Field and Wave Electromagnetic

Chapter10

Waveguides and Cavity Resonators

Introduction (1)
* Waveguide
- TEM waves are not the only mode of guided waves
- The three types of transmission lines (parallel-plate, two-wire,
and coaxial) are not the only possible wave-guiding structure.
- Attenuation constant α for loss line
1 C L
α ≅ (R +G ) ∝ R
2 L 0 C
R 2 π f μc
R = 2( s ) = ∝ f
w w σc
∴ Attenuation of TEM waves tends to increase monotonically
with frequency ⇒ prohibitively high in the microwave range.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 2
 Introduction (2)
- TEM waves : Ez = H z = 0
- TM waves : transverse magnetic waves ( H z = 0, Ez ≠ 0)
- TE waves : transverse electric(TE) waves
- single conductor wave guide
: rectangular and cylindrical wave guide.
- dielectric-slab waveguide : surface waves

Electromagnetic Theory 2 3

General Wave Behaviors along Uniform Guiding Structures (1)

* General wave behaviors along uniform g uiding structures

- straight guiding structures with a uniform cross section.

- Assume that the waves propagate in the +z direction with a

propagation constant γ = α + j β
- For harmonic time dependence on z and t
for all field components : e −γ z e jωt = e( jωt −γ z ) = e −α z e j (ωt − β z )

Electromagnetic Theory 2 4
General Wave Behaviors along Uniform Guiding Structures (2)

- For a cosine reference

E ( x, y, z; t ) = ℜe[ E 0 ( x, y )e( jωt −γ z ) ]
where E 0 ( x, y ) : two-dimensional vector phasor
∂ ∂
- → jw, → −γ , in using a phasor representation
∂t ∂z
- In the charge-free dielectric region inside,
Helmholtz's equations should be satisfied
∇2 E + k 2 E = 0
∇2 H + k 2 H = 0, where k = ω με
- In Cartesian coordinates, rectangular wave guide
∂2
∇ E = (∇ + ∇ ) E = (∇ + 2 ) E = ∇ 2xy E + γ 2 E
2 2 2 2

∂z
xy z xy

Electromagnetic Theory 2 5

General Wave Behaviors along Uniform Guiding Structures (3)

∴ ∇ 2xy E + (γ 2 + k 2 ) E = 0
∇ 2xy H + (γ 2 + k 2 ) H = 0

cf) ∇ 2xy E + (γ 2 + k 2 ) E = 0
→ ∇ 2xy ( xEx + yE y + zEz ) + (γ 2 + k 2 )( xEx + yE y + zEz ) = 0

i.e ∇ 2xy Ex + (γ 2 + k 2 ) Ex = 0, ∇ 2xy E y + (γ 2 + k 2 ) E y = 0

∇ 2xy Ez + (γ 2 + k 2 ) Ez = 0

The solution of above equations depends on the cross-sectional geometry

and the boundary conditions
cf) ∇ 2rφ instead of ∇ 2xy for waveguides with a circular cross section

Electromagnetic Theory 2 6
General Wave Behaviors along Uniform Guiding Structures (4)
- Interrelationships among the six components in Cartesian coordinates
∇ × E = − jωμ H ∇ × H = jωε E
∂E 0
∂H z0
1 z
+ γ E y0 = − jωμ H x0 4 + γ H y0 = jωε Ex0
∂y ∂y
∂Ez0 ∂H z0
2 − γ Ex0 − = − jωμ H y0 5 − γ H x0 − = jωε E y0
∂x ∂x
∂E y0 ∂Ex0 ∂H y0 ∂H x0
3 − = − jωμ H z0 6 − = jωε Ez0
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

⎛ ∂Ez ∂E y ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
x y z ⎜ ∂y ∂z ⎟
⎛ − jωμ H x ⎞
∂ ∂ ∂ ⎜ ∂Ex ∂Ez ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
cf) = − jωμ H ⎜ − ⎟ = ⎜ − jωμ H y ⎟
∂x ∂y ∂z ⎜ ∂z ∂x ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Ex Ey Ez ⎜ ∂E y ∂Ex ⎟ ⎝ − jωμ H z ⎠
⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠
∂
where → −γ and e −γ z is surpressed
∂z
Electromagnetic Theory 2 7

General Wave Behaviors along Uniform Guiding Structures (5)

- Transverse component can be expressed in terms of longitudinal components.

Ex) Combining 1 and 5
∂Ez0
1: + γ E y0 = − jωμ H x0
∂y
∂H z0
5: − γ H x0 −
= jωε E y0
∂x
eliminating E y from 1,5
0

∂Ez0
1' : jωε + γ jωε E y0 = ω 2 με H x0
∂y
∂H z0
5' : − γ 2 H x0 − γ = γ jωε E y0
∂x
∂E 0
∂H z 0
(k 2 + γ 2 ) H x0 = jωε z − γ
∂y ∂x

1 ∂Ez0 ∂H z0
∴ H x0 = − ( − jωε + γ ) where h 2 = k 2 + γ 2
h2 ∂y ∂x

Electromagnetic Theory 2 8
General Wave Behaviors along Uniform Guiding Structures (6)

- i.e
1 ∂Ez0 ∂H z0
H x0 = − ( − jωε + γ )
h2 ∂y ∂x
1 ∂Ez0 ∂H z0
H = − 2 (+ jωε
0
+γ )
∂x ∂y
y
h
1 ∂H z0 ∂Ez0
E = − 2 ( jωμ
0
+γ )
∂y ∂x
x
h
1 ∂H z0 ∂Ez0
E = − 2 (− jωμ
0
+γ ) where h 2 = k 2 + γ 2
∂x ∂y
y
h

note First, solve ∇ 2xy E + h 2 E = 0

and ∇ 2xy H + h 2 H = 0 for longitudinal components
then find H x , H y , Ex , E y using above equation

Electromagnetic Theory 2 9

TEM Waves (1)

* TEM wave
- Ez = 0, H z = 0 for TEM waves
∴ Ex = E y = H x = H y = 0 unless h 2 = 0

- TEM waves exist only

where γ TEM
2
+ k2 = 0
or γ TEM
2
= jk = jω με : propagation constant of a uniform plane wave
on a lossless transmission line.

ω 1
- Phase velocity μ p (TEM ) = =
k με

Electromagnetic Theory 2 10
 TEM Waves (2)
Ex0 jωμ γ ΤΕΜ
- Wave impedance ZTEM = = = from 2,4
H y0 γ ΤΕΜ jωε
μ
= =η
ε

note ZTEM is the same as the intrinsic impedance of the dielectric medium
E y0 μ
ZTEM = − =−
H 0
x ε
1
∴ H= z×E
ZTEM

Electromagnetic Theory 2 11

TEM Waves (3)

* Single-conductor waveguides cannot support TEM waves.

Why?
1. B lines always close upon themselves

2. For TEM waves to exist, B and H lines would form closed loops
in a transverse plane.

3. By the Ampere's circuital law.

∫ H idl = I c + I d transverse plane

I c : conductor current
I d : displacement current

4. Without an inner conductor

Ic = 0
Electromagnetic Theory 2 12
 TEM Waves (4)
5. For TEM wave, Ez = 0 → no longitudinal displacement current
∂D
cf) I d = ∫ ids = 0 in the z direction
s ∂t
∵ Ez = 0

6. Therefore there can be no closed loops of magnetic field lines

in any transverse plane

7. Assuming perfect conductors, a coaxial transmission line having

an inner conductor can support TEM waves

8. When the conductors have losses, no longer TEM waves

Electromagnetic Theory 2 13

TM / TE Waves (1)

For TM waves H z = 0 For TE waves Ez = 0

solving solving
∇ E +h E =0
2
xy
0
z
2 0
z ∇ 2xy H z + h 2 H z = 0
fo r E z . w ith p ro p e r fo r H z . w ith p ro p e r
b o u n d a ry c o n d itio n s b o u n d a ry c o n d itio n s
jω ε ∂ E 0
γ ∂ H z0
H x0 = z
:① H x0 = − :⑤
h 2 ∂y h2 ∂x
jω ε ∂ E z0 γ ∂ H z0
H =− 2
0
:② H 0
=− 2 :⑥
h ∂y
y
∂x
y
h
γ ∂ E z0 jω μ ∂ H z0
E x0 = − 2 : ③ E x0 = − :⑦
h ∂x h2 ∂y
γ ∂ E z0 jω μ ∂ H z0
Ey = − 2
0
:④ E y0 = :⑧
h ∂y h2 ∂x

Electromagnetic Theory 2 14
 TM / TE Waves (2)
γ γ
( E T0 ) TM = xE
ˆ x0 + yE
ˆ y0 = − 2
∇ T E z0 ( H T0 ) TE = xH
ˆ x0 + yH
ˆ y0 = − 2
∇ T H z0
h h
E , E are given , H , H y0 can be
0
x
0
y
0
x sim ilar w ay, E , E can be
0
x
0
y

determ ined from the w ave obtained from H x0 , H y0

im pedance for the TM m ode
from ② , ③ and ① , ④ from ⑥ , ⑦ and ⑤ , ⑧
γ
0 0
E E
Z TM = x
=−
y
= E x0 E y0 jωμ
0 0
jωε Z TE = 0 =− 0 =
H y H x Hy Hx γ
jωμ γ
cf ) Z TM ≠ cf ) Z TE ≠ Z TM =
γ jωε
∵ γ for TM is not equal to
jω με , w hic h is γ TEM ∴ E = − Z TE ( zˆ × H )
1 = Z TE ( H × zˆ )
∴H = ( zˆ × E )
Z TM

Electromagnetic Theory 2 15

TM / TE Waves (3)

solution of
∇ 2xy E z0 + h 2 E z0 = 0
for a given boundary condition
are possible only for discrete
values of h
⇒ infinity of h 's
∇ 2xy H z0 + h 2 H z0 = 0
⇒ but solutions are not possible for
e ig e n v a lu e s
all values of h
⇒ eigenvalues or characteri stic
values
h2 = γ 2 + k 2
γ = h2 − k 2
= h 2 − ω 2 με

Electromagnetic Theory 2 16
 TM / TE Waves (4)

for γ = 0,
ω 2 με = h 2
h
fc = : cutoff frequency
2π με
∇ 2xy H z0 + h 2 H z0 = 0
cf) Th e value of f c for a particular
e ig e n v a lu e s
m ode in a w avegu ide depends
on th e eigenvalu e of th is m ode

f 2
γ = h 1− ( )
fc

Electromagnetic Theory 2 17

TM / TE Waves (5)
f 2
γ = h 1− ( )
fc

f 2
(a) ( ) > 1 or f > f c
fc
in this range, ⇒ ω 2 με > h 2 and γ is imaginary
h
γ = j β = jk 1 − ( ) 2
k
fc 2
= jk 1 − ( )
f
⇒ propagation mode with a phase constant β
fc 2
β = k 1− ( ) (rad/m)
f

Electromagnetic Theory 2 18
 TM / TE Waves (6)

- Guided wavelength
2π λ 2π 1 u
λg = = >λ where λ = = =
β fc 2 k f με f
1− ( )
f
u
let cutoff wavelength, λc =
fc
1 1 fc 2
then = (1 − ( ) )
λg2 λ2 f
1 f 2 fc 2 1
1 1
= 2− 2( ) = 2− 2
λg λ
2
u f λ λc
1 1 1
∴ + =
λg2 λc2 λ2

Electromagnetic Theory 2 19

TM / TE Waves (7)
- Phase velocity
ω u λg
up = = = u >u
β fc 2 λ
1− ( )
f

cf) 1. Phase velocity of guided wave is faster than that of

unbounded medium.
2. Phase velocity depends on frequency so that single
conductor waveguides are dispersive transmission
systems

Electromagnetic Theory 2 20
 TM / TE Waves (8)
- Group velocity
1 f λ
ug = = u 1 − ( c )2 = u < u
d β /d ω f λg

∴ ug u p = u 2

fc 2 fc 2
d (k 1 − ( ) d [2π f με 1 − ( ) ]
dβ f f
cf) = =
dω dω d (2π f )
d f f
= 1 − ( c )2
df u f
1 1
=
u fc 2
1− ( )
f
Electromagnetic Theory 2 21

TM / TE Waves (9)
fc 2
jk 1 − ( )
γ f
- ZTM = =
jωε jωε
μ f f
= 1 − ( c )2 = η 1 − ( c )2
ε f f
; purely resistive and less than the intrinsic
impedance of the dielectric medium

jωμ jωμ
- ZTE = =
γ fc 2
jk 1 − ( )
f
μ 1 η
= =
ε fc 2 fc 2
1− ( ) 1− ( )
f f
; purely resistive larger than the intrinsic impedance
of the dielectric medium
Electromagnetic Theory 2 22
 TM / TE Waves (10)
f 2
(b) ( ) < 1 or f < f c
fc
f 2
γ = α = h 1− ( ) : real number
fc
∴ e −γ z = e −α z ⇒ wave diminishes rapidly with z and is said
to be evanescent
⇒ waveguide : high-pass filter

f 2
h 1− ( )
γ fc h f 2
ZTM = = =−j 1− ( ) , f < fc
jωε jωε ωε fc
⇒ purely reactive ⇒ no power flow associated with
evanescent mode

jωμ ωμ
ZTE = = j : purely reactive. no power flow.
γ f
h 1 − ( )2
fc
Electromagnetic Theory 2 23

TM / TE Waves (11)
- ω − β diagram

ω ωc 2
β= 1− ( )
u ω

Electromagnetic Theory 2 24
 Parallel-Plate Waveguide (1)
- Parallel plate waveguide can support TM and TE waves
as well as TEM waves

* TM waves between parallel plates

1. Assuming ε and μ
2. Infinite in extent in the x - direction
3. TM waves ( H z = 0)
4. e( jωt −γ z )

Electromagnetic Theory 2 25

Parallel-Plate Waveguide (2)

Ez ( y, z ) = Ez0 ( y ) e −γ z (no variation along x - direction)

d 2 Ez0 ( y )
2
+ h 2 Ez0 ( y ) = 0
dy
where h 2 = γ 2 + k 2
B.C.
Ez0 ( y ) = 0 at y = 0 and y = b
nπ y nπ
∴ Ez0 ( y ) = An sin( ) from h =
b b
where An depends on the strength of excitation of
the particular TM wave

Electromagnetic Theory 2 26
 Parallel-Plate Waveguide (3)
jωε ∂Ez 0 jωε nπ y
∴ H x0 ( y ) = = An cos( )
h 2
∂y h b
jωε ∂Ez 0
H ( y) = − 2
0
=0
∂x
y
h
γ ∂Ez0
Ex ( y ) = − 2
0
=0
h ∂x
γ ∂Ez0 γ nπ y
E y0 ( y ) = − 2 = − An cos( )
h ∂y h b
nπ 2
γ= ( ) − ω 2 με
b
n
Cutoff frequency that makes γ = 0 ∴ fc =
2b με

Electromagnetic Theory 2 27

Parallel-Plate Waveguide (4)

1
cf) f c1 = for TM 1 mode with n=1
2b με
2
fc 2 = for TM 2 mode with n=2
2b με

cf) TM 0 mode is the TEM mode with f c = 0

∵ Ez = 0
- Dominant mode of the waveguide = the mode
having the lowest cutoff frequency
- For parallel plate waveguides, the dominant mode
is the TEM mode

Electromagnetic Theory 2 28
 Ex. 10-3(1)

cf) Field line : the direction of the field in space

i.e. dl = xdx
ˆ + ydy
ˆ + zdz
ˆ = kE = k ( xE
ˆ x + yE
ˆ y + zE
ˆ z)
dx dy dz
= = = k ⇒ field line
Ex E y Ez
Electromagnetic Theory 2 29

Ex. 10-3(2)

dy E y ( y, z; t = 0)
∴ in the y − z plane =
dz Ez ( y, x; t = 0)
− For TM1 mode at t=0,
ωε b πy
H x ( y, z;0) = A1 cos( ) sin β z
π b
− At y = 0 and y = b
- There are surface currents because of a discontinuity
in the tangential magnetic field.
- There are surface charges because of the presence
of a normal electric field

Electromagnetic Theory 2 30
 Ex. 10-4 (1)

(a) A propagating TM1 wave = the superposition of two plane

waves bouncing back and forth obliquely between the
two conducting plates
proof>
πy A1 jπ y / b − jπ y / b − j β z
Ez ( y, z ) = A1 sin( )e − j β z = (e −e )e
b 2j
A1 − j ( β z −π y / b ) − j ( β z +π y / b )
= [e −e ]
2j 1 2

Electromagnetic Theory 2 31

Ex. 10-4 (2)

1 Term : A plane wave propagating obliquely in the + z and − y
π
directions with phase constants β and
b
2 Term : A plane wave propagating obliquely in the + z and + y
directions with the same phase constants

H = − xH
ˆ x
ˆ i 0 sin θi − zE
Ei = yE ˆ i 0 cos θi ˆ r 0 sin θi − zE
Er = − yE ˆ r 0 cos θi
ˆ i 0 sin θi + zE
= yE ˆ i 0 cos θi
βi = yˆ β1 cos θi + zˆ β1 sin θi β r = − yˆ β1 cos θi + zˆ β1 sin θi

Electromagnetic Theory 2 32
 Ex. 10-4 (3)
Ez ( y, z ) = Ei 0 cos θi (e j β1 y cosθi − e − j β1 y cosθi )e − j β1z sinθi
π
∴ β1 sin θi = β , β1 cos θi =
b
π π
β = β12 − ( ) 2 = ω 2 με − ( )2
b b
π λ
cos θi = = ⇒ solution exists only for λ ≤ 2b
β1b 2b
λ u 1
at = 1, f = = ⇒ cutoff frequency
2b λ 2b με
then θi = 0 ⇒ waves bounce back and forth in the y - direction
and no propagation in the z - direction
⇒ TM1 mode propagates only when λ < λc = 2b or f > f c .
λ fc λ u f
cos θi = = sin θi = = = 1 − ( c )2
λc f λg u p f

Electromagnetic Theory 2 33

TE Waves between Parallel Plates (1)

* TE waves
∂
Ez = 0, =0
∂x
d 2 H z0 ( y )
∴ 2
+ h 2 H z0 ( y ) = 0
dy
We note that H z ( y, z ) = H z0 ( y )e −γ z
jωμ ∂H z0
− B.C. E =− 2
0
=0
∂y
x
h
dH z0 ( y )
i.e = 0 at y = 0 and y = b
dy
nπ y
∴ H z0 ( y ) = Bn cos( )
b

Electromagnetic Theory 2 34
TE Waves between Parallel Plates (2)

γ ∂H z0∂H Z
∴ H x0 ( y ) = − = 0 (∵
= 0)
h ∂x 2
∂x
γ ∂H z0 γ nπ y
H y ( y) = − 2
0
= Bn sin( )
h ∂y h b
jωμ ∂H z0 jωμ nπ y
Ex0 ( y ) = − = Bn sin( )
h 2
∂y h b
jωμ ∂H z0 ∂H
E y0 ( y ) = = 0 (∵ Z = 0)
h 2
∂x ∂x
nπ
⇒ γ = h 2 − k 2 = ( ) 2 − ω 2 με ⇒ the same as that for TM waves
b
⇒ The cutoff frequency is the same
⇒ For n = 0, H y = 0 and Ex = 0

Electromagnetic Theory 2 35

TE Waves between Parallel Plates (3)

i.e, TE0 mode doesn't exist

cf ) TM 0 = TEM

cf ) TM 01 or TM 10 does not exist

mπ x mπ y
Ez0 ( x, y ) = E0 sin( ) sin( )
a b
cf ) TM 01 or TM 10 does exist
for the rectangular waveguide
mπ x mπ y
H z0 ( x, y ) = H 0 cos( ) cos( )
a b

Electromagnetic Theory 2 36
 Energy-transport Velocity (1)
* Energy-transport velocity
- Wave guide ⇒ high pass filter
- Broadband signal ⇒ 1. low frequency components
may be below cutoff
2. high frequency components
will travel widely different
velocity
- Energy-transport velocity : velocity at which energy
propagates along a waveguide
( Pz ) av
uen = (m/s)
Wav′
( Pz ) av = ∫ Pav ids : the time average power
s

Electromagnetic Theory 2 37

Energy-transport Velocity (2)

Wav′ = ∫ [( we ) av + ( wm ) av ]ds : the time average stored
s

energy per unit length

fc 2
uen = u 1 − ( )
f

[ H.W] prove that

ε
( we ) av = ℜe ( E i E * )
4
μ
( wm ) av = ℜe ( H i H * )
4

Electromagnetic Theory 2 38
 Energy-transport Velocity (3)
ε nπ y β 2 nπ y
( we ) av = A [sin ( 2
n ) + 2 cos 2 (
2
)]
4 b h b
cf) ( E i E * ) ⇒ j β i(− j β ) = β 2
b εb β2 εb
∫0
( we ) av dy =
8
An2 [1 +
h 2
]=
8h 2
k 2 An2

μ ω 2ε 2 nπ y
( wm ) av = ( 2
) An2 cos 2 ( )
4 h b
b μb εb
∫0
( wm ) av dy =
8h 2
(ω 2ε 2 ) An2 =
8h 2
k 2 An2

b
( Pz ) av = ∫ Pav i zdy
ˆ
0
b ωεβ nπ y ωεβ b 2
=∫ An2 cos 2 ( )dy = An
0 2h 2
b 4h 2
Electromagnetic Theory 2 39

Energy-transport Velocity (4)

1
cf ) Pav = ℜe( E × H * )
2
1
= ℜe(− zE ˆ y0 H x0* + yE
ˆ z0 H x0* )
2
1
( Pav )i z = − ℜe( E y0 H x0* )
2
ωεβ 2 2 nπ y
= A cos ( )
2h 2
n
b

ωβ ω β f
uen = 2
= ( ) = u 1 − ( c )2
k k k f

Electromagnetic Theory 2 40
Attenuation in Parallel-plate Waveguides (1)
* Attenuation in parallel-plate waveguide
- Losses are very small
- α = αd + αc Ohmic losses

Dielectric losses

For TEM mode

cf) For a lossy transmission line the time-average power loss
per unit length
1 V02
PL ( z ) = [ I ( z ) R + V ( z ) G ] = ( R + G Z 0 )e −2α z
2 2 2
2
2 2 Z0
1 V02
P ( z ) = ℜe[V ( z ) I ( z )] =
*
2
R0 e −2α z
2 2 Z0

Electromagnetic Theory 2 41

Attenuation in Parallel-plate Waveguides (2)

∂P ( z )
− = PL ( z ) = 2α P ( z )
∂z
P ( z) 1
∴α = L = ( R + G Z0 )
2

2 P ( z ) 2 R0

G σ μ σ
∴ αd = R0 = = η (∵ Z 0 R0 for low loss conductor)
2 2 ε 2
⎛ ω
⎜G = σ b
where ⎜ independent of frequency
⎜R = bη
⎜ 0
⎝ ω

Electromagnetic Theory 2 42
Attenuation in Parallel-plate Waveguides (3)
R 1 π fε
∴ αc = = ∝ f
2 R0 b σ c
b μ b
cf) R0 = η=
ω ω ε
2 π f μc
R=
ω σc

For TM mode
to find dielectric losses, α d at f > f c
σ
- εd = ε + ( )
jω

Electromagnetic Theory 2 43

Attenuation in Parallel-plate Waveguides (4)

jσ nπ 2 1/ 2
γ = j[ω 2 με (1 − )−( ) ]
ωε b
nπ nπ 2 −1 1/ 2
= j ω 2 με − ( ) 2 {1 − jωμσ [ω 2 με − ( ) ] }
b b
nπ 2 jωμσ 2 nπ
≅ j ω 2 με − ( ) {1 − [ω με − ( ) 2 ]−1}
b 2 b
nπ
Assumption that ωμσ ω 2 με − ( ) 2
b

Electromagnetic Theory 2 44
Attenuation in Parallel-plate Waveguides (5)
nπ
For cutoff frequency = 2π f c με
b
nπ 2 ω
⇒ ω 2 με − ( ) = ω με 1 − ( c ) 2
b ω
fc 2
= ω με 1 − ( )
f
σ μ 1 fc 2
∴ γ = αd + jβ = + jω με 1 − ( )
2 ε fc 2 f
1− ( )
f

Electromagnetic Theory 2 45

Attenuation in Parallel-plate Waveguides (6)

ση
We obtain α d = ⇒ decreases when frequency increases
f
2 1 − ( c )2
f
fc 2
and β = ω με 1 − ( )
f

To find α c
PL ( z )
αc =
2 P( z )
b 1
P( z ) = w∫ − ( E y0 )( H x0 )* dy
0 2
wωεβ bAn 2 b nπ y bA
= ( ) ∫ cos 2 ( )dy = wωεβ b( n ) 2
2 nπ 0 b 2nπ

Electromagnetic Theory 2 46
Attenuation in Parallel-plate Waveguides (7)
1 0 2
PL ( z ) = 2 w(J sz Rs )
2
ωε bAn 2 ωε bAn
= w( ) Rs where J sz0 = H x0 ( y = 0) =
nπ nπ
P ( z ) 2ωε 2 Rs
∴ αc = L = Rs =
2 P( z ) β b f
ηb 1 − ( c )2
f
π f μc
Rs =
σc

2 πμc f c 1
∴ αc =
ηb σ c fc f
( )[1 − ( c ) 2 ]
f f

Electromagnetic Theory 2 47

Attenuation in Parallel-plate Waveguides (8)

TE modes
α d : the same as TM
1 0
b
α c : P( z ) = w∫ ( Ex )( H y0 )* dy
0 2

wωμβ bBn 2 b 2 nπ y bB
= ( ) ∫ sin ( )dy = wωμβ b( n ) 2
2 nπ 0 b 2nπ
1 2
PL ( z ) = 2w( J sx0 Rs )
2
2
= w H z0 ( y = 0) Rz = wBn2 Rs

PL ( z ) 2 Rs nπ 2 2 Rs f c 2
∴ αc = = ( ) =
2 P( z ) ωμβ b b fc 2
η bf 2 1 − ( )
f
⇒ decreases monotonically as frequency increases

Electromagnetic Theory 2 48
Attenuation in Parallel-plate Waveguides (9)

Electromagnetic Theory 2 49

Homework

H.W
10-2, 10-4, 10-5, 10-8, 10-9, 10-11, 10-14

Electromagnetic Theory 2 50