UNIT III:

LITERATURE REVIEW,
RESEARCH DESIGN

DR. SANDEEP KUMAR SINGH

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,
CHRIST DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
EMAIL: sandeep.kumar@christuniversity.in
 SCHOLARLY & NON SCHOLARLY SOURCES

• Scholarly refers to referred and peer-reviewed work.

• Scholarly works are written by professionals in a given field. They are edited by the authors' peers and
often take years to publish. Their language is formal and will contain words and terms typical to the
field. The authors name will be present, as will their credentials. There will be a list of references that
indicate where the author obtained the information s/he is using in the article.
• Non-Academic articles are written for the mass public. They are published quickly and can be written
by anyone. Their language is informal, casual and may contain slang. The author may not be provided
and will not have any credentials listed. There will be no reference list. Non-Academic articles can be
found in periodicals similar to Time, Newsweek or Rolling Stone.
• As a general rule religious texts and newspapers are not considered academic sources.
• Do not use Wikipedia for an academic source. This website can be altered by anyone and so any
information found within its pages cannot be considered credible or academic.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
 IDENTIFICATION OF SCHOLARLY SOURCES
I) Authors: Are author names provided? Are the authors’ credentials provided?
II) Publishers: Who is the publisher of the information? Is the publisher an academic institution, scholarly, or
professional organization?
I) Audience: Who is the intended audience of this source? Is the language geared toward those with
knowledge of a specific discipline rather than the general public? The language should be fairly technical,
not simplistic
III) Content: Are the sources cited? Are there charts, graphs, tables, and bibliographies included? How long is
the source?
IV) Bias: The information should be based on fact, not opinion. The authors should appeal to the reader's
sense of logic, not emotion.
V) Currency: Is the date of publication evident?
VI) Frequency: How frequently is the periodical published?
VII) Web Page Domain: What is the domain of the page (for example: .gov, .edu, etc.)? Who is publishing or
sponsoring the page?

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
 SOURCES OF LITERATURE
• Literature refers to the collection of scholarly writings on a topic.
• This mainly includes peer-reviewed research work, such as:
• Journal Articles
• Books
• Book Chapters
• Working Papers
• Conference proceedings
• Theses
• Dissertations
• Research Reports
• Non academic source like:
- Newspaper/ Periodical Articles
- Blog articles and trade publications

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
LITERATURE REVIEW PROCESS

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
• Step I: SELECT THE TOPIC
-Select a topic you can manage in the time frame you have to complete your project.
-Establish your focus questions. Your focus questions must be specific enough to guide you to the
relevant literature.

• Step II: IDENTIFY THE SOURCES

-Locate books, journals, and documents that contain useful information and ideas on your topic.
-Internet sites, theses & dissertations, conference papers and government or industry reports can also
be included. Do not rely solely on electronic material which is more easily available.

• Step III: REFINE YOUR SEARCH

-Use exclusion criteria to narrow down to only relevant research works. The filters that you need to
apply are: Time (Eg: Articles post 2010), Geography (Eg: Only Indian context), Type of Source (Eg: Only
peer reviewed academic sources.
Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
• Step IV: READ AND ANALYZE
-You must have come across different research works applying the exclusion criteria.
-Find commonalities among the different types of research works you have identified and create
themes.

• STEP V: WRITE THE LITERATURE REVIEW

- Five factors need to be considered: Author, Year of publication, Objectives, Methodology, Outcomes.
Under methodology, you need to take a close look at the data sources, sampling design, statistical
techniques employed.
-You can arrange your review historically (how the topic has been dealt with over time); or center it
on the theoretical positions surrounding your topic.

Once the review is done, you can work on creating your conceptual maps to identify the research
gaps in your field of study.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
 FORMATS OF DOING LITERATURE REVIEW
• Narrative literature review
• Narrative literature reviews critique and summarise a body of literature about the thesis topic. The
criteria for literature selection for a narrative review is not always made open to the reader. The
principle purpose of a narrative review is the give the author and reader a comprehensive overview of
the topic and to highlight significant areas of research.

• Systematic literature review

• Such reviews are done in a structured manner, generally has a pre-defined screening criteria and are
completed using spreadsheets.

• Scoping literature review

• A scoping review is quite similar to a systematic literature review. The key difference being that there
are no restrictions on the materials resourced. The purpose of the scoping review is to find all the
materials on the topic.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
 WHAT DOES A CONCEPT MAP INCLUDE?
A concept map has three basic elements – Shape, Arrows and Text.

Shapes represent Concepts.

Arrows represent linkage between two concepts.
Text is used to describe the relationships.

How to build a conceptual map?

Step I: Identify a subject area.

For example, take Covid-19.

It is a very broad topic. We already know a lot about Covid-19, its genesis, its outbreak, number of
fatalities, impact on different sectors etc. Our concept map would be too big and not too useful.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
Step II: Create a focus question.
We have to narrow down the broader concept so that we can do a very in-depth examination and come up
with a neat map. So, we use a focus question – How has Covid-19 outbreak affected the education sector?

Step III: Start listing related Concepts:

This will fall under the main concept and will be a part of the overall map.
Do not use more than three to four words when listing the concepts.
We have come across multiple concepts in the literature review. We will prepare a detailed list all such
concepts.

Student Motivation, Online learning Platforms, Teachers’ readiness, Teaching Effectiveness, Competency
appraisal, Student Evaluation, Offline Versus Online, Family Perception, Emergence of MOOCs, MOOC
retention rates, School from home, Parents reaction to virtual classes, Students Engagement.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
Step IV: Clubbing of Topics

Student related topics:

Student Motivation, Student Evaluation, Students Engagement.
Teacher related topics:
Teachers’ readiness, Teaching Effectiveness, Competency appraisal
Family related topics:
School from home, Parents reaction to virtual classes, Family Perception
Platform related topics:
Online learning Platforms, Emergence of MOOCs, MOOC retention rates, Offline Versus Online.

Step V) Remember the hierarchy

In concept mapping, we go for vertical maps, not horizontal ones. Please do not confuse this with mind
mapping which is a slightly different concept. A concept map is a visual diagram. So, don’t use a lot of text.
Try to keep looking for better words to put in those shapes.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
 CONCEPT MAP OF COVID-19 AFFECTING EDUCATION SECTOR

COVID-19

Impact of
Covid-19 on
Education

Students Faculty Platform Family

Issues Perspectives related issues Reactions

Student Students Students Students

Motivation Engagement Evaluation Performance Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
 RESEARCH DESIGN
• A series of advanced decisions that, taken together comprise a master plan or model for the conduct of
investigations.

• It is a blueprint, for the research you want to do.

• A proper research design ensures the research is systematic and facilitates the smooth sailing of the
various research operations.

• It ensures research is as efficient as possible yielding maximum information with minimal expenditure in
terms of time, money and efforts.

• Research design also has a significant impact on the reliability of the results obtained.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
 PERTINENT QUESTIONS W.R.T RESEARCH DESIGN

• Have we correctly determined our informational needs?

• What research approach are we going for?
• Where is the data? Is it readily available?
• How will you collect this data?
• How will data be interpreted and reported?
• Do we have the resources to conduct the study?
• Is the study approved by competent authority?

• The research design section of any work seeks to answer all these questions.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
 ESSENTIALS OF A
RESEARCH DESIGN
#1. INTRODUCTION
Introduce the problem for the intended audience, state the need for conducting such study and why it
appeals to you.

#2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

The problem statement must be precise and very well defined. It should highlight the research gaps that
you are trying to bridge. Refer to this link for more clarity on how to framing a PS: https://bit.ly/3mbEO9N

#3. REVIEW OF EARLIER STUDIES

Reflect on earlier studies done in the same area.
What are the significant research gaps?
Do you want to extend some of these earlier studies or replicate them using an alternate methodology?
What is your justification for doing so?

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
#4. SCOPE OF STUDY
What is the academic scope of your study? Boundaries of your study
What is the geographic scope of your study? Region of your study
What is the time scope of your study? Timeline of your study

We generally tend to mention the assumptions made during the study in this section.

#5. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

What are you trying to accomplish through this study?
Objectives should be stated clearly and generally done using action verbs Eg: To evaluate the effectiveness
of online classes.
There shouldn’t be too many objectives as it would paint a unrealistic scenario. The number of objectives
will also depend on the availability of time and resources.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
#6. CONCEPTUAL MODEL
This is a bird's-eye view of the extant literature, the underlying themes and how those themes are inter-
connected. How a concept model/ map is drawn up is mentioned in the earlier section of this PPT.

#7. HYPOTHESES FORMULATION

A hypothesis is an assumption, an idea that is proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested.
Hypotheses are generally developed from the theoretical framework. It has to be very clear and specific.

#8. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Key terms and terminologies that are used throughout the research work has to be explained in the
beginning to avoid any ambiguity.

#9. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

What is the contribution of your study? Any theoretical contribution? Any managerial implication? Any
policy implication?

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
#10. GEOGRAPHICAL AREA

• Not possible to go for extensive study always (Govt backed Census/Large grants/ Small study
population).
• So, we narrow down our study to a specific region or province.
• Sample Locations – Area of fieldwork.
• Also known as geographical scope of the study.
• Depends on the purpose of the study and the resources available.
• Justification for choosing these locations?
• Generalization is key in every research.

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Lecture Notes
Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
#11. REFERENCE PERIOD

• When survey items are asked about the past, the time indicated in the request is called reference
period.
• It could be real time "Daily Internet Usage"
• It could be about the past "Holocaust Days"
• It could be about the future too, if the researcher is looking into variables like "Willingness to Buy."
• It could be about a number of years: "Profits for the last three years."
• There should be clarity in the mind of both the researcher and the respondent about the same.
• Difficulties in conducting studies that have a very old reference period.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
 Wearable GPS
tracker that
enables real
time data
collection about
athletes

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
#12. METHODOLOGY
• Overall typology of the design:
- Experimental, Correlational, Historical etc. Is discussed.

• Data Collection Methods have to be specified in detail

- Survey, Interview, Focus Group Discussion.

• List of Variables and their sources?

- Are the scales used for measuring the same adapted or retained as it is?
- If adapted, whether reliability and validity has been checked?

• Whether ethical principles have been followed?

- Informed consent, privacy of data, no manipulation, ethical reporting.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
 #13. SAMPLING DESIGN
• Universe (The total of the items or units in any field of inquiry)
• Population (The study population after adding time and geography filters)
• Sample (A part of the population, ideally should be representative)
• Sample Unit (Could be an individual, a household or an institution)
• Sample Size (Formula based or literature based or judgement based)
• Sample Technique (Probabilistic or Non probabilistic sampling)
• Sample location (Which states or cities or areas?)

#14. TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION

• Questionnaire, Survey Schedule, Interview Schedule, FGD Moderation Guide.
• The methods of collecting data should be suitable to the target audience of the study.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
#15. PLAN OF ANALYSIS

• Quantitative?
• Qualitative?
• Triangulation Approach? (Data, Investigator, Theory, Methods)
• Which software? (SPSS/ STATA/ R/ Nvivo/ATLAS)
• Which specific technique? (Association, Correlation, Regression, Thematic)
• Testing of conditions before going for tests (Scale, Normality, No outliers)

#16. CHAPTER SCHEME

• In research papers, it is generally divided into sections and sub sections.

• In working papers, you might have parts.
• In theses and dissertations, we have chapters.
• Helps the readers understand the layout of the entire work.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
#17. TIME BUDGET
• Generally Gantt chart is used.
• Work is broken down into different components - Lit Review, Instrumentation, Pilot Testing, Field work,
Data Entry and Cleaning, Data Analysis, Report Writing, Publishing papers.
• Estimated completion times are also mentioned to keep track.
• Should include time for contingencies. (Field work during lockdown phase became impossible. It was
also difficult to collect data during demonetization).
• Helps you be ready for progress presentations.
• Identify areas of improvement.
• In case the project doesn’t finish on time, it is perceived as a sign of inefficiency and leads to additional
costs.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
#18. FINANCIAL BUDGET
• Breakdown of the costs involved.
• Purchase of hardware.
• Purchase of books.
• Subscription to premium journals.
• Paying the permanent research staff.
• Paying the contractual field staff.
• Printing and Stationery.
• Traveling expenses for fieldwork.
• Organizing conferences.
• Conference registration.

Sandeep Kr Singh,
Lecture Notes
APA Citation and
References
 What is APA?
 American Psychological Association

 A method of citing references

 Parenthetical citations in text
 References page.

 There are many other citation styles:

 MLA Style
 Chicago Style
 Harvard Style
 Turabian Style
 IEEE Style

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Quoting Directly vs. Paraphrasing

Short Quotations
 If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and
the page number for the reference. Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the
author's last name followed by the year of publication in parentheses.
 According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was
their first time" (p. 199).

Long Quotations
 Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines,
and omit quotation marks. Start the content on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin.
 Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing sources.
(p. 199)

Paraphrase
 If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author
and year of publication in your in-text reference. According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult
citation format for first-time learners.

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Parenthetical Citations—
One Author

o Reference in text (when the text as a whole has to be cited)

o Last name (year of publication).
o Rowling (2005) argues for the development of new
curricula.

oReference in text (when only part of the text, such as an idea or

a quote from a specific page, needs to be cited).
o Last name (year of publication, page number).
o Rowling (2005, p.189)

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Parenthetical Citations—
More than One Author
oWhen a work has two authors, always cite both.

oReference in text:
oLast names of authors separated by “and” (year of publication).
oRowling and Cramer (2005) argue for the development of new
curricula.

oNo reference in text

o(Lastnames of authors separated by the symbol ‘and’, year).
oThe development of new curricula has been argued before (Rowling &
Cramer, 2005).
Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Parenthetical Citations—
More than Two Authors
oWhen a work has three or more authors, always cite all three first time the text
is used. Thereafter, use the first author’s last name followed by et al.
oOmit year upon third time citing source.
oReference in text:
oLast names of authors separated with and before final name, (year of publication).
oRowling, Benis and Cramer (2005) argue for the development of new curricula
oRowling et al. (2005) argue..
oRowling et al. argue.

oNo reference in text:

oLast names of authors separated by and before final name, copyright year).
oThe development of new curricula has been argued before (Rowling, Benis &
Cramer, 2005).
oThe development of new curricula has been argued before (Rowling et al., 2005).
oThe development of new curricula has been argued before (Rowling et al.).

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Parenthetical Citations—
Works Without an Author
oWhen a work is signed “Anonymous,” cite the word “Anonymous.”

o(Anonymous, year)
oStatistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during the summer
months (Anonymous, 2007, p. 89-96).

o(Titleof Periodical, year, page number)

oStatistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during summer
months (New Yorker, 2007, p. 97).

o(“Article title or Chapter title,” year, page number)

oStatistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during summer
months (“Study Results,” 2007, p. 77).

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Parenthetical Citations—
Groups as Authors
oCorporations, associations, government agencies, research groups, etc. are
usually listed each time they are used in text, unless an abbreviation makes the
group easily recognizable.
oReference in the text:
oFirst time mentioned: Full name (year).
oThe National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reports…(2002).
oSubsequent mentions: abbreviation (year).
oThe NIMH reports…(2002).

oNot referenced in text:

oFirst time mentioned (full name, year)
o(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2002).
oSubsequent mentions (abbreviation, year)
o(NIMH, 2002).

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Reference List
oIndicates where info presented in the article can be retrieved.

oOnly include texts cited in the essay.

oListed alphabetically by author or title.

oReference list begins a new page, with “References” centered at top

of page.

oThe first line of an entry is at the left margin, and subsequent lines
are indented one-half inch (hanging indent).

oDouble-space all reference entries.

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Reference List—
Author’s Names

o Use last names, first initials with all authors’ names in

reverse order, regardless of quantity.

o LAST NAME, FIRST INITIAL, SECOND INITIAL.

o Griggs, B.W., Holland, R.H., & Mills, S.R.
o Singh, S.K., Iyer, A. & Agarwal, S.

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Reference List—
Capitalization
oCapitalize the first word in the title and subtitle, and any proper
nouns (cities, countries, peoples’ names) for book, article, and
chapter titles.

oCapitalize the first word, all nouns, verbs, adverbs, and adjectives
for names of journals.

oItalicize titles of longer works (books, periodicals/journals).

oDon’t drop any words, such as A, An, or The, from the titles.
Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Reference List—
Journal Articles (Print)

oF o u r m a j o r p a r t s :
Author, date, article title, and
publication information (periodical title, volume
number, issue number and page number).

oL a s t n a m e , F i r s t i n i t i a l . S e c o n d i n i t i a l . ( Y e a r ) . T i t l e o f
article. Title of Publication, Volume Number, Issue
Number, Pages.

Bernstein, B. J. Atomic diplomacy: Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Diplomatic

History, 28(3), 126-129.

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Journal Articles (Electronic Sources)

 Article accessed through a library subscription service

 Eight major parts: author’s name, year, title of article, title of publication, volume,
issue, page numbers, and where is it retrieved from.

 Last name, first initial. (year). Title of article. Title of publication, volume, page
numbers. Retrieved from where/ DOI

 Jackson, G. (2004). Multiple historic meanings of the Spanish civil war. Science
and Society, 68(3), 272-276. Retrieved from the Lexis Nexis Academic database.

 Herbst-Damm, K. L. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival

times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:
10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
Where do you locate the DOI?

Here’s the DOI,

on the first page
of the article.

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Reference List—
Working Papers

oA u t h o r L a s t n a m e , F i r s t I n i t i a l . S e c o n d I n i t i a l . Y e a r . T i t l e
of Paper (Working Paper Number). Retrieved from Website
and URL

oD e m i n g , D . ( 2 0 1 2 ) . T h e l e n g t h e n i n g o f C h i l d h o o d ( N B E R W o r k i n g
Paper No. 14124). Retrieved from National Bureau of Economic
Research website http://www.nber.org/papers/w14124

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Reference List—Books
oFour main parts: Author, year, title, and publisher information

oBook with one author:

oLastname, first initial. (year). Title. City of Publication: Press.

oBroadway, B. (2002). Pink houses and family taverns. Bloomington, IN: Indiana
University Press.

oTwo to seven authors:

oLast name, first initial., Last Name, first initial., & Last Name, first initial… (year). Title.
City of publication: Press.
oBroadway, B., Carrol, L., Smith, T. (2007). How the lady sings. New York: Harper.

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Reference List—Books
oArrange references by the same author chronologically, with the earlier
date of publication listed first.
Van Delay, A. (1994). Venetian blinds: Contemporary study of compulsive
lying. New York: Pendant Publishing (not “Publishers”).
oVan Delay, A. (1997). Seinfeld: The show about nothing. New York: Penguin
Books.

oWhen no author is mentioned:

oTitle (year). City of publication: Press.
o Creation of the media: Political origins of the media. (1922). Los
Angeles: Houghton-Mifflin.
oThe Chicago manual of style (15th ed.). (2003). Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Reference List – Thesis/Dissertations

 Print Version:

Author, A. (Year). Title of dissertation/ thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation/

Unpublished master's thesis). Academic Institution, City, State, Country.

Eg: Considine, M. (1986). Australian insurance politics in the 1970s: Two case studies.
(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.

 Web Version:

Author, A. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis,

Institution issuing degree). Retrieved from http://www.url.com

Eg: Bruckman, A. (1997). MOOSE Crossing: Construction, community, and learning in a

networked virtual world for kids (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology). Retrieved from http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/thesis

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Organizational Report

 INSTITUTION
 Organization or Agency. (Year Published). Title of report or grey literature in sentence
case (Associated number). Publisher Name. DOI or URL

 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Health. (2017). NIH Turning
discovery into health. (NIH Publication No. 11-7634). https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/about-
nih/discovery-into-health/nih-turning-discovery-into-health.pdf

 INDIVIDUAL
 1st Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., & 2nd Author Last Name, First Initial,
Middle Initial. (Year Published). Title of report in sentence case (Associated number).
Publisher Name. DOI or URL

 Gerling, M., & Wilson, T. (2019). Evaluating the June area survey’s field enumerator training (RDD-
19-01). U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Research and
Development Division.
 https://www.nass.usda.gov/Education_and_Outreach/Reports,_Presentations_and_Conferences/re
ports/Evaluating_the_June_Area_Surveys_Field_Enumerator_Training

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Reference List-
Newspapers and Magazine Articles

 Five major parts: author, date of publication, title of article, title of newspaper
or magazine, page numbers.

 Last name, first initial. (year, month day of publication). Title of article. Title of
newspaper or magazine, page numbers.
 Kramer, C. F. (2003, June 22). A health threat baffling for its lack of a pattern.
The New York Times, p. A14.

 For magazines, the volume number is italicized, with the issue number in
parentheses after, and inserted after the magazine title; formatted:
Volume(Issue).
 Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing
worker well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share their
research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology. 39(5), 26-29.
Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Online Daily/Newspaper
oFive major parts: author’s name, date of publication, title of article, title of
publication, and web address.

oLast name, first initial. (year, month day of publication). Title of article. Title of
publication. Retrieved date, from web address.

oForeman, R., Bennett, E., & Collins, T. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions,
most people flunk out. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com.

oDon’t abbreviate the names of months, ever.

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 YouTube

 Author, A.A. (year, month date). Title of video [Video]. YouTube.

URL.

 Name of the account that uploaded the video as the author.

 The specific date on which the video was uploaded.
 Italicize the title of the video.
 Include the description “[Video]” in square brackets.
 Provide the site name (YouTube) and URL of the video.

 Teo CRi. (2018, September 16). Sergio Ramos – The Gladiator [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbkL7tU4bw4

Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Twitter & IG

 Last name, A. [Twitter username]. (Date of tweet). Tweet text,

including all hashtags and URLs [Tweet]. Retrieved from URL

 Veletsianos, G. [veletsianos]. (2015, January 5). That moment when you wish
your article was out of peer-review already [Tweet]. Retrieved from
https://twitter.com/veletsianos/status/552195307555934208

 Name [@handle]. (Year, Month Date). Caption. [IG

Photograph]. Retrieved from URL.

 Philadelphia Museum of Art [@philamuseum]. (2019, December 3). It’s always

wonderful to walk in and see my work in a collection where it’s loved, and
where people are. [Instagram Photo]. Retrieved from
https://www.instagram.com/p/B5oDnnNhOt4/
Sandeep Kr Singh
RM Lecture Notes
 Facebook

 First name Last name. (Year, Month, Date). Status update text [Facebook
update]. Retrieved from URL
 Bill Gates. (2014, July 1). Yikes. One state in the U.S. uses as much electricity as
Sub-Saharan Africa (not counting South Africa): http://b-gat.es/1nIhMR5
[Facebook update]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/photo.php

Sandeep
Sandeep Kr
Kr Singh
Singh
RM Lecture Notes
RM Lecture Notes