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Hssreporter - Com - Chapter 13 - Nuclei 2023

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alavishahim
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER-13 NUCLEI

Atomic mass unit (amu or u):


it is defined as the 1/12 th mass of the carbon-12 atom.
 1 amu = 1.66x10-27kg.
 Energy equivalent of 1 amu =931MeV
Size of Nucleus:
The radius of nucleus R =R0 (A)1/3
Where R0 = 1.2 femto meter = 1.2 x 10 -15 m.
Mass-Energy relation:
According to Einstein’s mass-energy relation, an amount of mass ‘m’ can be converted in to energy
given by, E = mc2, Where ‘c’ is the velocity of light (3x108 m/s).
Mass defect:
Mass defect is defined as the difference in the masses of the neutrons and protons in the nucleus and
the actual mass of the nucleus. It is denoted by ‘Δm’.
Consider a nucleus of mass ‘M’ having ‘Z’ protons and (A-Z) neutrons. Let ‘m n’ be the mass of each
neutron and ‘mp’ be the mass of each proton.
 mass of Z protons = Z mp
mass of (A-Z) neutrons = (A-Z) mn
 mass defect = [Z mp + (A-Z) mn]-M
Units of mass defect:
1) Mass defect is measured in a.m.u, if atomic masses are expressed in a.m.u.
2) If atomic masses are expressed in Kg, then mass defect is also is measured in Kg.
Binding energy:
Energy required to hold the nucleons.
EB =Δm c2
Where Δm --> mass defect c-->velocity of light.
Or Binding energy, EB = {[Z mp + (A-Z) mn]-M}c2
 Binding energy is measured in Joule, if Δm is expressed in Kg.
 And if Δm is expressed in a.m.u., it is given as
Binding energy, EB = Δm x 931MeV.
Binding energy per Nucleon:
It is the energy required to seperate one nucleon from the nucleus.
Binding Energy
Binding energy per nucleon =
Total number of nucleons( mass number)
E
ie., Binding energy per nucleon = B
A

Δ m×931 MeV
OR Binding energy per nucleon =
A
Where A--> mass number.
 Higher the binding energy per nucleon higher the stability of the nucleus.
Significance of Binding energy per nucleon:
The stability of a nucleus is proportional to the binding energy per nucleon.
If B.E /nucleon of a nucleus is less the nucleus is less stable, where as the nucleus is more stable if
its B.E /nucleon is higher.
The variation of B.E /nucleon with mass number (A) is shown in figure:
From the graph it is clear that,
1) Some lighter nuclei have large B.E/nucleon than their neighbor nuclei. Thus these nuclei are more
stable.
2) For A>40, B.E/nucleon increases to a maximum. Thus Fe is a stable element.
3) For nuclei having grater mass number B.E/nucleon gradually decreases. Thus Uranium is unstable.
Also from the graph we conclude that,
i) The B.E/nucleon has low value for both light and heavy nuclei. Thus they are unstable
nuclei.
LUKMEN SHARIF P . HSST (SG) PHYSICS

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CHAPTER-13 NUCLEI
ii) Intermediate nuclei have large B.E/nucleon and they are stable.

Nuclear forces:
The nuclear force was assumed to be strong attractive force and its magnitude is greater than
the Coulomb’s repulsive force.
Properties of Nuclear forces:
1) Nuclear force is short-range force.
2) Nuclear force is charge independent.
3) Nuclear force is the strongest force in nature.
4) Nuclear force is a saturated force.
The variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons with distance ( r ) between nucleons is
shown in figure:

Nuclear stability:
Nuclear stability depends on many factors;
3) The stability of a nucleus is determined by the value of B.E/nucleon. Higher the
B.E/nucleon more stable is the nucleus.
4) It is also determined by its neutron to proton ratio. Nuclei containing more number of
neutrons will be more stable.
5) It is also determined by the consideration whether it contains an even or odd number of
protons and neutrons. An even-even configuration seems to be more stable and odd-odd
configuration is least sable.
Radioactivity (Natural Radioactivity):
The phenomenon of spontaneous emission of radiations by heavy elements is called radioactivity.
The elements, which show this phenomenon, are called radioactive elements.

LUKMEN SHARIF P . HSST (SG) PHYSICS

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CHAPTER-13 NUCLEI
Note:-
 Radioactivity was discovered by Henry Bacquerel.
 The phenomenon was confirmed by Pierre Curie and Marie Curie. They named the rays as
Bacquerel rays.
 Experimentally demonstrated by Rutherford.
Three types of radioactive decay occur in nature :
(i) α-decay in which a helium nucleus is emitted.
(ii) β-decay in which electrons or positrons (particles with the same mass as electrons, but with a charge
exactly opposite to that of electron) are emitted;
(iii) γ-decay in which high energy (hundreds of keV or more) photons are emitted.
Nuclear energy:
The energy released in nuclear reaction is called nuclear energy.
Types of nuclear reactions:
1. Nuclear fission.
2. Nuclear fusion.
Nuclear fission:
The process of splitting of the heavy nucleus into two stable nuclei of nearly equal mass with release
of large energy is called nuclear fission.
1 235
Eg: 0n + 92 U --> 92 U 236 --> 56 Ba 144 +89Kr136 +3 0 n1 +200MeV
 The energy released (the Q – value) in the fission reaction of nuclei like uranium is of the order of
200MeV per fissioning nucleus.
 The three neutrons released can produce further fission and the process is going on resulting in chain
reaction.
 An uncontrolled chain reaction results in explosion (atom bomb)
 A controlled chain reaction gives controlled release of energy and is the principle of a nuclear
reactor.
Nuclear fusion:
The fusion of two light nuclei into a single nucleus with release of large energy is called nuclear
fusion.
 It requires large kinetic energy and hence very high temperature in the order of 10 7 K. Thus
the process is also called as thermo nuclear reaction.
 It takes place in sun and stars.
 The source of energy in stars is nuclear fusion.
 Eg; 1H2+1H2+1H2 -->2He4+1H1+0n1+21.6MeV
Proton-proton cycle:
The fusion reaction in the sun is a multi step process in which the hydrogen is burnt into helium. This
process is called proton-proton cycle.

Controlled thermonuclear fusion:


A fusion reaction generated in a controlled manner for research purposes or for production of useful
power is called controlled thermonuclear fusion.

LUKMEN SHARIF P . HSST (SG) PHYSICS

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