Exercise 8A

1 a Examples of estimates of gradients: y2  y1

Gradient of tangent at x = −1 is 2 c i Gradient of AD =
x2  x1
y2  y1 3 1
= 0.8  0.19
x2  x1 ( 1)  ( 0.5) =
0.6  0.9
= −4
= −1.21 (3 s.f.)
Gradient of tangent at x = 0 is
y2  y1 1  ( 1) y2  y1
= ii Gradient of AC =
x2  x1 (0.5)  (0.5) x2  x1
= −2
0.8  0.6
Gradient of tangent at x = 1 is =
y2  y1 (1)  ( 1) 0.6  0.8
= = −1
x2  x1 20
=0 y2  y1
Gradient of tangent at x = 2 is iii Gradient of AB =
x2  x1
y2  y1 (1)  1
= 0.8  0.51
x2  x1 1.5  2.5 =
0.6  0.7
=2
= − 0.859 (3 s.f.)
Gradient of tangent at x = 3 is
y2  y1 3 1
= 4 d As the points move closer to A,
x2  x1 3  2.5 the gradient tends to − 0.75.
x-coordinate −1 0 1 2 3 16  9 7
Estimate for 3 a i Gradient   7
43 1
gradient of −4 −2 0 2 4
curve
12.25  9 3.25
ii Gradient    6.5
b The gradient of the curve at the point 3.5  3 0.5
where x = p is 2p − 2.
9.61  9 0.61
iii Gradient    6.1
c Gradient of tangent at x = 1.5 is 3.1  3 0.1
y2  y1 (1.7)  0.3
=
x2  x1 0.5  2.5 9.0601  9 0.0601
iv Gradient    6.01
=1 3.01  3 0.01
2p − 2 = 2(1.5) − 2 = 1
3  h  9
2

v Gradient =
2 a Substituting x = 0.6 into y  1  x 2 : 3  h  3
y  1  0.62  0.64  0.8 , therefore the 6h  h 2
=
point A (0.6, 0.8) lies on the curve. h
h 6  h
b Gradient of tangent at x = 0.6 is =
h
y2  y1 1.1  0.8
= =6+h
x2  x1 0.2  0.6
= − 0.75

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.
1
3 b When h is small, the gradient of the chord
is close to the gradient of the tangent, and
6 + h is close to the value 6.
So the gradient of the tangent at (3, 9) is 6.

25  16 9
4 a i Gradient =  9
54 1

20.25  16 4.25
ii Gradient =   8.5
4.5  4 0.5

16.81  16 0.81
iii Gradient =   8.1
4.1  4 0.1

16.0801  16
iv Gradient =
4.01  4
0.0801
  8.01
0.01

(4  h) 2  16
v Gradient =
4h4
16  8h  h 2  16

h
8h  h 2

h
h(8  h)

h
 8 h

b When h is small, the gradient of the chord

is close to the gradient of the tangent, and
8 + h is close to the value 8.
So the gradient of the tangent at (4, 16) is 8.

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.
2
Exercise 8B
1 a f(x) = x2 f (50  h)  f (50)
d f (50) = lim
f (2  h)  f (2) h 0 h
f (2) = lim
h 0 h (50  h) 2  502
= lim
(2  h) 2  22 h 0 h
= lim
h 0 h 2500  100 h  h 2  2500
= lim
4  4h  h 2  4 h 0 h
= lim
h 0 h 100h  h 2
= lim
4h  h 2
h 0 h
= lim
h 0 h h(100  h)
= lim
h(4  h) h 0 h
= lim
h 0 h = lim(100  h)
h0
= lim(4  h)
h0 As h  0, 100 + h  100.
As h  0, 4 + h  4. So f (50) = 100
So f (2) = 4
2 a f(x) = x2
f (3  h)  f (3) f ( x  h)  f ( x )
b f (−3) = lim f (x) = lim
h 0 h h 0 h
(3  h) 2  (3) 2 ( x  h) 2  x 2
= lim = lim
h 0 h h 0 h
9  6h  h 2  9 x  2 xh  h 2  x 2
2
= lim = lim
h 0 h h 0 h
6h  h 2 2 xh  h 2
= lim = lim
h 0 h h 0 h
h(6  h) h(2 x  h)
= lim = lim
h 0 h h 0 h
= lim(6  h) = lim(2 x  h)
h0 h 0

As h  0, −6 + h  −6.
So f (−3) = −6 b As h  0, 2x + h  2x.
So f (x) = 2x
f (0  h)  f (0)
c f (0) = lim 3 a y = x3, therefore f(x) = x3
h 0 h
(0  h) 2  02 f (2  h)  f ( 2)
= lim g = lim
h 0 h
h 0 h
h 2 (2  h)3  (2)3
= lim = lim
h 0 h
h 0 h
= lim h 8  3(2) 2 h  3( 2) h 2  h3  8
h0 = lim
h 0 h
f (0) = 0
12h  6h  h
2 3
= lim
h 0 h
h(12  6h  h 2 )
= lim
h 0 h
= lim(12  6h  h2 )
h 0

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
3 b As h  0, 12 − 6h + h2  12. 7 f(x) = ax2
So g = 12 f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f (x) = lim
h 0 h
4 a y-coordinate of point B a( x  h) 2  ax 2
= (−1 + h)3 − 5(−1 + h) = lim
h 0 h
Gradient of AB
y y ax  2axh  ah 2  ax 2
2

= 2 1 = lim
x2  x1
h 0 h
2axh  ah 2
(1  h)3  5( 1  h)  4 = lim
= h 0 h
(1  h)  ( 1) h(2ax  ah)
1  3h  3h 2  h3  5  5h  4 = lim
= h0 h
h = lim(2ax  ah)
h0
h  3h  2h
3 2
= As h  0, 2ax + ah  2ax.
h
2 So f (x) = 2ax
= h − 3h − 2
Challenge
b At point A, as h  0, h2 − 3h − 2  −2.
So gradient = −2
1
a f(x) =
5 f(x) = 6x x
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f (x) = lim f (x) = lim
h 0 h
h 0 h
6( x  h)  6 x 1 1
= lim 
h 0 h = lim x  h x
6 x  6h  6 x
h 0 h
= lim x  ( x  h)
h 0 h
6h x ( x  h)
= lim = lim
h 0 h
h 0 h
= lim 6 h
= lim
h 0 h  0 xh ( x  h )
So f (x) = 6 1
= lim
2 h 0 x ( x  h)
6 f(x) = 4x
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 1
f (x) = lim = lim 2
h 0 x  hx
h 0 h
4( x  h) 2  4 x 2
= lim 1 1
h 0 h b As h  0,  2.
x  hx
2
x
4 x  8 xh  4h 2  4 x 2
2
= lim 1
h 0 h So f (x) =  2
x
8 xh  4h 2
= lim
h 0 h
h(8 x  4h)
= lim
h 0 h
= lim(8 x  4h)
h0

As h  0, 8x + 4h  8x.
So f (x) = 8x

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
Exercise 8C
1 a f(x) = x7 1 
1

f (x) = 7x6 1 l f(x) = 3

 x 3

x
b f(x) = x8 1  13  1 1  43 1
f (x) =  x  x  4
f (x) = 8x7 3 3
3x 3
c f(x) = x4 m f(x) = x3 × x6 = x3 + 6 = x9
f (x) = 4x3 f (x) = 9x8
1
d f(x) = x 3 n f(x) = x2 × x3 = x5
f (x) = 5x4
1 1 1 1  2 1
f (x) = x 3  x 3  2
3 3 o f(x) = x × x2 = x3
3x 3
f (x) = 3x2
1
e f(x) = x 4
x2
p f(x) =  x 2
1 1 1 1  3 1 x 4
f (x) = x 4  x 4  3
4 4 2
4x 4 f (x) = 2 x 2  1  2 x 3  
x3
1
3
f f(x) = xx 3
x3
q f(x) = 2  x
1 13  1 1  23 1 x
f (x) = x  x  2 f (x) = 1x0 = 1
3 3
3x 3
x6
g f(x) = x 3 r f(x) =  x3
x3
f (x) = 3x 3  1  3x  4 f (x) = 3x2

h f(x) = x 4 2 a y = 3x2
f (x) = 4x4  1  4x5 dy
 2  3x 2  1  6 x
dx
1
i f(x) =  x 2
x 2 b y = 6x9
2 dy
f (x) = 2 x 2  1  2 x 3    9  6 x9  1  54 x8
x3 dx

1 1 4
j f(x) =  x 5 c y x
x5 2
5 dy 1
f (x) = 5x 5  1  5x 6    4  x 4  1  2 x3
x6 dx 2

1 1
1 
d y  20 x 4
k f(x) = x 2
x 1 3
dy 1 1  5
1  1 1 1 3 1   20 x 4  5 x 4  3
f (x) =  x 2   x 2   3 dx 4
2 2 x4
2x 2

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
 5 1
2 e y  6x 4 3 a y  3 x  3x 2

5
dy 5 1 15 1 dy 1 1
1 3 1 3
  6x 4  x 4   3x 2  x 2 
dx 4 2 dx 2 2 2 x
dy 3 3
f y  10 x1 When x = 4,  
dx 2 4 4
dy
 1  10 x 1  1  10 x 2
dx dy 3 3 1
b When x = 9,   
dx 2 9 6 2
4 x6
g y 3
 2 x3
2x 1 dy 3 3
dy c When x = ,   3
 3  2 x3  1  6 x 2 4 dx 1 1
dx 2
4
x 1 9 dy 3 3
h y 5
 x 4 d When x = ,   2
8x 8 16 dx 3
9 2
dy 1 1 1 2
 4  x  4  1   x 5   5 16
dx 8 2 2x

1
4 2y2 − x3 = 0
2 
2y2 = x3
i y  2 x 2
x 1
1 3
y2 = x 3
dy  1   1  1 2 3
     (2) x 2  x 2  3 1 2
dx  2  y x
x2 2

5 x 4 10 x 3 dy 3 1 32  1 3 12 3 x
j y  5x 2   x  x 
2 x2 dx 2 2 2 2 2 2
3
dy 3 1 15 1 15 x
  5x 2  x 2 
dx 2 2 2

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
Exercise 8D
1 a y  2x2  6x  3 1 2 3
2 d y x  x
dy 2 2
 2(2 x)  6(1)  0  4 x  6 dy 3
dx  x
dx 2
1 2 At the point (1, 2), x = 1
b y x  12 x dy 3
2 Substituting x = 1 into  x  gives:
dy 1 dx 2
 (2 x)  12(1)  x  12 3 1
dx 2 Gradient  1   2
2 2
c y  4 x2  6
dy e y  3  x2
 4(2 x)  0  8 x dy
dx  2 x
dx
d y  8x2  7 x  12 At the point (1, 2), x = 1
dy dy
 8(2 x)  7(1)  0  16 x  7 Substituting x = 1 into  2 x gives:
dx dx
Gradient = −2 × 1 = −2
e y  5  4 x  5x 2
f y  4  2 x2
dy
 0  4(1)  5(2 x)  4  10 x dy
dx  4 x
dx
At the point (−1, 2), x = −1
2 a y  3x 2
dy
dy Substituting x = −1 into  4 x gives:
 6x dx
dx Gradient = − 4 × −1 = 4
At the point (2, 12), x = 2
dy 3 y = 3 + 2x − x2
Substituting x = 2 into  6 x gives:
dx When x = 1, y = 3 + 2 − 1
Gradient = 6 × 2 = 12 ⇒ y = 4 when x = 1

b y  x2  4x dy
 2  2x
dy dx
 2x  4
dx dy
When x  1,  22
At the point (1, 5), x = 1 dx
dy dy
Substituting x = 1 into  2 x  4 gives:   0 when x = 1
dx dx
Gradient = 2 × 1 + 4 = 6 Therefore, the y-coordinate is 4 and the
gradient is 0 when the x-coordinate is 1
c y  2 x2  x 1 on the given curve.
dy
 4x 1 4 y  x 2  5x  4
dx
At the point (2, 5), x = 2 dy
 2x  5
dy dx
Substituting x = 2 into  4 x  1 gives:
dx 2x + 5 = 3
Gradient = 4 × 2 − 1 = 7 2x = −2
x = −1

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
4 Substituting x = −1 into y = x2 + 5x − 4:
y = (−1)2 + 5(−1) − 4 = 1 − 5 − 4 = −8
So (−1, −8) is the point where the
gradient is 3.

5 The curve y = x2 − 5x + 10 meets the line

y = 4 when:
x2 − 5x + 10 = 4
x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
(x − 3)(x − 2) = 0
x = 3 or x = 2
dy
Gradient of curve =  2x  5
dx
dy
When x = 3,  2 3  5 1
dx
dy
When x = 2,  2  2  5  1
dx
So the gradient is −1 at (2, 4)
and 1 at (3, 4).

6 The curve y = 2x2 meets the line y = x + 3

when:
2x2 = x + 3
2
2x − x − 3 = 0
(2x − 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 1.5 or −1
dy
Gradient of curve =  4x
dx
dy
When x = −1, = 4 × −1 = −4
dx
dy
When x = 1.5, = 4 × 1.5 = 6
dx
So the gradient is −4 at (−1, 2)
and 6 at (1.5, 4.5).

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
Exercise 8E
1 a Let y = x4 + x−1 3 b When x = 4, y = f(4)
dy = 43 − 9 × 42 + 24 × 4 − 20
= 4x3 + (−1)x−2 = −4
dx
= 4x3 − x−2 When x = 2, y = f(2)
= 23 − 9 × 22 + 24 × 2 − 20
b Let y = 2x5 + 3x−2 =0
dy Therefore, the gradient is zero at (4, −4)
 5  2 x51  (2)  3x 21 and (2, 0).
dx
= 10x4 − 6x−3 3
c f(x) = x 2  6 x  1
3 1
c Let y  6 x 2  2 x

4
2 3 12
x 6
dy 3 3
1  1
1
 1 f (x) = 2
  6x 2
     2x 2  0 When gradient is zero, f (x) = 0.
dx 2  2
3 12
1

3 x 6  0
 9x 2  x 2 2
1
3
2 a f(x) = x − 3x + 2 x2  4
f (x) = 3x2 − 3 x = 16
At (−1, 4), x = −1 When x = 16, y = f(16)
3
f (−1) = 3(−1)2 − 3 = 0 = 16 2  6 16  1
The gradient at (−1, 4) is 0. = −31
Therefore, the gradient is zero at
b f(x) = 3x2 + 2x−1 (16, −31).
f (x) = 6x + 2(−1)x−2 = 6x − 2x−2
At (2, 13), x = 2 d f(x) = x−1 + 4x
2 1 f (x) = −x−2 + 4
f (2) = 6(2) − 2(2)−2 = 12   11
4 2 When gradient is zero, f (x) = 0.
The gradient at (2, 13) is 11 2 .
1
−x−2 + 4 = 0
1
4
3 a f(x) = x2 − 5x x2
f (x) = 2x − 5 1
x
When gradient is zero, f (x) = 0. 2
2x − 5 = 0 1 1
x = 2.5 When x  , y  f  
2 2
When x = 2.5, y = f(2.5) 1
= (2.5)2 − 5(2.5) 1
y     4 
1
= −6.25 2 2
Therefore, the gradient is zero at =2+2=4
(2.5, −6.25). 1  1
When x   , y  f   
2  2
b f(x) = x3 − 9x2 + 24x − 20 1
f (x) = 3x2 − 18x + 24  1  1
y      4  
When gradient is zero, f (x) = 0.  2  2
3x2 − 18x + 24 = 0 = −2 – 2 = −4
3(x2 − 6x + 8) = 0 Therefore, the gradient is zero at  12 , 4 
3(x − 4)(x − 2) = 0
x = 4 or x = 2 and   12 , 4 

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
4 a Let y = 2 x 1
f Let y = 3
x
1 2x
= 2x 2 1
1
dy 1 
1 = x 3  x 1
 2  x 2 2
dx 2 2
dy 1 3 1 2


1  x  x
= x 2 dx 3 2
1
= 2x  3
x g Let y =
x
2x 3
3 = 
b Let y = x x
x2
= 2 + 3x−1
= 3x−2
dy
dy  0  3x 2
 3  2  x 3 dx
dx
= −6x−3 3
= 2
6 x
=  3
x
3x 2  6
h Let y =
1 x
c Let y = 2
3x3 3x 6
= 
1 x x
= x 3
3 = 3x − 6x−1
dy 1 dy
  3 x 4  3  6 x 2
dx 3 dx
= −x−4 6
= 3 2
1 x
=  4
x
2 x3  3x
i Let y =
1 3
d Let y = x  x  2 x
3 3
2 x 3x
1 2 = 1  1
= x 4  x3
3 3 x2 x2
5 1
dy 4 3 2
 x   3x 2 = 2 x 2  3x 2
dx 3 3 3
dy 3 1
4 3  5x 2  x 2
= x  2 x2 dx 2
3
j Let y = x(x2 − x + 2)
2 = x3 − x2 + 2x
e Let y = 3  x
x dy
1  3x 2  2 x  2
= 2x  x 3 2 dx

k Let y = 3x2(x2 + 2x)

dy 1 1
 6 x 4  x 2 = 3x4 + 6x3
dx 2 dy
6 1  12 x3  18x 2
=  4 dx
x 2 x

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
  1 4
4 l Let y =  3 x  2   4 x   5 d f(x) = 3x 
 x x2
2 = 3x − 4x−2
= 12 x 2  8 x  3  f (x) = 3 + 8x−3
x
= 12x2 − 8x + 3 − 2x−1 Gradient at (2, 5) = f (2) = 3 + 8(2)−3
dy 8
 24 x  8  2 x 2 =3+ =4
dx 8
2
= 24 x  8  2 12
x 6 f(x) = x
p x
5 a f(x) = x(x + 1) 12  12
= x2 + x = x x
p
f (x) = 2x + 1
1 12  12  1
Gradient at (0, 0) = f (0) = 1 f (x) =   x 1
2 p
2x  6 6  32
b f(x) = =  x 1
x2 p
2x 6 6  32
= 2 2 f (2) =  (2)  1
x x p
= 2 x 1  6 x 2
6
f (x) = 2 x 2  12 x 3 = 1
2p 2
2 12
= 2 3 6
x x  1 = 3
2 12 2p 2
Gradient at (3, 0) = f (3) =   6
32 33 
2p 2 = 2
2 12
= 
9 27 3
p= 
2 2 2
=
9 3 2
= 
2 2 2
1
c f(x) = 3
x = 2
1
4

= x 2

1 3
f (x) =  x 2
2
3

1 11
Gradient at  14 , 2  = f    =   
2

4 24
1
=   23
2
= −4

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
Exercise 8F
1 a y = x2 − 7x + 10 e So the equation of the tangent at (−1, 2) is
dy y − 2 = 12(x − (−1))
 2x  7 y − 2 = 12x + 12
dx
When x = 2, gradient = 2 × 2 − 7 = −3 y = 12x + 14
So the equation of the tangent at (2, 0) is
y − 0 = − 3(x − 2) 7
f y  x2  2
 x 2  7 x 2
y = −3x + 6 x
y + 3x − 6 = 0 dy
 2 x  14 x 3
dx
1 When x = 1, gradient = 2 + 14 = 16
b y  x  x  x 1
x So the equation of the tangent at (1, −6) is
dy y − (−6) = 16(x − 1)
 1  x 2 y + 6 = 16x − 16
dx
y = 16x − 22
When x = 2, gradient = 1 − 2−2 = 3
4
2 a y  x 2  5x
So the equation of the tangent at  2, 2 12 
dy
is  2x  5
dx
1 3
y  2  ( x  2) When x = 6, gradient of curve = 2 × 6 − 5
2 4 =7
4y − 10 = 3x − 6 1
4y − 3x − 4 = 0 So gradient of normal is  .
7
1
The equation of the normal at (6, 6) is
c y  4 x  4x 2 1
y  6   ( x  6)
dy 
1 7
 2x 2 7y − 42 = −x + 6
dx 7y + x − 48 = 0
1
2 
When x = 9, gradient = 2  9 2

3 8 
1

So the equation of the tangent at (9, 12) is b yx  2

 x  8x 2
2

2
x
y  12  ( x  9) dy 
3
3  2x  4x 2
3y − 36 = 2x − 18 dx
3y − 2x − 18 = 0 When x = 4, gradient of curve
3
 4 17
= 2  4  4(4) 2  8  
2x 1 2x 1 8 2
d y    2  x 1
x x x 2
So gradient of normal is  .
dy 17
 0  x 2  x 2
dx The equation of the normal at (4, 12) is
2
When x = 1, gradient = 1−2 = 1 y  12   ( x  4)
So the equation of the tangent at (1, 1) is 17
y − 1 = 1 × (x − 1) 17y − 204 = −2x + 8
y=x 17y + 2x − 212 = 0

e y = 2x3 + 6x + 10
dy
 6 x2  6
dx
When x = −1, gradient = 6(−1)2 + 6 = 12

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
3 y  x2  1 4 The equation of the normal at (1, 2) is
dy y  2   14  x  1
 2x
dx 4y − 8 = −x + 1
dy 4y + x − 9 = 0
When x = 2, =4
dx
So the equation of the tangent at (2, 5) is Normals at (0, 0) and (1, 2) meet when
y − 5 = 4(x − 2) 4(−x) + x − 9 = 0
y = 4x − 3 3x = −9
x = −3
When x = 1, gradient of curve = 2 y=3
1 The normals meet at (−3, 3).
So gradient of normal is  .
2
The equation of the normal is 5 y = f(x) = 12  4 x  2 x 2
1 dy
y  2   ( x  1)  0  4  4x
2 dx
When x = −1, y = 12 − 4(−1) + 2(−1)2
1 1
y   x2 = 18
2 2 dy
= 4(1) = −4
Tangent at (2, 5) and normal at (1, 2) meet dx
when The tangent at (−1, 18) has gradient −4.
So its equation is
1 1
 x2 y − 18 = −4(x + 1)
4x − 3 = 2 2 y − 18 = −4x − 4
8x − 6 = −x + 5 y = 14 − 4x
9x = 11
11 The normal at (−1, 18) has
x
9 1 1
gradient = . So its equation is
11 17 4 4
y=4× −3=
9 9 1
y  18  ( x  1)
So the tangent at (2, 5) meets the normal 4
at (1, 2) at  119 , 179  . 4y – 72 = x + 1
4y − x – 73 = 0
4 y  x  x3
6 y = 2x2
dy dy
 1  3x 2  4x
dx dx
When x = 0, gradient of curve = 1 + 3 × 02 2
=1 1 1 1
When x = ,y=2×   =
1 2 2 2
So gradient of normal is   1 . dy 1
1  4 = 2
The equation of the normal at (0, 0) is dx 2
y − 0 = −1(x − 0) 1
So gradient of normal is − .
y = −x 2
The equation of the normal at  12 , 12  is
When x = 1, gradient of curve = 1 + 3 × 12
=4 1 1 1
y− = − (x − )
1 2 2 2
So gradient of normal is  . 1 3
4 y=− x+
2 4

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
 6 The normal intersects the curve when
1 3
2x2 = − x +
2 4
8x2 + 2x − 3 = 0
(4x + 3)(2x − 1) = 0
3 1
x = − or
4 2
1
x= is point P,
2
3
so x = − must be point Q.
4
3 1  3 3 9
When x = − , y = −    + =
4 2  4 4 8
Point Q is   4 , 8  .
3 9

Challenge

y = 4x2 + 1
dy
 8x
dx
Gradient of line L = 8x
Equation of line L:
y = 8x(x) + c
= 8x2 + c
Line L passes through the point (0, −8),
so c = −8
y = 8x2 − 8
Line L meets the curve when
4x2 + 1 = 8x2 − 8
4x2 = 9
9
x2 =
4
3
x= 
2
3
As the gradient is positive, x =
2
y = 8x(x) − 8
3
= 8 x − 8
2
= 12x − 8

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
Exercise 8G
1 a y  12x2  3x  8 t 2  2 32 
1
2 f(t) =  t  2t 2
dy t
 24 x  3
dx 3 1 3
f (t) = t 2  t 2
d2 y 2
 24
dx 2 3 3
Acceleration = f (t) = 
 t
5
4 t 2
3
b y  15 x  6 
x
 15 x  6  3x 1 3 y = (2x − 3)3
dy = 8x3 − 36x2 + 54x − 27
 15  3x 2 dy
dx  24 x 2  72 x  54
d2 y dx
 6 x 3 d2 y
dx 2  48 x  72
dx 2
3 48x − 72 = 0
c y 9 x 
x2 3
x=
1 2
 9 x 2  3x 2
dy 9  12 4 f(x) = px3 – 3px2 + x2 – 4
 x  6 x 3
dx 2 f (x) = 3px2 – 6px + 2x
d2 y 9  32 f (x) = 6px – 6p + 2
2
  x  18 x  4 f (2) = –1
dx 4
12p – 6p + 2 = –1
9 18
  4 6p = –3
 
3
4 x x 1
p= 
2
d y = (5x + 4)(3x – 2)
= 15x2 +2x – 8
dy
 30 x  2
dx
d2 y
 30
dx 2

3x  8
e y
x2
3x 8
 2 2
x x
 3 x  8 x 2
1

dy
 3x 2  16 x 3
dx
d2 y
 6 x 3  48 x 4
dx 2

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
Chapter review 8
1 f(x) = 10x2 dy 2
3 When x  2,  62  3
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) dx 2
f (x) = lim
h 0 h 2
 12 
10( x  h) 2  10 x 2 8
= lim
h 0 h 3
 11
10 x  20 xh  10h 2  10 x 2
2
4
= lim
h 0 h dy 2
When x  3,  63 3
20 xh  10h 2
dx 3
= lim
h 0 h 2
 18 
h(20 x  10h) 27
= lim
h 0 h 25
 17
= lim(20 x  10h) 27
h0

As h  0, 20x + 10h  20x The gradients at points A, B and C are 4,

So f (x) = 20x 11 34 and 17 27
25
, respectively.

2 a A has coordinates (1, 4). 4 y = 7x2 − x3

The y-coordinate of B is dy
= 14x − 3x2
(1 + δx)3 + 3(1 + δx) dx
= 13 + 3δx + 3(δx)2 + (δx)3 + 3 + 3δx dy
= (δx)3 + 3(δx)2 + 6δx + 4 = 16 when
dx
Gradient of AB 14x − 3x2 = 16
y y 3x2 − 14x + 16 = 0
= 2 1
x2  x1 (3x − 8)(x − 2) = 0
8
 x   3  x   6x  4  4
3 2
x = or x = 2
= 3
x
 x   3  x   6x
3 2
5 y = x3 − 11x + 1
=
x dy
= 3x2 − 11
=  x 
2
 3x  6 dx
dy
= 1 when
b As δx  0, (δx)2 + 3δx + 6  6 dx
Therefore, the gradient of the curve at 3x2 − 11 = 1
point A is 6. 3x2 = 12
x2 = 4
1 x = ±2
3 y = 3x2 + 3 + 2
= 3x2 + 3 + x−2
x When x = 2, y = 23 − 11(2) + 1 = −13
dy 2 When x = −2, y = (−2)3 − 11(−2) + 1 = 15
= 6x − 2x−3 = 6x − 3
dx x The gradient is 1 at the points (2, −13)
and (−2, 15).
dy 2
When x  1,  6 1  3
dx 1 9
6 a f(x) = x + = x + 9x−1
4 x
9
f (x) = 1 − 9x−2 = 1 − 2
x

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
6 b f (x) = 0 when 1

9 = 2 x 3  x 2  1  2 x 1
=1 dy 1 1
x2  6 x 2  x 2  2 x 2
x2 = 9 dx 2
x = ±3 1 2
 6x 2
 2
2 x x
1 1
4 
7 y 3 x   3x 2  4 x 2
x 11 The point (1, 2) lies on the curve with
dy 3  12 
3 equation y = ax2 + bx + c, so
 x  2x 2 2=a+b+c (1)
dx 2

1 3
The point (2, 1) also lies on the curve, so
8 a y  12 x  x2 2 1 = 4a + 2b + c (2)
1
dy 1  3 1 (2) − (1) gives:
 12   x 2  x 2
dx 2 2 −1 = 3a + b (3)
1 1
 3
 6x 2
 x 2
dy
2 = 2ax + b
dx
3  12
 x 4  x The gradient of the curve is zero at (2, 1),
2 so
0 = 4a + b (4)
dy (4) − (3) gives:
b The gradient is zero when = 0:
dx 1=a
3  12 Substituting a = 1 into (3) gives b = −4
x 4  x = 0 Substituting a = 1 and b = −4 into (1)
2
x=4 gives c = 5
When x = 4, y = 12 × 2 − 23 = 16 Therefore, a = 1, b = −4, c = 5
The gradient is zero at the point with
coordinates (4, 16). 12 a y = x3 − 5x2 + 5x + 2
dy
= 3x2 − 10x + 5
 3   1  3

1 dx
9 a  x 2  1 x 2  1  x  x 2  x 2  1
   dy
b i =2
3 1
dx
b y  x  x2  x
1

2 3x2 − 10x + 5 = 2
1
3x2 − 10x + 3 = 0
dy 3 1 3 (3x − 1)(x − 3) = 0
1 x  x 2 2
dx 2 2 1
x = or 3
3
dy 3 1 1 x = 3 is the coordinate at P,
c When x = 4, 1  2   3
dx 2 2 1
42 so x = at Q.
1 3
1 3 
16
1
4
16
x2  2x
10 Let y = 2 x 3  x 
x2
1
x2 2 x
= 2x  x  2  2
3 2
x x

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 2
12 b ii x = 3 ⇒ y = 27 – 45 + 15 + 2 = −1 14 a The equation of the normal at (1, 0) is
So the equation of the tangent is y = 2(x − 1).
y + 1 = 2(x − 3) The normals meet when y = 2x − 2 and
y = 2x – 7 1
y = − x:
2
iii When x = 0, y = −7 1
and when y = 0, x = 72 2x − 2 = − x
2
So points R and S are (0, −7) and 4x − 4 = −x
( 72 , 0). 5x = 4
4
(7)2   72 
2
Length of RS = x=
5
 7 1  14  7
5 4 2  1 
2
y = 2    2    check in y   x 
5 5  2 
8 N has coordinates  54 ,  52  .
13 y= − x + 3x2 = 8x−1 − x + 3x2
x
dy 8 b
= −8x−2 − 1 + 6x = − 2 − 1 + 6x
dx x
8
When x = 2, y = − 2 + 3 × 22 = 14
2
dy 8
= − − 1 + 12 = 9
dx 4
The equation of the tangent through the point
(2, 14) with gradient 9 is
y − 14 = 9(x − 2)
y = 9x − 18 + 14
y = 9x − 4
1
The normal at (2, 14) has gradient  .
9 1
So its equation is Area of △OAN = base × height
2
1 Base (b) = 1
y − 14 =  (x − 2)
9 2
9y + x = 128
Height (h) = 5
14 a 2y = 3x3 − 7x2 + 4x 1
2 1
3 7 Area = 2 × 1 × =
y = x3 − x2 + 2x 5 5
2 2
dy 9 15 y = x3 − 2x2 − 4x − 1
= x2 − 7x + 2
dx 2 When x = 0, y = −1 so the point P
At (0, 0), x = 0, gradient of curve is is (0, −1).
0 − 0 + 2 = 2. For the gradient of line L:
1 dy
Gradient of normal at (0, 0) is  . = 3x2 − 4x − 4
2 dx
The equation of the normal at (0, 0) is dy
1 At point P, when x = 0, = −4
y = − x. dx
2 The y-intercept of line L is −1.
At (1, 0), x = 1, gradient of curve is Equation of L is y = −4x − 1.
9 1 Point Q is where the curve and line
−7+2=− .
2 2 intersect:
Gradient of normal at (1, 0) is 2. x3 − 2x2 − 4x − 1 = −4x − 1
x3 − 2x2 = 0

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 3
15 x2(x − 2) = 0  1 
2
2 2
x = 0 or 2 18 a OP = x +  5  x 2 
x = 0 at point P, so x = 2 at point Q.  2 
When x = 2, y = −9 substituting into the 1 4
 OP 2  x 2  25  5 x 2  x
original equation 4
Using Pythagoras’ theorem: 1 4
 x  4 x 2  25
distance PQ = (2  0)  (9  (1))
2 2
4
= 68
b f (x) = x3 – 8 = 0 ⇒ x(x2 − 8) = 0
= 4  17 ⇒ x = 0, x   8
= 2 17
c x  0  OP 2  25  OP  5
3 2
16 y = x − 6x + 9x
x   8  OP 2  1  OP  1
dy
= 3x2 − 12x + 9 ⇒ 3x2 − 12x + 9 = 0
dx (OP is a distance so must be positive)
at a turning point.
3x2 − 12x + 9 = 0 ⇒ x2 − 4x + 3 = 0
x2 − 4x + 3 = (x − 3)(x − 1) ⇒ x = 1, 3
⇒ y = 4, 0 ⇒ (1, 4) and (3, 0)

250 2
17 a f(x) = 200  x
x
250
f (x) =  2x
x2

b At the maximum point, B, f (x) = 0

250
− 2x = 0
x2
250
= 2x
x2
250 = 2x3
x3 = 125
x=5
250
When x = 5, y = f(5) = 200 − − 52
5
= 125
The coordinates of B are (5, 125).

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 4