina Fekch cycle, HP 1tlthts he cpcade ot an insheichicns tee
men1oy he epcodt Felth maclins tyele may censisk ot cikhtra
AAst Tskaks 4epending n hype o instEuchions.
The Addcess and Dala Bus orL Seob as 2
tasalel ines t
Tepresen logical levelsiata gguup oh tines
5cme Bres aue high and others cMe Louo. The
CItOSSC utIZot H
ines nticak that aneu byle is placed onAe. bus and -lhc
dotcd
Lincs indicakes the high inipeelence shalc.m
A
 euk dhe addrrss bt memoky
nTcloCn cycle. he yP sends Orzden mendrcy
available. he liialitnt
whete cpcde is
Hocakion As As and Loue Ozderc
on Adduess ines
addeess ir placed
addreens placea to addues: ines AD7- A Do
Samc im. Status Signal Io/M
mcmory
goes high at
The ALE signal shatus
-o ndicalc hat is a mamoy opatahion. Tht
g0 lou an cpcode Feleh
and So a t set high to indicaic
Signals S

Dperz

Unit sends rhe acFive low.conbral

n 2 clocx tycle, the tonlrzot
cnable thc mcmo1a he RD 5ignal memains low
Signal RD,to
and Ta h e opcode is placed.Dn
o 2 loo tyclesT2 to
location and it is tuansternzd4
h t memory
Daka Bub Hcom

Ahis dock
In T2 lock tyde, RD signal goes high ak the end o
cyclesocina he bus Ao cnlct into high innpsdence shakc

n clock ycte, opcode placed in he insTCuction decaelenc

o P and he opcode is done

Membrty Kcad Machine Gycle-.a

In mcmpuy Rcad machine dycle adht misroprrocCssoc Keads dhe

Conkenks o a menocy ocabion idahaIhe mcimoy CAd
machinc cycleis consis ks Dk 3 Tstatcs J

To/M isKeph lou mdicahingiud memorciy.ppecation.

he stahs signal s and Sp pste ioriand 1 irespechively
The Conkent ot higher byle of memorty aclduess is placed in
A1s- As and touwer bulc in ADo- AD
 machine aycle. when
he ALE is high indicating he beginning o
ALE g0es ou, louoer bule ot addeess. is 1akched to maxc ADy-ADa
to carra daha
Lower RD Signal indicahes a tead opercakion

T T2 T

CIK

A15-AsX MSB daka.

AD-A eLSB Data

ALE

10/M

RD

MeniLZy Wzit Machinc ycle.

The ponpechy oh mamory wikc MC 1s to sBoe he conkent tt ony

vegsk. inBo a mmuuy loccikion addrcessed byy a mcmOry addres
Reaishehe memoy wóe machinc cycle has 3 T shakes

D/M Kcp} lou) indicaing a MCMoy opeuaiipn

 The shals ines s and So Sch io I and 0 espcchivcly indicahma
A memor rcile 0pealion
The 8 Ms6 8 addvess placed on addess lnes As-Ag and
2LS6 o addxess in ADoAb7.
ALE is high indicaing dhe beginning oh machine cycle when
ALE g00s loud, louden layle ot momoray addess is lahche. to maKc
ADy ADo CL do cawy daha
WR Sgnal. Kepk loud «lo indicale ai uOTdil operation
he Daba auailable in intcunal loglc Jreom dala ines and is kinatly
placee in memoIy loc addueseA by memonay address tgishe

2 T9
CIK

A15-As M36 addseess

AD7-ADoX158 Dato.)
ALE

10/M
RD
 TO Read Machine Cycle
In T0 Rcad machinc cycle, daia jcom an input porzk is storzed in
accumilaror I/0 RcAd machinc cycle has 3-shates
I 0 / Linc Kcph high indicoing an I/0 0peuahion
The stabs tne S and 5o se 0 and 1 respeckivcly indicaing
a Reod operation
he AD Signal set Lou 4 indicokt a uead opecaiicn

T2 T3

CIK

Au5-Ag

AD7-AD»

ALE

10/

RD

I0Write Machine Cycle

In 1 wrcie_operakion, daka frzoom acCumulahot is stored in.
Gukputporct o 5cnd to dhe Pcriphccal devrc.
 ta

CIK

Pus As

ADT-AD
ALE

10/M

RD

0
 Inslrauction Cycle-
An Instuuc ion is a commmand given to he Compuvler to percjoren a
Specikied aperahion on a given daha To pedhoam a pachiculart hasn.
ha programmer wrókes a sequence oh inshwchions called a Prngunn.
PiDgruam ond. daba ate shoncd in hb mei0ty
he CPU hekches on insrauchion ttom he. memeey di a tine and

excaes it I execuBes al instuchons ot a pogrtam one by 0ne

o produce tht jind esut

he time taxgn to exeuke an inshuchicn is called an Inshuchon
Cycle An Tnshruuchion cycle has 2 parcis
0 Fekch Cycle
Exccule Cycle.
Fetch Cycde an ins rauction has 2 parls ie opexand and

opLDde
Operaion code. Thefinshpardhbhian inshacion which
Opcode
Spccitieshetosns to be pechorCmed by Compurerae

to be
Operzand -he Second paict oh he inshrachon is th6 data
operated on n is Laed Dpeand io h ce
In Fctch cycle, a CPU Jekches opeode huom memorey he firs
byle o an inshuwchion is ils opcode An inshravchion may be morc

han 1 bye long. ht 9att buis ate daka c opercand dddues

he Hrogcam Counkers Keps memoray addruess o} necxt instruuckion
Ho be cxeuked
Counkee
In he beainning bt Pckeh.cyclegithe coniank o Prnguam is
e he 0ddress o mGmory lo cakion wheuC opcode is availabl
sen do the memay
-to tmans}e it
Ihe memDry placed he opeode on Daka bus so as
tants 5 cluch
to CPU The entine openakion ot fekching an upcocle
a slou
cycle. A slow meMorzy taxa MoC 4ime. In case oh

MCmozy CPU has to wait till the oiCniMay Sends ht opa

is called wcit cytl.
h e cloc6 cycle tor whiuh Pu wuts
 Exezution Cuycle.
he tiust is the
opcode and as ik s a decoded vension
inskzuchions, it goes to the inshruchion b
Data Buus. he time taxon . egishen o f mstbugh
deavoling and eyecukion is one
cloCKycle.
an insktuction Conkauns dola ot.
Anen P has to opextand which is. in mtnoty
perd hurom Some tad openakion to geh he data.
heicealte, the exteution begins.
Machine Cycle-
loexecult an ioskruckion, ht P necds to
I/0 and other peciphertal deuices. re hen wih_memora
Bash zthencnce to nese
Perciphttal deviee is caed Machine Cycle. his
3 to cyele consists a
Tshakéb»In 8085 P 74ypes tt machine cyclks
Opcode Fcheh wlt T-staks
Opzode 1fekch voii b Tstats banss
Memory Read oi B T-sta
Mamory wilisot 8 T skales
I/0 Read wit. 3 T-ska
1/D wRite wi 3 Skalok
Bus idle having any no 6 Tskakc%.
A list b Signals used fo. dstading Machine
cucles ane a
olos
CloCxC CLK) TD/M
LANd d
AD- ADo RD
ALE
 MICROCONTROLLER
MiceD conkaoller is a single chip miciocontputer tabulcaked yum
VLS1 fabrztcahion. A H also knoon as Embedded Conholen
Diffeent types b YL wit available in the masp wih dilfen
KOOR 1Cngh such 8bit, 16bit 32, G4 and 122
,
bi
memocy
AHL ConSisks o periphenls and. the Processcrhe basf
sheuchue o HC Consisls t
Processo -it is me brzain o HC. The Process orz_ is a deuize
ustd totkh dotka, detodeit, penjum the kask at t he
inShzucHons given so it and provrda the esutt t usern

Menm10zy Memozy is used to skoze all inskrzcions and data.

s c eauilt wik cenbain amunto RAMand Rord dpending
on he type omanukacurer
Inputand Durput Ponk To Pors basizalliy used ho inkesta
I0 denes wih dhe htoccasodfor Daba Trzaoshee.

Serial Porchs-These porls art ustd tert sercial transjec ot dala

behwcenHL and exBerunal deuice

TimLS A HL May be inbuilt wih one ort morte tmers or

CounH.he timers and cOunhous con Taol a l Coumhng and timing
opetation ueitioin a: IC Timeus. ant std do count 4xeunal
pulses

Analvg sto Digital Convenoudiik is Usee to convertk analog

t Digihal signals. he Digikal 9ignals generated, used in
itorcn ma%urcmcnk app ltcaton
 Signal. he Analbg
D A C Convexls Digikal signal tt Analug Such a5
as
Anal0g appliances
used o ditlvc
Signal gcntraked is
DC MOorzs SkeppeL mo ons, th

Miccocontrzolleas -

Types ot
avc divided inlo vaxious cakagocies ALOUding fo
Micoeonhrolleus
arthikochwre,wOTdlengh
and inshtuction set.
|ht mtmoy

ClassiticaHon Based 0n Wond Lengm

daka in one exccutlon

bit HCs Hds uohtch excuhe 8 bik o
Gycle e 3031, tO51 (NTEL)

1 6 bit Cs extula b bik t daka in an exe.cubion cycle

16 bit HC is morze than that
ALLussacy and perorcmadte b
o bik L e:g. NTEL 8016.

3 2 bik HCgtyehc 32 bik os daha

in an execukion Cycle.
hest at tiployed mainty in aiulömalieally COnlrotled
Such a oicc mazhnt, meditat, householel
appliances
appliances
appliances 1

Classiicakion Based dn tMcmouy

Exhetnal MempryC
whcn an embcddsd Shtuchne is uilt oilh a sC, which does'nt
in a thip s
Compzise b all unctionlng bloeKs oxishing
Callcd an Eeunal mtmotay C
does'nt haut FizonaM mem)ry on tho
: 051 M
dhip
mbedded Memony L
ohan an crmbedded shaucwz is built wotth a. yt amprtdsing th a

unctioning blocs exishing on a chip ir is an Erbedds

Memorcy L

Classihication BasedOn 1Manuachuzn

NTEL - htb s ant 051,, 8052,8031, 20%.2h

PC H hese Nts _manukachumed by miceochip Tcznsgu 04

ihe vardous PIC Lg PIC 12, PIG 16 P1c i8

AVR HL al40 called Advaoced Vitchual. 51St REdCEA Isiu

Sth Compular) T is tased on Havard Azchiiezhce nd ias
Manukaclunes by ATMEN. Vaious AVR UL arG
AT 9515,AT 1200

ARMHCARM is the name at company that.desigs

athitechute ARM is a 2 bik 6152 achite AR s
deucloptd by ALORN Compulors LE

PrLoccsson Architectune

Princetonand Havatd Architecture

There ase 2 hundamanal anchikechee Aoacces monoey

Princeton Artchikechurehas hasaBinale memaey ushh bhas e

Shamed by he daa and opcads. Prrcesse: togune alaspaia
cycles DnC Ho yekk dhe opcodcy ohe te rrtad iala.
Design is Simplor Thc spead ts les
Embedded Memony L
ohn an embadded shructeuee. built uotth
is a MC bomprtising bja
Lun zkioning blocks exisking on a chip , itis an Embedded
MemOTCu

Classihication Based 0n 1Manutachuen -

1NTELThtse s ant 051, 8D52 ,8031, 2014,c.

C HLhese Als manukachuree by mitnochip Tcchnolngy and

he vadous PIC Ls b PIC 12, PlC 16 P1 18.

AVR Hl also called Advanced vichual 615_(Rcducee Iosluuc

Sth Compulac) T is tased on Havnzd Anchilkzhwe and oas
Manukachune by ATMEN.Vaius AVR LLs arG
AT 8515 AT J200,eh
ARM C-ARM is dne name rt companythak designs HP
QsLthichute ARMis A 32bik 815C ar.chikchuze. ARM0as
devcloped by AtORN Compulors Lt

PrOCcSsot Architecturte.

Princeton and Havatd Architecuné

Theze ore 2. hundamenkal atchiktchures ho. AcLes momory

Prtincekon Azchitechunehasia Sinale memary which has to be.

Shamed hy he daa and opcode. Processoz mezuite 2 clocs,pas
Cyales one do ekk dhe opaDde, ohen to rzead daa.
Des1gn is Simplord lhe speed fs 1ess
 Harcvard AzchicchuZChas 36paak memoy toz opco de
ns it kas
and dala ieocessor veguites Dolu 1 cloch, eycle
Separak buses to atceus bol code and Daa.
DEsian i LMuplen S p e e s is tadk han trrineEEn

RI6C and C15C Achitectuze Dependng I teuchicn se

nstuchio0 Sek Auchilczluzc. 1s_a4 ptutk th Pecesee Auchitcchuee

i nELE6.auy to cztshe machint level proguams to perhorcm any
mahemakical o ogical operahions
Inshrtuchion
Sc Arzthitechuzc Atis A5 a nicu^ace behocen
hauduoave and Ssk hvaue
pepauzes Ahe proGes sor do nespond to vazious commands

he major inshrut Hon Cet Acchikechure arte 815 and C15

RcduceInshauchon Set Azchitachuce.
Lomplexed InshucHan Set Arzchilechure.

CISC Arnchitectute-
Prreuiubuy, thd machines wexe progKammed n Ass embly Lnguage
and the mtmoy Attess was sloo.
To calalalc tomplex astilbamelit opexakions, ConipileS had tt
CH&ako a long staucnce ot machint pets. Thr nude dt qesgnes
Ao build an aschllechue whdh acess he méoey 1ess fuue) lg
Ane eeuLe dhe WOKK Dcompllees
This in hUtn helptd Ho qesign a powrul but complax
ins hcchion 6er
C1SL Achittckuste dicclty ue. he menpizy
inshead ok
Regisr Fe.
us ing a
 achltchuzt usel a. Binglt. mesnomy tu. toth tin n
is both indhautkons

nstuchions, 50, hiy shauc dhe tamt panlh uu

inthuchone ith vnmiable 1cntfh. B0. h t
ndala. C15C has
o 11tuie h
m6tdkione cloc tycls uayitrd
inshcucions 1 aldo vasdlcabl

Advantageb
thip i t s u t cragina
i is tasy do add new tommonds inh
7 h oLchih uss
struchuze ot inshrauchon sch as
h
hotdiorut o casy u onm.an.ds
gcnennl puzpose
he
main metnor sinLE
hearchikcchuce useg eljicient use inshiucitrs
Complexiy o inshucions allouo
0 use 1s n0
Ho achitv A guen Bash

Disadvankages
t slauLeL Cls
ovezall mcchine peripzmanic reduL becau
SpE
seriucance inchuira in
h t complexihy e, handuoane And tocip
C1SC Asign to peujcran many uachons

Exuntplc 215 Pocesseru INTEL SOSé. 1 27

 RISC Artchitezturte-
Hene, the inshrucion se o Peoceso dinplijied io tedute
he 6xtukion tim. I uses smal and h ghly opkinised st
o InshutcHions which at gennLaly rtgisH to eL.giser
operaion6.
The speed o extcurion 1e inczenstd
by using 4maler. n0 o
inshruthions.This s e Pipeine Techniaue jet execueiag o
any inshTUChons
hent is a sepaxalk mtmorzy r inshtuchon ond daha.
Iht Pipeline Techniaue alleuts he
pocessoC to eotK on
Fckh opcode a04 eneru inshzuc rions at same tinme

Advantages
Ven.oroman 1s 2-4 +imes increased dhan that ry C15
pEDCEB So8 becaube oh simpliied inshrncion se

Iht archiltchwe ues less thip space due to rzdute

inghrzuchio0n set

RIS Rrocesso.s can be designed moe C15C ProcessorCk duz to

SiMple archilcthurc.

h e execution oh inshruxhions in RISC Processors is high as

CoApasted to CISc Processos

Disadvantages
RISC ProL.essorS KEALuE veey ast memorty Suskem in vcdec
do give ins ruc Hons to dhe Proesseas

Example AVR
 C15C RISC
nmorze imiporz hmte to
> gives moze impothanté to gives
hauzdnoate. Sothuat

Reduced Inshzuchions.
Compley Inskeuckions
Teauirzes egishrts
acLess memorcy dirzechy
Coding is Lomplicaed.
Coding is simplen in L1SC

muliple.cycles do I taKts single.cycid t

tages an inskrucion. Henie
extcue an inghtucions Hente eyetuc
it is ashC.
ikis Slooen
 Cod'
pifce i
Cunuph Gtnea kd by
a
Ja
Gowt iCReprs

8051 Interttuupls
event vohil inortzupls AnPEMaL operuhtA 1g
InkrrLpk sis omf.
s t 8igal
htper.clion process o An inkeroruph Sturce is
dhat indiakes an npercrupt ig rcUady to be perjemmedh
h addna otutusy 1o Vrag-
ohert
Inkerupk_vech 6

Connel Aubmattcatly juups wLen nhcrruph e ueit actejps.

Subszousie a oagan 16 xftkca
An inlecIcep Sero ice.
in espode b ntcIMepl
veche address
Tokeumupt 0000H
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Sercul. tounuun+eahe
P'on a tela
Sexsal nCntup
Senial tcrRupk Ftag- TI/RI Tt suul kicroRupr
s ma.ns1ted,
LLlay bit a bylc
receiay dats byio
FCa e d 1ast bit a
rcceivtd R Fcas se

extdeore netii t
C ftat
Exe&upt notijies
 gcio odcep Cnablt Pogi CaablG/ dit abt,

Jnkcx
Iakcoxp- Paieuly aignsiuh
Ex inleexnp D 10TD
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