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Mixtures and Separations - Separation Techniques.

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14 views8 pages

Mixtures and Separations - Separation Techniques.

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je8779457
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Grade 10 Chemistry

Mixtures and Separations


Separating Mixtures

Objectives:

● Apply suitable separation techniques based on differences in


properties of components of mixtures e.g. particle size,
boiling point, crystalline structure, solubility and solute
mobility in the solvent.

⮚ Before selecting a separation technique, certain physical


properties of the mixture must be considered:

✔ Particle size

✔ Boiling point

✔ Solubility

✔ Crystalline structure

✔ Solubility and solute mobility in the solvent.

Separation Techniques
● Decanting

● Centrifugation

● Filtration

● Evaporation
● Crystallisation

● Simple Distillation

● Fractional Distillation

● Separating Funnel

● Paper Chromatography.

Mixtures to Separate

● To separate a suspended or settled solid and a liquid


when the solid does not dissolve in the liquid, e.g. soil and
water, use:

✔ Decanting

✔ Centrifugation

✔ Filtration

● To separate and retain the solid solute from the liquid


solvent in a solution if the solute does not decompose on
heating or contain water of crystallisation, e.g. sodium
chloride solution, use:

✔ Evaporation

● To separate and retain the solid solute from the liquid


solvent in a solution especially if the solute decomposes on
heating and contain water of crystallisation, copper (II)
sulphate solution, use:

✔ Crystallisation

● To separate and retain the liquid solvent from solid solute


in a solution, e.g. seawater, use:

✔ Simple Distillation

● To separate two (or more) miscible liquids (liquids that are


able to mix) with boiling points that are close together,
ethanol and water, use:

✔ Fractional Distillation

● To separate two (or more) immiscible liquids (liquids that


are not able to mix), oil and water, use:

✔ The Separating funnel

● To separate several solutes (usually coloured) which are


present in a solution, e.g. dyes in black ink, use:

✔ Paper chromatography
How the Separation Techniques Work.

Decanting
Sometimes a mixture of an undissolved solid in a liquid (such as
sand in water) can be separated by carefully pouring the liquid off
leaving the solid behind. This is called decanting.

Video for Decanting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?


v=PMB879NxGHU&ab_channel=JoachimLatzer

Centrifugation
Sometimes a solid may not sit at the bottom of the beaker, but
may be suspended in the liquid. This is called a suspension. A
good example of a suspension is dirty water. A small sample of
dirty water can be separated using a centrifuge. A centrifuge is
a machine with a rapidly rotating container that causes
suspended particles in a liquid to be forced to settle out. The
mixture is placed in a centrifuge tube and the mixture is spun
around at a very high speed causing suspended particles to be
flung to the bottom of the tube. Centrifuges can also be used in
hospitals to separate out the components of the blood.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=KEXWd3_fM94&ab_channel=KClassScienceChannel

Centrifuges used in hospitals to separate blood.

A centrifuge
Separated
Blood

Summary of the Methods used to Separate Mixtures.

Separation Physical properties of component


Method parts
Filtration A mixture of a solid and a liquid where the
solid does not dissolve in the liquid. The
components are separated based on their
different particle sizes.

Evaporation A mixture of a solid which is dissolved in a


and liquid where the boiling point of the liquid
Crystallizatio is lower than that of the solid. The
n methods only allow for collection of the
solid. The components are separated
based on their different boiling points.

Simple A mixture of a solid which is dissolved in a


Distillation liquid where the boiling point of the liquid
is lower than that of the solid. This
method is mainly for the collection of the
liquid. The components are separated
based on their different boiling points.

Fractional A mixture of two (or more) miscible liquids


Distillation which have different boiling points, i.e.
there is a difference in volatility. Miscible
liquids are ones that mix completely. The
components are separated based on their
different boiling points.

Separating A mixture of two (or more) immiscible


Funnel liquids which have different densities.
Immiscible liquids are liquids which do not
mix. The components are separated based
on their different densities.
Paper A mixture of dissolved substances which
Chromatogra will travel through a material. The
phy components are separated based on their
different solubilities in a solvent and
attraction to the material.
Rate Your Knowledge
https://wordwall.net/resource/228833/science/
separating-mixtures

https://wordwall.net/resource/1091605/science/
separation-techniques
https://wordwall.net/resource/9756438/separation-
techniques
https://wordwall.net/resource/1744136/game-on-
separation-techniques
https://wordwall.net/resource/9096121/science/
separation-methods

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