REFERRAL CODE : MCSIR Limit

LIMIT
1. INTRODUCTION :
The concept of limit of a function is one of the fundamental ideas that distinguishes calculus from algebra
and trigonometry. We use limits to describe the way a function f varies. Some functions vary continuously;
small changes in x produce only small changes in f(x). Other functions can have values that jump or vary
erratically. We also use limits to define tangent lines to graphs of functions. This geometric application leads
at once to the important concept of derivative of a function.
2. DEFINITION :
Let f(x) be defined on an open interval about ‘a’ except possibly at ‘a’ itself. If f(x) gets arbitrarily close to
L (a finite number) for all x sufficiently close to ‘a’ we say that f(x) approaches the limit L as x approaches
‘a’ and we write Lim f(x) = L and say “the limit of f(x), as x approaches a, equals L”.
x ®a

This implies if we can make the value of f(x) arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like) by taking x to
be sufficiently close to a (on either side of a) but not equal to a.
3. LEFT HAND LIMIT AND RIGHT HAND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION :
The value to which f(x) approaches, as x tends to ‘a’ from the left hand side (x ® a–) is called left hand limit
of f(x) at x = a. Symbolically, LHL = Lim- f(x) = Lim f(a –h).
x ®a h®0

The value to which f(x) approaches, as x tends to ‘a’ from the right hand side (x ® a+) is called right hand

limit of f(x) at x = a. Symbolically, RHL = Lim+ f(x) = Lim

h®0
f(a + h).
x ®a

Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as, x ® a when Lim- f(x) = Lim+ f(x) = Finite quantity.
x ®a x® a

Example :

Graph of y = f(x) Lim+ f(x) = Lim f(-1 + h) = f(-1+ ) = -1

x ®-1 h ®0

y Lim- f(x) = Lim f(0 - h) = f(0 - ) = 0

x®0 h ®0
1

Lim+ f(x) = Lim f(0 + h) = f(0 + ) = 0

x®0 h ®0

x
–1 0 1 2 Lim- f(x) = Lim f(1 - h) = f(1- ) = -1
x ®1 h ®0

Lim+ f(x) = Lim f(1 + h) = f(1+ ) = 0

–1 x ®1 h ®0

Lim- f(x) = Lim f(2 - h) = f(2 _ ) = 1

x®2 h ®0

Fig. 1 Lim f(x) = 0 and Lim f(x) does not exist.

x®0 x ®1

Important note :
In Lim f(x) , x ® a necessarily implies x ¹ a . That is while evaluating limit at x = a, we are not
x ®a

concerned with the value of the function at x = a. In fact the function may or may not be defined at
x = a.

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Also it is necessary to note that if f(x) is defined only on one side of ‘x = a’, one sided limits are good
enough to establish the existence of limits, & if f(x) is defined on either side of ‘a’ both sided limits are to be
considered.
As in Lim cos-1 x = 0 , though f(x) is not defined for x >1, even in it’s immediate vicinity.
x ®1

Illustration 1 : Consider the adjacent graph of y = ƒ (x) y

Find the following : 4
3
(a) lim ƒ(x) (b) lim ƒ(x) (c) lim ƒ(x)
x®0- x®0+ x ®1- 2
1
(d) lim+ ƒ(x) (e) lim- ƒ(x) (f) lim+ ƒ(x) x
x ®1 x®2 x®2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
(g) lim ƒ(x) (h) lim ƒ(x) (i) lim ƒ(x)
x ®3- x ®3+ x®4-

(j) lim ƒ(x) (k) lim ƒ(x) = 2 (l) lim ƒ(x) = -¥

x®4+ x ®¥ x ® 6-

Solution : (a) As x ® 0– : limit does not exist (the function is not defined to the left of x = 0)
(b) As x ® 0+ : ƒ (x) ® –1 Þ lim+ ƒ(x) = –1. (c) As x ® 1– : ƒ (x) ® 1 Þ lim- ƒ(x) = 1.
x®0 x ®1

(d) As x ® 1+ : ƒ (x) ® 2 Þ xlim

®1+
ƒ(x) = 2. (e) As x ® 2– : ƒ (x) ® 3 Þ lim ƒ(x) = 3.
-
x®2

(f) As x ® 2+ : ƒ (x) ® 3 Þ xlim

® 2-
ƒ(x) = 3. (g) As x ® 3– : ƒ (x) ® 2 Þ xlim
®3-
ƒ(x) = 2.

(h) As x ® 3+ : ƒ (x) ® 3 Þ xlim

®3+
ƒ(x) = 3. (i) As x ® 4– : ƒ (x) ® 4 Þ xlim
® 4-
ƒ(x) = 4.

(j) As x ® 4+ : ƒ (x) ® 4 Þ xlim

® 4+
ƒ(x) = 4. (k) As x ® ¥ : ƒ (x) ® 2 Þ lim
x ®¥
ƒ(x) = 2.

(l) As x ® 6– ,ƒ (x) ® -¥ Þ lim- ƒ(x) = -¥ limit does not exist because it is not finite.
x®6

DPP - 1 :
1. Which of the following statements about the function y = ¦(x) graphed here are true, and
which are false ?
y
(a) lim+ f (x) = 1 (b) lim
x ®2
f (x) does not exist
x ®-1
y = ¦ (x)

(c) lim f (x) = 2 (d) xlim f (x) = 2 2

x ®2 ®1-
1
(e) lim f (x) does not exist (f) xlim f (x) = lim- f (x)
x ®1 ®0+ x ®0
x
–1 0 1 2 3
(g) lim
x ®c
f (x) exists at every c Î (–1, 1)

(h) lim f (x) exists at every c Î (1, 3)

x ®c

(i) lim- f (x) = 0 (j) lim+ f (x) does not exist.

x ®1 x ®3

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4. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON LIMITS :

Let Lim f ( x ) = l & Lim g ( x ) = m. If l & m exist finitely then :

x ®a x ®a

(a) Sum rule : Lim {f ( x ) + g ( x )} = l + m (b) Difference rule : Lim {f ( x ) - g ( x )} = l - m

x ®a x ®a

f (x) l
(c) Product rule : Lim f ( x ) .g ( x ) = l.m (d) Quotient rule : Lim = , provided m ¹ 0
x ®a x ®a g(x) m

(e) Constant multiple rule : Lim kf ( x ) = k Lim f ( x ) ; where k is constant.

x®a x®a

Power rule : If m and n are integers then Lim [ f(x) ]

m/n
(f) = l m / n provided l m / n is a real number.
x ®a

(g)
x ®a
(
x ®a
)
Lim f éë g ( x ) ùû = f Lim g ( x ) = f ( m ) ; provided f(x) is continuous at x = m.

For example : Lim l n(g(x)) = l n[Lim g(x)]

x ®a x®a

= ln (m); provided lnx is continuous at x = m, m = lim

x ®a
g(x) .
5. INDETERMINATE FORMS :
0 ¥
, , ¥ - ¥, 0 ´ ¥,1 ¥ , 0 0 , ¥ 0
0 ¥
Initially we will deal with first five forms only and the other two forms will come up after we have gone
through differentiation.
Note : (i) Here 0,1 are not exact, infact both are approaching to their corresponding values.
(ii) We cannot plot ¥ on the paper. Infinity ( ¥ ) is a symbol & not a number It does not obey
the laws of elementary algebra,
(a) ¥ + ¥ ® ¥ (b) ¥´ ¥ ® ¥ (c) ¥¥ ® ¥ (d) 0¥ ® 0
6. GENERAL METHODS TO BE USED TO EVALUATE LIMITS :
(a) Factorization :
Important factors :
(i) xn – an = (x – a)(xn–1 + axn–2 + ........... + an–1), n Î N
(ii) xn + an = (x + a)(xn–1 – axn–2 + ........... + an–1), n is an odd natural number.
xn - an
Note : Lim = na n -1
x ®a x -a

é 1 2(2x - 3) ù
Illustration 2 : Evaluate : lim ê - 3
x ®2 x - 2
ë x - 3x 2 + 2x úû
Solution : We have

é 1 2(2x - 3) ù é 1 2(2x - 3) ù é x(x - 1) - 2(2x - 3) ù

lim ê - 3 ú = lim ê - ú = lim ê ú
x ®2 x - 2 x - 3x + 2x û ë x - 2 x(x - 1) (x - 2) û ë x(x - 1)(x - 2) û
2
ë x ® 2 x ® 2

é x 2 - 5x + 6 ù é (x - 2)(x - 3) ù é x-3 ù 1
= lim ê ú = lim = lim ê =-
x ®2 x(x - 1) (x - 2) x ®2 ê x(x - 1) (x - 2) ú x ®2 x(x - 1) ú 2
ë û ë û ë û

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DPP - 2 :
x -1 x 2 - x - 20
1. Evaluate : lim 2. What lim ?
x ®1 2x - 7x + 5
2
x ®5 x -5

x3 - 4x 2 x3 - 1
3. Find lim 4. Evaluate lim
x ®4 x2 - 16 x ®1 x - 1

4x 2 - 1 x3 - 6x 2 + 11x - 6
lim
5. Evaluate x ®1 2x - 1 6. Evaluate lim
2
x ®2 x 2 - 6x + 8

x3 - 7x 2 + 15x - 9
7. Evaluate : lim
x ®3 x4 - 5x3 + 27x - 27
(A) 2/9 (B) 1/9 (C) –2/9 (D) None of these

x3 - 2x - 4 x 3 - a3
8. Evaluate : lim 9. Evaluate : lim
x ®2 x2 - 3x + 2 x ®a x 2 - ax

æ 1 3 ö
10. lim ç - is equal to
x ®1 1 - x
è 1 - x 3 ÷ø

(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) D.N.E.

n
x -1
11. lim m (m and n integers) is equal to
x ®1
x -1

m n
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D)
n m

æ 100 k ö
ç å x ÷ - 100
12. Lim è K =1 ø
x ®1 x -1

(b) Rationalization or double rationalization :

4 - 15x + 1
Illustration 3 : Evaluate : lim
x ®1 2 - 3x + 1

4 - 15x + 1 (4 - 15x + 1)(2 + 3x + 1)(4 + 15x + 1)

Solution : lim = lim
x ®1 2 - 3x + 1 x ®1 (2 - 3x + 1)(4 + 15x + 1)(2 + 3x + 1)

(15 - 15x) 2 + 3x + 1 5
= lim ´ =
x ®1 (3 - 3x) 4 + 15x + 1 2

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æ x 2 + 8 - 10 - x 2 ö
Illustration 4 : Evaluate : lim ç ÷
x ®1 ç ÷
è x +3 - 5-x
2 2
ø

3-3 0
Solution : This is of the form = if we put x = 1
2-2 0

0
To eliminate the factor, multiply by the conjugate of numerator and the conjugate of the
0
denominator

\ Limit = lim
x ®1
( x 2 + 8 - 10 - x 2 )(
( x 2 + 8 + 10 - x 2 )
´
( x 2 + 3 + 5 - x2 )
x 2 + 8 + 10 - x 2 ) ( x 2 + 3 + 5 - x 2 )( x 2 + 3 - 5 - x 2 )

x 2 + 3 + 5 - x2 (x 2 + 8) - (10 - x 2 ) æ x2 + 3 + 5 - x 2 ö 2+2 2
= lim ´ = lim ç ÷ ´1 = =
x ®1
x 2 + 8 + 10 - x 2 (x 2 + 3) - (5 - x 2 ) x ®1 çè x 2 + 8 + 10 - x 2 ÷
ø 3 + 3 3

DPP - 3 :

p+x - p-x
1. Evaluate : lim
x ®0 q+x - q-x

a + 2x - 3x
2. Evaluate : lim ,a¹0
x®a 3a + x - 2 x

æ G(x) - G(1) ö
3. If G(x) = – 25 - x 2 , then find the lim ç ÷
x ®1
è x -1 ø

1+ x - 1- x
4. lim is equal to
x ®0 2x

1 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D)
2 4

1+ 2 + x - 3
5. lim is equal to
x ®2 x-2

1 1 1
(A) (B) 3 (C) (D)
3 4 3 8 3

(c) Limit when x ® ¥ :

(i) Divide by greatest power of x in numerator and denominator.
(ii) Put x = 1/y and apply y ® 0

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x2 + x + 1
Illustration 5 : Evaluate : Lim
x ®¥ 3x 2 + 2x - 5
x2 + x + 1 æ¥ ö
Solution : Lim , ç form ÷
x ®¥ 3x 2 + 2x - 5 è¥ ø
1
Put x =
y

1 + y + y2 1
Limit = Lim =
y®0 3 + 2y - 5y 2
3

æ x3 + 1 ö
Illustration 6 : If lim
x ®¥ ç 2
- (ax + b) ÷ = 2 , then
è x +1 ø
(A) a = 1, b = 1 (B) a = 1, b = 2 (C) a = 1, b = –2 (D) none of these

lim æ x + 1 - (ax + b) ö = 2 Þ lim x (1 - a) - bx - ax + (1 - b) = 2

3 3 2

Solution : x ®¥ ç 2 ÷ x ®¥
è x +1 ø x2 + 1

a (1 - b)
x (1 - a) - b - +
lim x x2 = 2
Þ x ®¥
1 Þ 1 – a = 0, – b = 2 Þ a = 1, b = – 2 Ans. (C)
1+ 2
x
DPP- 4 :

1. Evaluate : lim n + 2 + n + 1 2. Evaluate : lim(n - n 2 + n )

n ®¥ n + 2 - n + 1 n ®¥

3 ( n + 1) n2 + 1 + n
3. Evaluate nlim ,n Î N 4. Find nlim
®¥
( n + 1)3 3n ®¥ 4
n3 + 1 - n

æ 1 öæ 1 öæ 1 ö æ 1 ö
5. Find nlim ç1 - 2 ÷ç
1 - 2 ÷ ç1 - 2 ÷ ... ç1 - 2 ÷
®¥ è 2 øè 3 øè 4 ø è n ø

1.n + 2. ( n - 1) + 3 ( n - 2 ) ... + n.1

6. Evaluate lim
n ®¥ n3

æ 3 öæ 3 öæ 3ö æ 3ö
7. If the value of nlim n3 ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ ... ç1 - ÷ is k then find the sum of digits of k.
®¥ è 7 øè 8 øè 9ø è nø

8. lim
x ®¥
( x 2 + 1 - x2 - 1 = )
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None
(n + 1) 4 - (n - 1)4
9. lim
n ®¥ (n + 1) 4 + (n - 1) 4
is equal to

(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) D.N.E.

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(d) Squeeze play theorem (Sandwich theorem) :
Statement : If f ( x ) £ g ( x ) £ h ( x ) ; " x in the neighbourhood at x = a and

Lim f ( x ) = l = Lim h ( x ) then Lim g ( x ) = l , y

x ®a x ®a x®a 2
y=x

1
Ex.1 Lim x 2 sin =0, 2 1
x®0 x y=x sin x

æ1ö 0 x
Q sin ç ÷ lies between –1 & 1
èxø

1
Þ - x 2 £ x 2 sin £ x2 y=–x
2

x
1
Þ Lim x 2 sin = 0 as Lim(-x 2 ) = Lim x 2 = 0
x ®0 x x®0 x ®0

1 y
Ex.2 lim x sin =0
x ®0 x

æ1ö 1 1 y=xsin 1
Q sin ç ÷ lies between –1 & 1 –
2p 2p x
èxø x
1 1
–
p p
1
Þ - x £ x sin £x
x

1
Þ Lim x sin = 0 as Lim( - x) = Lim x = 0
x®0 x x®0 x®0

[x] + [2x] + [3x] + .....[nx]

Illustration 7 : Evaluate : lim (Where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.)
n ®¥ n2

Solution : We know that x – 1 < [x] £ x

n
Þ x + 2x + .....nx – n < å [rx] £ x + 2x + ........+ nx
r =1

xn n
x.n(n + 1) xæ 1ö 1 1 n
xæ 1ö
Þ
2
(n + 1) – n < å [rx] £ 2
Þ ç1 + ÷ - < 2
2è nø n n
å [rx] £ 2 çè1 + n ÷ø
r =1
r =1

xæ 1ö x xæ 1ö 1 x
Now, lim ç 1 + ÷ = and lim ç1 + ÷ - =
n ®¥ 2
è nø 2 n ®¥ 2è nø n 2

[x] + [2x] + ...... + [nx] x

Thus, lim =
n ®¥ n2 2

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7. LIMIT OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :

sin x tan x tan -1 x sin -1 x
Lim = 1 = Lim = Lim = Lim [where x is measured in radians]
x®0 x x®0 x x®0 x x®0 x
sin f(x) sin(lnx)
(a) If Lim f(x) = 0 , then Lim = 1 , e.g. Lim =1
x ®a x®a f(x) x ®1 (lnx)

x 3 cot x
Illustration 8 : Evaluate : lim
® x 0 1 - cos x

x3 cos x x 3 cos x (1 + cos x ) x3

Solution : lim = lim = lim .cosx(1 + cos x) = 2
x ®0 sin x (1 - cos x ) x®0 sin x.sin 2 x x ®0 sin 3 x

(2 + x) sin(2 + x) - 2 sin 2
Illustration 9 : Evaluate : lim
x ®0 x

æ æ xö x ö
2(sin(2 + x) - sin 2) + x sin(2 + x) ç 2.2.cos èç 2 + 2 ø÷ sin 2 ÷
Solution : lim = lim ç + sin(2 + x) ÷
x ®0 x x ®0 è x ø

æ xö x
2 cos ç 2 + ÷ sin
= lim è 2ø 2 + lim sin(2 + x) = 2cos2 + sin 2
x ®0 x x®0

a
sin
Illustration 10 : Evaluate : lim n
n ®¥ b
tan
n +1

1 a
Solution : As n ® ¥, ® 0 and also tends to zero
n n

a
sin
a
sin should be written as n so that it looks like lim sin q
n a q® 0 q
n

æ a öæ b ö
ç sin n ÷ ç n + 1 ÷ a(n + 1)
The given limit = lim ç ÷ç ÷.
çç a ÷÷ çç tan b ÷÷ n.b
n ®¥

è n øè n +1 ø

æ a öæ b ö
ç sin n ÷ç n + 1 ÷ a æ 1 ö a a
= lim ç ÷ç ÷ . ç1 + ÷ = 1 ´ 1 ´ ´1 =
çç a ÷ç b ÷ bè n ø b b
n ®¥
÷ç tan ÷
è n øè n +1 ø

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DPP - 5 :

sin ax sin 2 x - sin 2 y

1. Evaluate lim 2. Evaluate lim
x ®0 tan bx x ®y x2 - y2

(a + h)2 sin(a + h) - a 2 sin a

3. Evaluate lim
h ®0 h
é -2x ù
4. Evaluate lim
x ®0 ê ú , where [.] dentoes greatest itneger function.
ë tan x û

cos ( px / 2 )
5. lim =
x ®1 1-x
(A) 0 (B) p (C) p/2 (D) 2p
(1 - cos2x ) sin5x =
6. lim
x ®0 x2 sin 3x
(A) 10/3 (B) 3/10 (C) 6/5 (D) 5/6

1- x 1 - cos5x
7. Evaluate lim- 8. lim
( cos x ) 3x 2
x ®1 2 x ®0
-1

1 - tan x 64 é x2 x2 x2 x2 ù
9. Lim 10. Lim 1 - cos - cos + cos cos
x ® 1 - 2 sin x
p ê ú
4
x ®0 x8 ë 2 4 2 4û
11. Using Sandwich theorem, evaluate
æ 1 1 1 1 ö
Lim ç + + + ...... + ÷
n ®¥
è n
2
n2 +1 n2 + 2 n 2 + 2n ø

8. LIMIT OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS :

ax -1 ex -1
(a) Lim = l n a(a > 0) In particular Lim =1.
x®0 x x®0 x

a f (x) - 1
In general if Lim f(x) = 0 ,then Lim = lna, a > 0
x ®a x ®a f(x)

e tan x - e x
Illustration 11 : Evaluate : lim
x ®0 tan x - x

e tan x - e x e x ´ e(tan x - x) - e x
Solution : lim = lim
x ®0 tan x - x x ®0 tan x - x

e x (e tan x - x - 1) e x (e y - 1) ey - 1
= lim = x®lim where y = tan x –x and lim =1
x ®0 tan x - x 0y ® 0 y y ®0 y
= e0 × 1 [as x ® 0, tan x – x ® 0]
=1×1=1
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DPP - 6 :

e x - ea 2x - 1
1. Evaluate : lim 2. Evaluate : lim
x®a x-a x ®0 (1 + x)1/ 2 - 1

e3x - 1 ax - aa
3. Evaluate lim 4. Evaluate lim ,a > 0 .
x ®0 x / 2 x ®a x - a

2
ex - cos x esin 2x - esin x
5. lim 6. lim
x ®0 x2 x ®0 x

ex + e- x - 2 n!
7. lim 8. Find nlim
®¥ ( n + 1) !- n !
x ®0 x2
x
(b) (i) Lim (1 + x )1/ x = e = Lim æç 1 + 1 ö÷ (Note : The base and exponent depends on the same
x®0 x ®¥
è xø

variable.) In general, if Lim f(x) = 0 , then Lim(1 + f(x))1/ f (x) = e

x ®a x ®a

ln(1 + x)
(ii) Lim =1
x®0 x

f (x) = 1 and Lim f(x) = ¥ , then ; Lim [ f(x)]

f (x)
(iii) If Lim = ek
x ®a x ®a x ®a

where k = Lim f (x) [f(x) - 1]

x ®a

Illustration 12 : Evaluate Lim(log3 3x)logx 3

x ®1

Solution : Lim(log3 3x)logx 3 = Lim(log3 3 + log3 x)logx 3

x ®1 x ®1

+ log3 x)1/ log3 x = e 1

= Lim(1
x ®1
Q log b a =
loga b

xln(1 + 2 tan x)
Illustration 13 : Evaluate : Lim
x®0 1 - cos x
xln(1 + 2 tan x) = Lim xln(1 + 2 tan x) . 2 tan x = 4
Solution : Lim
1 - cos x 2 2 tan x
x®0 1 - cos x x®0
.x
x2
4x2 + 2
æ 2x 2 - 1 ö
Illustration 14 : Evaluate : lim ç
x ®¥ 2x 2 + 3
÷
è ø
Solution : Since it is in the form of 1¥
4x2 + 2
æ 2x 2 - 1 ö lim æ 2x - 1 - 2x - 3 ö
2 2
lim ç 2 ÷ = e x®¥ ç ÷ (4x2 + 2) = e–8
x ®¥ 2x + 3 2x 2 + 3
è ø è ø
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DPP - 7 :
pn + q
æ 1ö
1. Evaluate : lim x{ln(x + a) - lnx} 2. Evaluate : lim ç1 + ÷
x ®¥ n ®¥
è nø
x+4
1
æx+6ö
3. Evaluate : lim 1 + tan
x ®0
( 2
x ) 2x
4. Evaluate : lim ç
x ®¥ x + 1
è
÷
ø

f(x) = A > 0 & Lim f(x) = B , then Lim [ f(x) ]

f (x)
(c) If Lim
x ®a x ®a
= e B ln A = A B
x ®a
5
x
æ 7x 2 + 1 ö 1- x3
Illustration 15 : Evaluate : lim ç 2 ÷
x ®¥ 5x - 1
è ø
7x 2 + 1 x5 x 2 .x 3 x2
Solution : Here f(x) = 2 , f(x) = = =
5x - 1 1 - x3 1 - x 3 1
-1
x3
7
\ lim f(x) = & lim f(x) ® -¥
x ®¥ 5 x ®¥

-¥
f (x) æ7ö
Þ lim(f(x)) =ç ÷ =0
x ®¥
è5ø
DPP - 8 :
- x2
æ 1 + 5x 2 ö
( )
1/n
1. Evaluate : lim ç ÷ 2. Evaluate lim 4 n + 5n
x ®¥ 1 + 3x 2 n ®¥
è ø

3x 2 + x
x
æ x + x -1 2 ö x -2 æ x2 + 5x + 3 ö
3. Evaluate lim çç 2 ÷ 4. If f ( x) = ç 2
ç x + x + 2 ÷÷ then find xlim f (x)
x ®¥ 3x + 2x + 4 ÷ è ø ®¥
è ø

sin x
x
æ sin x ö1- sin x
5. Evaluate lim ç
x ®0 è x ø
÷ x 6. Evaluate lim
®
(1 + x )
x 0
cos ecx

7. Evaluate lim
x ®0
( cos x ) cot x

8. If x 1 and x 2 are the real and distinct roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 then find

1

( (
lim 1 + sin ax + bx + c
x ®x1
2
)) x -x1

2/x
æ ax + bx + cx ö
9. lim
Evaluate x ®0 çç ÷÷ ; ( a,b,c > 0 ) 10. Evaluate (a) lim (1 - 2x )1/x ; (b) limx cot px

è 3 ø x ®0 x®1

8x 2 + 3
é 2x 2 + 3 ù
11. If Lim ê
x ®¥ 2x 2 + 5
ú = e–k, then the value of k is
ë û

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9. LIMIT USING SERIES EXPANSION :

Expansion of function like binomial expansion, exponential & logarithmic expansion, expansion of
sinx, cosx, tanx should be remembered by heart which are given below :

x lna x 2 ln 2a x 3 ln 3a
(a) ax = 1 + + + + ..., x Î ¡, a > 0, a ¹ 1
1! 2! 3!

x x 2 x3
(b) e = 1 + + + + ..., x Î ¡
x

1! 2! 3!

x2 x3 x 4
(c) ln (1 + x ) = x - + - + ... for - 1 < x £ 1
2 3 4

x3 x5 x 7
(d) sin x = x - + - + ..., x Î ¡
3! 5! 7!

x2 x 4 x6
(e) cos x = 1 - + - + ..., x Î ¡
2! 4! 6!

x 3 2x 5 p p
(f) tan x = x + + + ..., - < x <
3 15 2 2

-1 x3 x 5 x7
(g) tan x = x - + - + ..., x Î ( -1,1)
3 5 7

12 3 12.32 5 12.32.52 7
(h) sin -1 x = x + x + x + x + ..., x Î (-1,1)
3! 5! 7!

x 2 5x 4 61x 6
(i) sec -1 x = 1 + + + + ..., x Î (-¥, -1) È (1, ¥)
2! 4! 6!

n(n - 1) 2
(j) (1 +x)n = 1 + nx + x + ..., n Î ¡, x Î (–1, 1)
2!

e x - e - x - 2x
Illustration 16 : lim
x ®0 x - sin x
x 2 x3 æ x 2 x3 ö
-x 1 + x + + + ...... - ç 1 - x + - + ..... ÷ - 2x
e - e - 2x
x
2! 3! è 2! 3! ø
Solution : lim Þ lim
x ®0 x - sin x x ®0 æ 3
x x 5
ö
x - ç x - + ..... ÷
è 3! 5! ø
3 5
x x æ1 1 2 ö
2. + 2. + ...... x3 ç + x + ..... ÷
6 5! è 3 60 ø = 1/3 = 2
Þ lim 3 5 Þ lim
x ®0 x x x ®0 æ1 1 2 ö 1/ 6
+ ..... x3 ç + x + ..... ÷
6 5! è 6 120 ø

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DPP - 9 :
x - sin x x - tan -1 x
1. Evaluate : Lim 2. Evaluate : Lim
x ®0 sin(x3 ) x®0 x3
sin x - x ex - 1 - x
3. Evaluate lim 4. Evaluate lim
x ®0 x3 x ®0 x2
x3
1 + sin x - cos x + log (1 - x ) sin x - x +
5. Evaluate lim 6. Evaluate lim 6
®x 0 x3 x ®0 x5
log e (1 + 2h ) - 2 log e (1 + h )
7. The value of lim is
h ®0 h2
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) None of these
x 2
e sin x - x - x
8. The value of lim is
x ®0 x3
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1/3 (D) 2/3
1 - cos x
9. Evaluate lim
x ®0 x log (1 + x )

æ 1 1 ö
10. Evaluate lim ç 2
- ÷ is equal to
x ®0 èx sin2 x ø
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/6 (C) –1/3 (D) –1/6

11. Prove using series expansion lim

(1 + x ) n
-1
=n
x ®0 x
Miscellaneous Illustrations :
p
Illustration 17 : Evaluate lim sin .
x ®0 x
Solution : Again the function f(x) = sin(p/x) is undefined at 0. Evaluating the function for some small values

of x, we get f(1) = sinp = 0, f æç ö÷ = sin 2 p = 0 ,

1
è2ø
f(0.1) = sin10p = 0, f(0.01) = sin100p = 0.
p
On the basis of this information we might be tempted to guess that lim sin = 0 but this time
x ®0 x
our guess is wrong. Note that although f(1/n) = sinnp = 0 for any integer n, it is also true that
p p
f(x) = 1 for infinitely many values of x that approach 0. [In fact, sin(p/x) = 1 when = + 2np
x 2
and solving for x, we get x = 2/(4n + 1)]. The graph of f is given in following figure
y
1 y = sin(p /x)

–1
x
1

–1

The dashed line indicate that the values of sin(p/x) oscillate between 1 and –1 infinitely often
as x approaches 0. Since the values of f(x) do not approach a fixed number as x approaches 0,
p
Þ lim sin does not exist.
x ®0 x
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Abhyas - 1
Straight Objective Type

2x - x 2 + 3a 2
1. If lim = 2 (where a Î ¡+), then a is equal to -
x ®a x + a - 2a

1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 2 3 2 9

l n(sin 3x)
2. lim is equal to
x ® 0 l n(sin x)

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) Non existent

3
1 + x 2 - 4 1 - 2x
3. lim is equal to
x ®0 x + x2

1 1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) D.N.E.
4 2

3
7 + x3 - 3 + x 2
4. lim is equal to
x ®1 x -1

1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) - (D) -
4 6 4 6

(x + 1)10 + (x + 2)10 + .... + (x + 100)10

5. lim is equal to
x ®¥ x10 + 1010
(A) 1 (B) 100 (C) 200 (D) 10

6. lim
x ®-¥
( x 2 - 2x - 1 - x 2 - 7x + 3 ) is equal to

5 5
(A) - (B) (C) 0 (D) D.N.E
2 2

If lim ( 2n 2 + n - l 2n 2 - n ) =
1
7. (where l is a real number), then-
n ®¥ 2
(A) l = 1 (B) l = –1 (C) l = ±1 (D) l Î (–¥, 1)

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n
n!
8. Let Un =
(n + 2)!
where n Î ¥. If Sn = å Ur then lim Sn equals
n ®¥
r =1

(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 1/2 (D) Non existent

( )
n n
9. For n Î ¥, let a n = å 2k and b n = å (2k - 1) . Then lim a n - b n is equal to-
n ®¥
k =1 k =1

1
(A) 1 (B) (C) 0 (D) 2
2

a
Let Pn = Õ æç1 -
n
1 ö
10. ÷ . If lim Pn can be expressed as lowest rational in the form , then value of
k=2 è
k +1
C2 ø n ®¥ b

(a + b) is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12

cos 2 - cos 2x
11. lim is equal to
x ®-1 x2 - | x |
(A) 0 (B) cos2 (C) 2sin2 (D) sin1

æ é -5sin x ù é 6sin x ù ö
12. lim ç ê ú+ê ú ÷ (where [.] denotes greatest integer function) is equal to -
x ®0
èë x û ë x ûø
(A) 0 (B) –12 (C) 1 (D) 2

é 10 sin10x ù
Let f(x) = éê
sin x ù é 2sin 2x ù
13. ú +ê ú +....+ ê úû (where [y] is the largest integer £ y). The value of lim f(x)
ë x û ë x û ë x x®0

equals
(A) 55 (B) 164 (C) 165 (D) 375

sin{x}
14. Let ƒ(x)= . If ƒ(5+) & ƒ(3+) exists finitely and are not zero, then the value of (a + b) is
x + ax + b
2

(where {.} represents fractional part function) -

(A) 7 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 20

cos ( sin ( 3x )) - 1
15. lim equals
x®0 x2
-9 -3 3 9
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2

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n
1 - cos q
16. Let a = min{x2 + 2x + 3, x Î ¡} and b = lim
q® 0 q2
. Then value of å a .b
r= 0
r n -r
is :

2n +1 - 1 2n +1 + 1 4n +1 –1
(A) (B) (C) (D) N.O.T.
3.2n 3.2n 3.2n

17. Let BC is diameter of a circle centred at O. Point A is a variable point, A

moving on the circumference of circle. If BC = 1 unit, then
BM
lim is equal to - B
M O
C
A ®B (Area of sector OAB) 2

(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) 16

x
æ x 2 - 2x + 1 ö
18. lim ç 2
x ®¥ x - 4x + 2
÷ is equal to
è ø
1
(A) 1 (B) e (C) (D) e2
e2

19. lim(1 + sin x) cosx is equal to

x ®0

1
(A) 0 (B) e (C) 1 (D)
e

1
20. lim(cosx + asin bx) x is equal to
x ®0

(A) ea (B) eab (C) eb (D) ea/b

1/ x
æ æp öö
21. lim ç tan ç + x ÷ ÷ is equal to
x ®0
è è4 øø
1
(A) e–2 (B) (C) e (D) e2
e

22. lim(4 n + 5n )1/ n is equal to

n ®¥

(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 0 (D) D.N.E.

nx
æ 11/ x + 21/ x + 31/ x + ..... + n1/ x ö
23. lim ç ÷ , n Î ¥ is equal to
x ®¥
è n ø
1
(A) n! (B) 1 (C) (D) 0
n!

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æ px ö
l tan ç ÷
æ lö è 2l ø 1
24. If lim ç 2 - ÷ = , then l is equal to -
x ®l
è xø e

p 2
(A) –p (B) p (C) (D) -
2 p

25. If lim (1 + ax + bx2)2/x = e3, then

x ®0

3 3
(A) a = and b Ρ (B) a = and b Î ¡+
2 2
(C) a = 0 and b = 1 (D) a = 1 and b = 0

1/ x
æ f (x) + x 2 ö
26. If f(x) is a polynomial of least degree, such that lim ç1 + ÷ = e 2 , then f(2) is -
x ®0
è x2 ø
(A) 2 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12

tan x 1
27. Let ƒ(x) =
x x ®0
(
, then the value of lim éë ƒ ( x ) ùû + x 2 ) {ƒ(x)} is equal to (where [.], {.} denotes greatest

integer function and fractional part functions respectively) -

(A) e–3 (B) e3 (C) e2 (D) non-existent

en
28. lim n2
equals -
n ®¥
æ 1ö
ç1 + ÷
è nø

1
(A) 1 (B) (C) e (D) e
2

2f (tan x ) - 2f (sin x )
29. If f(x) is odd linear polynomial with f(1) = 1, then lim is
x®0 x 2f (sin x)

1
(A) 1 (B) ln2 (C) ln2 (D) cos2
2

x(1 + a cos x) - bsin x

30. lim = 1 then
x ®0 x3
(A) a = –5/2 (B) a = –3/2, b = –1/2
(C) a = –3/2, b = –5/2 (D) a = –5/2, b = –3/2

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Abhyas - 2
Multiple Correct Answer Type
1. Consider following statements and identify correct options
æ 2x 8 ö 2x 8
(i) lim ç - ÷ = lim - lim
x ®4 è x - 4 x - 4 ø x ®4 x - 4 x ®4 x - 4

x 2 + 6x - 7 lim
( x 2 + 6x - 7 )
(ii) lim = x ®1
x ®1 x 2 + 5x - 6 lim ( x 2 + 5x - 6 )
x ®1

x -3 lim ( x - 3)
(iii) lim = x ®1
x ®1 x 2 + 2x - 4 lim ( x 2 + 2x - 4 )
x ®1

ƒ(x)
(iv) If lim ƒ(x) = 2 and lim g(x) = 0 , then lim does not exist.
x ®5 x ®5 x ®5 g(x)

ƒ(x)
(v) If lim ƒ(x) = 0 and lim g(x) = 2 , then lim does not exist.
x ®5 x ®5 x ®5 g(x)

(A) Only one is true. (B) Only two are true.

(C) Only three are false. (D) Only two are false.

2. Which of the following limits equal to 1

2
æ 1 1 1 ö é 3x 2 (2x - 1)(3x 2 + x + 2) ù
(A) lim ç + + ... + (B) lim ê - ú
n ®¥ 1.3
è 3.5 (2n - 1)(2n + 1) ÷ø x ®¥ 2x + 1
ë 4x 2 û
1 (n + 2)!+ (n + 1)!
(C) lim (1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + n) (D) lim
n ®¥ n2 n ®¥ (n + 2)!- (n + 1)!

ìx 2 + 1 ; x ¹ 0, 2ü
ìsin x ;where x = integer ü ï ï
3. Let f(x) = í ý : g(x) = í 4 ; x = 0 ý , then
î 0 ; otherwise þ ï 5 ; x = 2 ïþ
î
(A) lim g(f(x)) = 4 (B) lim f(g(x)) = 0
x ®0 x ®0

(C) lim f(g(x)) = 0 (D) lim g(f(x)) = 5

x ®1 x ®1

ìx 2 if x is rational
4. If ƒ(x) = í , then
î0 if x is irrational
(A) lim ƒ(x) = 0 (B) lim ƒ(x) does not exist
x ®0 x®0

(C) lim ƒ(x) = 4 (D) lim ƒ(x) does not exist

x ®2 x ®2

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sin 2 a - sin 2 b æpö

5. Let ƒ (b ) = lim , then ƒ ç ÷ is greater than-
a®b a -b
2 2
è4ø

1 - cos3 x cot x - cosx

(A) lim (B) lim
x ®0 xsin 2x x ®p / 2 (p - 2x)3

a + 2x - 3x
x ®¥
(
(C) lim cos x + 1 - cos x ) (D) lim
x®a 3a + x - 2 x
where a > 0

sin x + ae x + be - x + cln(1 + x)
6. If has a finite limit L as x ® 0, then
x3
1 1 1
(A) a = - (B) b = (C) c = 0 (D) L = -
2 2 3

ax - a-x
7. Let l = lim (a > 0) , then
x ®¥ a x + a - x

(A) l = 1 " a > 0 (B) l = –1 " a Î (0, 1) (C) l = 0, if a = 1 (D) l = 1 " a > 1

3x 2 + a 2 - x 2 + 3a 2
8. If l = lim then -
x ®a (x - a)
(A) l = 1 " a Î ¡ (B) l = 1 " a > 0 (C) l = –1 " a < 0 (D) l = D.N.E. if a = 0

9. Which of the following limits vanish ?

sin x arc tan x x + sin x arcsin x
(A) lim (B) lim (C) lim (D) lim
x ®¥ x x ®¥ x x ®¥ x + cos x x ®1 px
tan
2

10. Which of the following statement are true for the function ƒ defined for –1 < x < 3 in the figure shown.
(A) lim+ ƒ(x) = 1 y
x ®-1
2
(B) lim ƒ(x) does not exist
x ®2
1
(C) xlim ƒ(x) = 2 x
®1-
–1 0 1 2 3

(D) xlim ƒ(x) = lim- ƒ(x)

® 0+ x ®0

11. Let f(x) = x + x 2 + 2x and g(x) = x 2 + 2x – x, then

(A) lim g(x) = 1 (B) lim f(x) = 1 (C) xlim f(x) = -1 (D) xlim g(x) = -1
x ®¥ x ®¥ ®-¥ ®-¥

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sin -1 (sin x) [| x |]
12. If A = lim -1 and B = lim , then (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)-
x ®0 cos (cos x) x ® 0 x
(A) A = 1 (B) A does not exist
(C) B = 0 (D) B = 1

13. Which of the following limit tends to unity ?

1 - cos x + 2sin x - sin 3 x - x 2 + 3x 4 x

(A) lim (B) lim
x ®0 tan 3 x - 6sin 2 x + x - 5x 3 x ®¥ [ x ]

1 æ x ö
(C) lim (D) lim ç ÷
x ®¥
( x+ x+ x - x ) x ®¥
ç x+ x+ x ÷
è ø

14. Which of the following limits does not exist ?

1
(x 2 - 9 - x 2 - 6x + 9)
(A) lim+ ( [ x ] ) x -1 (B) lim
x ®1 x ®3 | x - 1| -2

ln (1- 2x 2 )

lnx
æ 1 - cos(sin x) ö
2 sin 2 x
(C) lim+ (x) (D) lim+ ç ÷
x ®0 x ®0
è x2 ø
(where [.] represents greatest integer function)

e x -1 - x
15. The value(s) of 'n' for which lim exists is/are -
x ®1 (x - 1) n

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

ì æ (tan x)2n + x 2 ö
æ p pö ï lim ç ÷; x¹0
16. Let f : ç - , ÷ ® ¡, ƒ(x) = í n ®¥ è sin 2 x + (tan x) 2n ø , n Î ¥. Which of the following holds
è 2 2ø ï
î1 ; x=0

good ?

æ p- ö æ p+ ö æ p- ö æ p+ ö
(A) ƒ ç - ÷ = ƒ ç ÷ ƒ -
(B) ç 4 ÷ = ƒ ç- ÷
è 4 ø è 4 ø è ø è 4 ø

æ p- ö æ p+ ö
ƒ
(C) ç 4 ÷ = ƒ ç ÷ (D) ƒ(0+) = ƒ(0) = ƒ(0–)
è ø è 4 ø

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ì tan 2 {x}
ï for x > 0
x 2 - [x ]
2
ï
í
17. Let ƒ(x) = ï 1 for x = 0 , where [x] is the step up function and {x} is the fractional
ï {x} cot {x} for x < 0
î
part function of x, then-
(A) xlim ƒ(x) = 1 (B) xlim ƒ(x) = 1
®0+ ®0-

( )
2
(C) cot -1 lim- ƒ(x) =1 (D) None
x®0

18. lim ƒ(x) does not exist when (where [x] is the step up function, {x} is the fractional part function of
x ®c

x & sgn(x) denotes signum function), then-

(A) ƒ(x) = [[x]] – [2x – 1]; c = 3 (B) ƒ(x) = [x] – x, c = 1

tan ( sgn x )
(C) ƒ(x) = {x}2 – {– x}2, c = 0 (D) ƒ(x) = ,c = 0
sgn x

19. Which of the following limits does not exist ?

(A) lim cosec-1 æç

x ö
÷ (B) limsec -1 (sin -1 x)
x ®¥ è x +7ø x ®1

1 cot x
æ æp öö
(C) lim+ x x (D) lim ç tan ç + x÷ ÷
x®0 x®0 è è8 øø

20. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) INCORRECT ?

(A) If lim f(x) and lim g(x) both does not exist then lim f(x) g(x) also does not exist.
x®c x®c x®c

(B) If lim f(x) and lim g(x) both does not exist then lim f ( g(x) ) also does not exist.
x®c x®c x ®c

(C) If lim f(x) exists and lim g(x) does not exist then lim g ( f (x) ) does not exist.
x®c x®c x ®c

(D) If lim f(x) and lim g(x) both exist then lim f ( g(x)) and lim g ( f(x)) also exist.
x®c x®c x ®c x ®c

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Abhyas - 3
Linked Comprehension Type
Paragraph for Question 1 to 3
n
æ x ö
Consider two functions f(x) = ln ®¥
im ç cos ÷ and g(x) = – x ,
4b
è nø

where b = lx ®¥
im ( )
x 2 + x + 1 - x 2 + 1 , then
1. f(x) is
- x2 x2
- x2
(A) e (B) e 2 (C) e x2
(D) e 2

2. g(x) is
(A) – x2 (B) x2 (C) x4 (D) –x4
3. Number of solutions of equation f(x) + g(x) = 0 is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 0 (D) 1
Paragraph for Question 4 to 6
sin x + ae x + be- x + c ln (1 + x)
Consider f(x) = , where a, b, c are real numbers.
x3
4. If lim+ f(x) is finite, then the value of a – b + c is
x ®0

5. If xl®im
0+
f(x) = l (finite), then the value of l is

6. Using the values of a, b, c as found above, the value of xl®im

0+
x f(x) is
Matrix Match Type

7. lim f (x) , where f (x) is as in LIST-I, is

x ®0

List–I List–II
tan[e2 ]x 2 - tan[-e 2 ]x 2 2
(P) f (x) = (1)
sin 2 x 8
where [.] represents greatest integer function.
é sin x ù
f(x) = ê( min ( t + 4t + 6 ) )
2
(Q) (2) 15
ë x úû
where [ . ] represents greatest integer function.
3
1 + x 2 - 4 1 - 2x
(R) f (x) = (3) 1
x + x2
2 - 1 + cos x 1
(S) f (x) = (4)
sin 2 x 2
(A) (P) ® (3), (Q) ® (2), (R) ® (4), (S) ® (1)
(B) (P) ® (2), (Q) ® (3), (R) ® (4), (S) ® (1)
(C) (P) ® (2), (Q) ® (3), (R) ® (1), (S) ® (4)
(D) (P) ® (2), (Q) ® (4), (R) ® (3), (S) ® (1)
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8. For the function g(t) whose graph is given, match the entries of column-I to column-II
Column-I Column-II
y
(A) lim g(t) + lim g(t) (P) lim+ g(t)
t ® 0+ t ® 2- t ®2
4
(B) lim- g(t) + g(2) (Q) does not exist 3
t ®0 2
1
(C) lim
t ®0
g(t) (R) 0 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 t
–1
(D) lim g(t) (S) lim g(t) –2
t ®2 t ®4

9. Column-I Column-II
æ p ö æ p ö
(A) lim n sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷ is equal to (P) 0
n ®¥
è 4n ø è 4n ø

sin x ° 1
(B) lim is equal to (Q)
x ®0 x 2

æ 1 1 ö p
(C) lim ç - is equal to (R)
x ®0 sin x
è tan x ÷ø 4

1 + cos2x p
(D) lim is equal to (S)
x ®p / 2 ( p - 2x)2 180
10. Column-I Column-II
ax
(A) lim (a > 0) can be equal to (P) lim x(e1/ x - 1)
x ®¥ a x + 1 x ®¥

sin(e x - 2 - 1) ax + bx + c x - 3
(B) lim is equal to (Q) lim (a, b,c > 0 & abc = 1)
x ® 2 log(x - 1) x ®0 x

( l n x - 1) e e 4 x - e 3x
(C) lim is equal to (R) lim
x ®e x -e x ®0 x

x(5x - 1) 1
(D) lim
x ®0 1 - cos x 4 ln5 is equal to (S)
( ) 2
(T) 0

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Abhyas - 4
Numerical Grid Type

x 2 - x.ln x + ln x - 1
1. Lim
x ®1 x -1
2. Lim [ln (1 + sin2x). cot (ln2 (1 + x))]
x ®0

a(2x 3 - x 2 ) + b(x 3 + 5x 2 - 1) - c(3x 3 + x 2 )

3. If Lim = 1, then the value of (a + b + c) can be expressed in
x ®¥ a(5x 4 - x) - bx 4 + c(4x 4 + 1) + 2x 2 + 5x

p
the lowest form as q . Find the value of (p + q).

2 - cos q - sin q
4. If L = Limp , then the value of 8 2L is
q® (4q - p)2
4

æp ö æp ö æp ö æp ö p
sin ç + 4h ÷ - 4sin ç + 3h ÷ + 6sin ç + 2h ÷ - 4sin ç + h ÷ + sin
Lim è ø è3 ø è3 ø è3 ø
5. 3 3
h ®0 3×h 4

æ x+2 x +3 ö
6. Lim x 2 çç -3 ÷
x ®¥
è x x ÷ø

1 3
(3x 4 + 2x 2 )sin + x +5
7. Lim x
3 2
x ®-¥
x + x + x +1

8. If Lim é x 2 - x + 1 - ax - b ù = 0, then the value of (a + b) is

x ®-¥ ë û

9. Let f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d and g(x) = x2 + x – 2.

= 4, then find the value of c 2 + d 2 .

f (x) f (x) 2 2
If Lim = 1 and Lim
x ®1 g(x) x ® –2 g(x)
a +b
10. Let {an}, {bn}, {cn} be sequences such that
(i) an + bn + cn = 2n + 1 ;
(ii) anbn + bncn +cnan = 2n – 1 ;
(iii) anbncn = –1 ;
(iv) an < bn < cn
Then find the value of Lim (nan).
n ®¥

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JEE Main
f (3x) f (2x)
1. Let f : R ® R be a positive increasing function with lim = 1 . Then lim =
x ®¥ f (x) x ®¥ f (x)

[AIEEE-2010]
2 3
(1) 1 (2) (3) (4) 3
3 2

æ 1 - cos{2(x - 2)} ö
2. lim ç ÷÷ [AIEEE-2011]
x ®2 ç x-2
è ø
1
(1) equals – 2 (2) equals (3) does not exist (4) equals 2
2

( f (x) )
2
-9
3. Let ƒ : R ® [0, ¥) be such that lim ƒ(x) exists and lim = 0. Then Lim f (x) equal -
x ®5 x ®5 | x -5| x ®5

[AIEEE-2011]
(1) 3 (2) 0 (3) 1 (4) 2

sin(p cos2 x)
4. lim is equal to : [JEE Mains Offline-2014]
x® 0 x2
p
(1) (2) 1 (3) – p (4) p
2

tan(x - 2){x 2 + (k - 2)x - 2k}

5. If lim = 5 then k is equal to [JEE Mains Online-2014]
x®2 x 2 - 4x + 4
(1) 3 (2) 1 (3) 0 (4) 2

6. Let p = lim 1+ tan 2 x

x ® 0+
( ) 2x
then log p is equal to - [JEE(Main)-2016]

1 1
(1) (2) 2 (3) 1 (4)
4 2

cot x - cos x
7. lim
p ( p - 2x)3
equals :- [JEE(Main)-2017]
x®
2

1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 24 16 8

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8. For each t Î R, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then

æ é1ù é2ù é15 ù ö

lim x ç ê ú + ê ú + .... + ê ú ÷ [JEE(Main)-2018]
x ® 0+ è ë x û ë x û ë x ûø
(1) is equal to 15. (2) is equal to 120.
(3) does not exist (in R). (4) is equal to 0.

1 + 1 + y4 - 2
9. lim [JEE(Main)-2019]
y®0 y4

1
(1) exists and equals (2) does not exist
4 2

1 1
(3) exists and equals
2 2
(4) exists and equals 2 2 ( )
2 +1

10. For each x Î R, let [x] be the greatest integer less than or equal to x.

x ([ x ] + x ) sin [ x ]
Then lim is equal to [JEE(Main)-2019]
x®0- x

(1) – sin1 (2) 0 (3) 1 (4) sin1

11. For each t Î R, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t.

æp ö
(1- | x | + sin |1 - x |)sin ç [1 - x] ÷
Then, lim è2 ø [JEE(Main)-2019]
x ®1+ |1 - x | [1 - x]

(1) equals –1 (2) equals 1 (3) does not exist (4) equals 0

12. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x.

tan(p sin 2 x) + ( x - sin ( x [ x ] ) )

2

Then lim [JEE(Main)-2019]

x ®0 x2
(1) equals p (2) equals 0 (3) equals p + 1 (4) does not exist

cot 3 x - tan x
13. lim is : [JEE(Main)-2019]
(
x ® p cos x + p
4
4 )
(1) 4 (2) 8 2 (3) 8 (4) 4 2

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p - 2sin -1 x
14. lim equal to : [JEE(Main)-2019]
x ®1- 1- x

1 p 2
(1) (2) (3) (4) p
2p 2 p

sin 2 x
15. lim equals : [JEE(Main)-2019]
x ®0
2 - 1 + cos x

(1) 2 2 (2) 4 2 (3) 2 (4) 4

16. Let ƒ : R ® R be a differentiable function satisfying ƒ'(3) + ƒ'(2) = 0.

1
æ 1 + ƒ (3 + x ) - ƒ (3) ö x
Then lim ç ÷ is equal to [JEE(Main)-2019]
x ®0 ç 1 + ƒ ( 2 - x ) - ƒ ( 2 ) ÷
è ø
(1) e2 (2) e (3) e–1 (4) 1

x4 - 1 x3 - k 3
17. If lim = lim 2 , then k is : [JEE(Main)-2019]
x®1 x - 1 x®k x - k 2

3 3 4 8
(1) (2) (3) (4) 3
8 2 3

x 2 - ax + b
18. If lim = 5 , then a + b is equal to :- [JEE(Main)-2019]
x ®1 x -1
(1) –7 (2) – 4 (3) 5 (4) 1

ìn æ 1 öü
19. lim tan íåtan -1 ç 2 ÷ý
is equal to ____. [JEE(Main)-2021]
n®¥
î r =1 è 1 + r + r øþ

(n + 1) k -1 1
20. If nlim k +1 [(nk + 1) + (nk + 2) + … + (nk + n)] = 33× lim k +1
× [1k + 2k + 3k + ... + n k ] , then the
®¥ n n ®¥ n

integral value of k is equal to _______. [JEE(Main)-2022]

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JEE Advanced
x2
a - a2 - x2 -
1. Let L = Lim 4 , a > 0. If L is finite, then - [JEE 2009, 4]
x ®0
x4

1 1
(A) a = 2 (B) a = 1 (C) L = (D) L =
64 32

1
2. If lim éë1 + xl n(1 + b 2 ) ùû x = 2b sin 2 q, b > 0 and q Î (–p,p], then the value of q is-
x ®0

[JEE 2011, 3M, –1M]

p p p p
(A) ± (B) ± (C) ± (D) ±
4 3 6 2

æ x2 + x + 1 ö
3. If lim ç - ax - b ÷ = 4 , then - [JEE 2012, 3M, –1M]
x®¥
è x +1 ø
(A) a = 1, b = 4 (B) a = 1, b = –4
(C) a = 2, b = –3 (D) a = 2, b = 3

4. Let a(a) and b(a) be the roots of the equation ( 3

)
1+ a -1 x2 + ( ) (
1 + a -1 x + 6
)
1 + a -1 = 0

where a > –1. Then lim a ® 0+ a(a) and lim a ®0+ b(a) are [JEE 2012, 3M, –1M]

5 1 7 9
(A) - and 1 (B) - and –1 (C) - and 2 (D) - and 3
2 2 2 2

1- x
ìï -ax + sin ( x - 1) + a üï1- x 1
5. The largest value of the non-negative integer a for which lim í ý = is
îï x + sin ( x - 1) - 1 þï 4
x ®1

[JEE(Advanced)-2014, 3]

æ ecos(an ) - e ö
6. Let m and n be two positive integers greater than 1. If lim ç ÷ = - æç e ö÷ then the value of
a®0 ç a m
÷ è 2ø
è ø

m
is [JEE 2015, 4M, –0M]
n

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x 2 sin(bx)
7. Let a, b Î ¡ be such that lim = 1. Then 6(a + b) equals
x ®0 ax - sin x
[JEE(Advanced)-2016, 3(0)]

1 - x (1 + 1 - x ) æ 1 ö
8. Let f(x) = cos ç for x ¹ 1. Then [JEE(Advanced)-2017,4]
1- x è 1 - x ÷ø

(A) limx ® 1+ f(x) does not exist (B) limx ® 1– f(x) does not exist
(C) limx ® 1– f(x) = 0 (D) limx ® 1+ f(x) = 0

9. For any positive integer n, define ƒn : (0, ¥) ® ¡ as

æ 1 ö
ƒ n (x) = å n
tan -1 ç
) ÷ø
for all x Î (0, ¥).
è ( )(
j= 1
1 + x + j x + j - 1

p p
(Here, the inverse trigonometric function tan–1x assume values in æç - , ö÷ . )
è 2 2ø
Then, which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE ? [JEE(Advanced)-2018]

(A) å 5
j=1 tan 2 ( ƒ j ( 0 ) ) = 55

(B) å (1 + ƒ' (0) ) sec ( ƒ (0) ) = 10

10
j=1 j
2
j

1
(C) For any fixed positive integer n, lim tan ( ƒ n ( x ) ) =
x ®¥ n

(D) For any fixed positive integer n, limsec 2 ( ƒ n ( x ) ) = 1

x ®¥

10. Let F : ¡ ® ¡ be a function. We say that f has

f(h) - f(0)
PROPERTY 1 if lim
h ®0
|h|
exists and is finite, and

f(h) - f(0)
PROPERTY 2 if lim exists and is finite.
h ®0 h2
Then which of the following options is/are correct ? [JEE(Advanced)-2019, 4(–1)]
2/3
(1) f(x) = x|x| has PROPERTY 2 (2) f(x) = x has PROPERTY 1
(3) f(x) = sin x has PROPERTY 2 (4) f(x) = |x| has PROPERTY 1

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11. Let e denote the base of the natural logarithm. The value of the real number a for which the right hand
limit
1
(1 - x) x - e -1
lim
x ®0 + xa
is equal to a nonzero real number, is ______. [JEE(Advanced)-2020]

12. The value of the limit

4 2(sin 3x + sin x)
lim
x®
p æ 3x 5x ö æ 3x ö
2 ç 2 sin 2x sin + cos ÷ - ç 2 + 2 cos 2x + cos ÷
è 2 2 ø è 2 ø

is_______ [JEE(Advanced)-2020]

13. Let a be a positive real number. Let ƒ : ¡ ® ¡ and g : (a, ¥) ® ¡ be the functions defined by

æ px ö
f (x) = sin ç ÷ and g(x) =
2 log e x - a
.
( )
è 12 ø log e e x - e a ( )
Then the value of xlim
®a+
f (g(x)) is _______. [JEE(Advanced)-2022]

1
æ 1
ö
( ) ( )
3
ex - 1 - x 3 3 + ç 1- x2 2 - 1÷ sin x
ç ÷
14. If b = lim è ø , then the value of 6b is ______.
x ®0 x sin 2 x

[JEE(Advanced)-2022]

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ANSWER KEY
DPP - 1
1. (a) T (b) F (c) F (d) T (e) T (f) T (g) T (h) T (i) F (j) T

DPP - 2
1 1
1. - 2. 9 3. 2 4. 3 5. 2 6. 7. (A)
3 2
8. 10 9. 3a 10. (A) 11. (C) 12. 5050

DPP - 3
q 2 1
1. 2. 3. 4. (C) 5. (D)
p 3 3 24
DPP - 4

1 1 1
1. 1 2. - 3. 27 4. DNE 5. 6. 7. 3
2 2 6
8. (A) 9. (B)
DPP - 5

a sin 2y
1. 2. 3. 2asina + a2cosa 4. –2 5. (C) 6. (A)
b 2y
1 25
7. 8. 9. 2 10. 0.25 11. 2.00
4 6

DPP - 6
3
1. ea 2. 2ln2 3. –6 4. aa ln a 5. 6. 1 7. 1
2
8. 0

DPP - 7
1
1. a 2. ep 3. e 2
4. e5

DPP - 8
1. 0 2. 5 3. 0 4. e4 5. e–1 6. e 7. 1
a ( x1 - x 2 )
8. e 9. (abc)2/3 10. (a) e–2 (b) e1/p 11. 8.00

DPP - 9
1 1 1 1 1
1. 2. 3. - 4. 1 5. - 6. 7. (B)
6 3 6 2 120
1
8. (C) 9. 10. (C)
2

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Abhyas - 1

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D B B C B A A C B A
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C A D A A C D D C B
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. D A A C A D B D C D

Abhyas - 2

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B,C A,C A,B,C A,D B,C,D A,B,C,D B,C,D B,C,D A,B,D A,C,D
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. A,C B,C B,D B,C,D A,B A,D A,C B,C A,D A,B,C,D

Abhyas - 3

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ans. B A A –1.00 –0.33 0.00 B
A B C D A B C D
Q.8 Q.9
P,R P,R Q Q R S P Q
A B C D
Q.10
P,Q,R,S,T P,R P,R S

Abhyas - 4

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 2 1 167 0.50 0.50 0.50 –2.00 –0.50 16.00 –0.50

JEE-MAIN
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 1 3 1 4 1 4 3 2 1 1
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 4 3 3 2 4 4 1 1 5

JEE-ADVANCED
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A,C D B B 0 2 7 A,C D 2,4
Que. 11 12 13 14
Ans. 1.00 8 0.50 5

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