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79 views87 pages

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Una Ho

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4.

1 Cells

<code=JSLQ0410001>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=1><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas,exp><mark=8><content>
 Cells observed under the microscope are often stained. Two chemicals commonly used to stain
cells are iodine solution and methylene solution. However, iodine kills cells while methylene
blue does not.
(a) State the respective colours of iodine solution and methylene blue solution. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(b) State the purpose of staining cells before observation. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(c) Explain why leaf cells usually do not need to be stained. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(d) The photo below shows human cheek cells (人面頰細胞) that are stained with methylene blue.

A student wants to obtain a clear, high-power image of the cell in the box. Write down
the steps he needs to do. (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a) Iodine solution: brown (1)
Methylene blue solution: blue (1)
(b) To allow us to observe the cells more clearly. (1)
(c) Leaf cells contain chloroplasts / chlorophyll (1)
which give(s) the cells a green colour. (1)
(d) Move the cell to the centre of the field of view. (1)
Rotate in an objective of a higher magnification. (1)
Turn the fine adjustment knob to get sharp image. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0410002>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=1><type=long><lvl=easy><part=core><cat=bas,exp><mark=12><content>
Bob is using a light microscope. In photo below, three parts of the microscope are labelled X,
Y and Z.

Y Z

(a) Name parts X, Y and Z. (3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(b) Outline how Bob should move the microscope around the laboratory. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(c) He is observing his name ‘bob’ under the microscope. Write down he image he will
observe. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(d) He then uses a 15X eyepiece and a 10X objective to observe a cell. Calculate the total
magnification of the microscope. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(e) The diagram below shows a drawing of the cell Bob observes.

(i) Name structures P and Q. (2 marks)

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Explain whether the cell is an animal cell or a plant cell. (2 marks)
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a) X: stage (1)
Y: light source (1)
Z: find adjustment knob (1)
(b) He should hold the arm with one hand (1)
and support the base with the other hand (1).
(c) qoq (1)
(d) 15  10 (1)
= 150X (1)
(e) (i) P: cytoplasm (1)
Q: nucleus (1)
(ii) Animal cell. (1)
This is because it has no cell wall. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0410003>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=1><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=exp,sps><mark=9><content>
 A water sample is obtained from a pond. A drop of the sample is put on apparatus Y and then
covered with apparatus X as shown in the diagram below.

forceps

Y drop of
water sample

(a) Name the apparatus X and Y. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(b) The water sample is then observed under a microscope with a 10X eyepiece. The diagram
below shows the objectives used and the images obtained respectively.
objectives used

image obtained

(i) Identify the objective which produces an image with the largest number of cells.
(1 mark)
____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Identify the objective which produces the largest field of view. (1 mark)
____________________________________________________________________
(iii) Identify the objective which produces an image of the cells in the greatest detail.
(1 mark)
____________________________________________________________________
(iv) The cells observed are a type of blue-green algae (藍藻) cells. Draw a diagram of the
image obtained with the 40X objective and label TWO structures of the cells.
(4 marks)
-- Ans --
(a) A: cover slip (1)
B: slide (1)
(b) (i) 4X (1)
(ii) 4X (1)
(iii) 40X (1)
(c)
cell wall

cell membrane

cytoplasm

Blue green algae cells (×400)

Correct drawing of the cells (1)

Correct title (1)
Correct labels (Any two) (1×2)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0410004>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=1><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas,exp><mark=13><content>
 Peter observes some cells under a light microscope. The photo below shows the microscope he
uses.
A

C
position 1 position 2
D

(a) Name parts A to D. (4 marks)

A: ______________________________ B: ______________________________

C: ______________________________ D: ______________________________

(b) State which position (1 or 2) should Peter stay when using the microscope. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(c) The photos below show parts A and D of the microscope.

part A part D

Calculate the total magnification of the microscope. Show your calculations. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
(d) Fig 1 below shows the image Peter observes under the microscope.

cell X

Fig 1 Fig 2

Outline the steps he needs to do if he wants to obtain the image in Fig 2. (4 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(e) Explain whether cell X is an animal cell or a plant cell. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) A: eyepiece (1)
B: coarse adjustment knob (1)
C: fine adjustment knob (1)
D: objective (1)
(b) Position 1 (1)
(c) 10 × 4 (1)
= 40 (1)
(d) Move the cell X to the centre of the field of view (1)
by moving the slide to the right and upwards (1).
Rotate in an objective with a higher magnification power. (1)
Turn the fine adjustment knob to get a sharp image. (1)
(e) X is an animal cell. (1)
Because it has no cell wall. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>
<code=JSLQ0410005>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=1><type=long><lvl=easy><part=core><cat=bas,exp><mark=9><content>
A student observes some cells under a microscope. The diagrams below show the images
observed at total magnifications of 40X and 400X respectively using the same eyepiece.

image A image B

(a) Identify the image (A or B) which is observed at a total magnification of 400X. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) If the magnification of the eyepiece is 10X, calculate the magnifications of the objectives
used to obtain the two images respectively. Show your calculations. (4 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) The student wants to move cell P to the centre of the field of view. State the direction
(left or right) to which he should move the slide. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) Image A (1)
(b) Image A: 400 ÷ 10 (1)
= 40X (1)
Image B: 40 ÷ 10 (1)
= 4X (1)
(c) The cell in image A is larger. (1)
The cell in image A shows more details / structures. (1)
The field of view in image B is larger. (1)
(d) Right (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0410006>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=1><type=long><lvl=dif><part=core><cat=bas,exp,sps><mark=12><content
>
 Ann collects a water sample from a stream. She observes the sample under a microscope to
see if microorganisms are present in the sample.

(a) The photo below shows the microscope Ann uses.

Name parts A to D. (4 marks)

A: ______________________________ B: ______________________________

C: ______________________________ D: ______________________________

(b) The photo below shows the image Ann observes under the microscope at a total
magnification of 100X.

microorganism A

(Photo credit: CDC / Dr. George Healy)

(i) Calculate the actual length (XY) of microorganism A. Show your calculations.
(3 marks)

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) Draw a diagram of microorganism A in the space given. (Hint: the structure of
microorganism A is similar to that of an animal cell.) (5 marks)

-- Ans --
(a) A: eyepiece (1)
B: coarse adjustment knob (1)
C: objective (1)
D: diaphragm (1)
(b) (i) Length of XY measured on image = 28 mm (1)
Actual length of microorganism A = 28 ÷ 100 (1)
= 0.28 mm (1)
(ii)

cytoplasm
nucleus

cell membrane

Microorganism A (×100)

Correct drawing (2)

Correct labels (2)
Correct title (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>
<code=JSLQ0410007>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=1><type=long><lvl=dif><part=core><cat=bas,exp><mark=8><content>
 The photo below shows a cell below observed under a microscope at a total magnification of
200X.

A
C

(a) Name structure C. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Explain whether the cell is an animal cell or a plant cell. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) State the function of the structure identified in c. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(e) (i) Measure the length of the cell on the image. (1 mark)

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the actual length of the cell. Show your calculations. (2 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) Cytoplasm (1)
(b) This is a plant cell (1)
because it has a cell wall (1).
(c) B (1)
(d) It controls the activities of the cell. (1)
(e) (i) 5 cm (1)
(ii) 5 cm ÷ 200 (1)
= 0.025 cm (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0410008>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=1><type=long><lvl=dif><part=core><cat=bas,exp><mark=10><content>
 The photo below shows an animal cell observed under a microscope. It observed at a total
magnification of 200X.

(a) Calculate the actual length (PQ) of the cell. Show your calculations. (3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Give THREE differences in structure between an animal cell and a plant cell. (3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

(c) Name the following structures and state their functions.

(i) Structure A (2 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) Structure B (2 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) Length of PQ on the image = 60 mm (1)
Actual length of the cell = 60 mm ÷ 200 (1)
= 0.3 mm (1)
(b) A plant cell has a cell wall, but an animal cell does not. (1)
A plant cell has a large vacuole, but an animal cell does not / have small vacuoles. (1)
A (green) plant cell has chloroplasts, but an animal cell does not. (1)
(c) (i) Nucleus. (1)
It controls the activities of the cell. (1)
(ii) Cytoplasm. (1)
It is the site where chemical reactions take place / allows transport of substances within
the cell. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>
4.2 From a single cell to a multicellular organism

<code=JSLQ0420001>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=2><type=long><lvl=avg><part=ext><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
E Levels of organization can be observed in many multicellular organisms.
(a) Arrange the levels of organization from the least to the most complex. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(b) Name TWO organs in the digestive system (消化系統). (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(c) Give an example of a tissue that from the organ in b. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(d) Distinguish between tissue and organ. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(e) Bacteria (細菌) are unicellular organisms. Explain whether bacteria show different levels of
organization. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a) Cell  tissue  organ  system  living thing (1)
(b) Stomach / small intestine / pancreas / liver (Any two) (1×2) (Or other reasonable answers)
(c) Epithelial tissue / muscle tissue / nerve tissue (1) (Or other reasonable answers)
(d) A tissue is made up of the same type of cells. (1)
An organ is made up of different types of tissues. (1)
(e) Bacteria do not show levels of organization. (1)
They do not have cells specialized for a particular function / cells to form tissues. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0420002>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=2><type=long><lvl=avg><part=ext><cat=read><mark=8><content>
 Read the article below and answer the questions.

Development of 3D-printed organs

Scientists can now use 3D-printing to produce human tissues, using human cells as the
printing material. A few companies are already trying their hands on this technique by
making ears. These 3D-printed ears have been transplanted (移植) to children born with ear
defects. These transplantations are the first tests to demonstrate the use of 3D-printed
organs in medical treatment. However, further developments in the technique are needed
before completely functional organs can be produced on demand.

(a) Arrange the following levels of organization from the least to the most complex.
(1 mark)
human, organ, tissue, system, cell
________________________________________________________________________
(b) State the organ which is made to test the use of 3D-prtined organs in medical treatment.
(1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(c) Name the system which the organ in b belongs to. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(d) In another method of producing organs, a small number of body cells are extracted from a
donor. These cells are then grown into an organ in the laboratory. Describe how the small
number of cells grow into an organ. (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(e) Suggest ONE disadvantage of producing organs by the method in d compared to
3D-printing. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(f) Suggest ONE benefit to humans of making tissues and organs by 3D-printing. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a) Cell, tissue, organ, system, human (1)
(b) Ear. (1)
(c) Nervous system. (1)
(d) The cells form more cells by cell division. (1)
The new cells grow in size. (1)
The cells become specialized for particular functions / different types of cells by cell
differentiation. (1)
(e) It takes more time. / It is more difficult to control cell differentiation. (1) (Or other
reasonable answers)
(f) Reduce need / to wait for organ donors. / Produce tissues that cannot be donated. (1)
(Or other reasonable answers)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0420003>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=2><type=long><lvl=dif><part=ext><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
E The diagrams below show two models that show the structure of DNA.
model A model B

(a) Model A is a simpler model of DNA. Identify the feature of the shape of DNA shown by
the model. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(b) Part of model B is enclosed by a box. Name the structures in the box. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(c) Describe how the structures in b help maintain the structure of DNA. (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(d) Describe how DNA controls the traits in living things. (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a) Double helix. (1)
(b) Bases. (1)
(c) The base A only pairs with T. (1)
The base C only pairs with G. (1)
The linking between bases is called base pairing. (1)
(d) A segment of DNA is called a gene. / DNA contains genetic codes. (1)
A gene / The genetic code instructs a cell to make certain kinds of proteins (1)
to build cells / body structures / control activities of cells (1).
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0420004>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=2><type=long><lvl=dif><part=ext><cat=read,stse,cro><mark=8><content>
 Cross-topic: Bk 3A, Unit 12

E Read the article below and answer the questions.

What is COVID-19?
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019 2019 冠狀病毒病 ) is caused by a new kind of
coronavirus ( 冠狀病毒 ) identified in December 2019. Common symptoms of the disease
involve the breathing system, such as pneumonia (肺炎).
The genetic material of the virus consists of a single strand of helical RNA (ribonucleic
acid 核糖核酸 ) which contains about 26 000 to 32 000 bases. Like DNA, there are four types
of bases on RNA, but the bases are A, U, C and G. The outer layer of the virus is an
envelope which usually appears spherical under an electron microscope. The spikes on the
envelope give the virus a crown-like (‘corona’) appearance.

3D model of the coronavirus

The main mode of transmission of the virus is through droplets ( 飛沫 ) expelled by infected
people when coughing or sneezing. The virus can also be transmitted through direct
contact.
Wearing a face mask can help protect ourselves and prevent the spread of the virus to
others. A face mask covers the nose and mouth. It acts as a physical barrier to block fluids
and droplets. The surgical mask is a commonly used type of face mask.

(a) Name the type of substance that forms the genetic material of the coronavirus which
causes COVID-19. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Compare the structure of RNA and DNA. (3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(c) Explain why the virus is called a ‘coronavirus’. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) Explain how wearing a face mask help prevent the spreading of the disease. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(e) Suggest TWO other methods for preventing the transmission of the virus. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) RNA / ribonucleic acid (1)
(b) Both of them have a helical structure. /
Both of them contains four bases. /
The bases in RNA are A, U, C, G but those in DNA are A, T, C, G. /
RNA consists of one strand but DNA consists of two strands.
(Any three) (1×3) (Or other reasonable answers)
(c) The spikes on the envelope give the virus a crown-like appearance. (1)
(d) A face mask prevents the droplets from infected people from reaching other people. (1)
(e) Keep a social distance of at least 1 m. /
Clean hands with soap and water / sanitizers after touching surfaces in public places. /
Cover the mouth when coughing or sneezing. /
Maintain good ventilation in indoor areas.
(Any two) (1×2) (Or other reasonable answers)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0420005>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=2><type=long><lvl=easy><part=core><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
The diagram below shows a cell X undergoing a process Y repeatedly.
process Y

process Y

cell X process Y

(a) Explain whether cell X is an animal cell or a plant cell. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Name process Y. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) Compare the genetic materials of cell X and those of the new cells. Explain how this is
achieved. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(e) State TWO processes that the new cells will undergo after they are formed to become
specialized for particular functions. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) Cell X is a plant cell (1)
because it has a cell wall (1).
(b) Cell division (1)
(c) Nucleus (1)
(d) The genetic materials of the new cells are the same as those of cell X. (1)
This is because the genetic materials make a copy of themselves before cell division. (1)
(e) Growth (1)
and cell differentiation (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0420006>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=2><type=long><lvl=avg><part=ext><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
E The diagram below shows a model of substance X found inside the nucleus of a cell.

substance X

(a) Name substance X. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) (i) Name structure P. (1 mark)

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) Describe the role of structure P in determining the traits of living things. (3 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

(c) Describe the structure of substance X. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

(d) State what happens to substance X when the cell is about to divide. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) DNA / deoxyribonucleic acid (1)
(b) (i) Base (1)
(ii) The sequence of bases on DNA forms codes / genes which determine the traits in living
things. (1)
The codes /genes instruct the cell to make certain kinds of proteins (1)
to build cells / control the activities of cells. (1)
(c) DNA consists of two strands twisted around each other / has a double helix structure. (1)
The bases of the two strands pair up / are linked by base pairing. (1)
(d) It makes a copy of itself. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0420007>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=2><type=long><lvl=dif><part=ext><cat=bas><mark=12><content>
E The photo below shows a human torso model.

A
F

(a) Name structures A to F. (6 marks)

A: ______________________________ B: ______________________________
C: ______________________________ D: ______________________________

E: ______________________________ F: ______________________________

(b) Using the letters in the photo, state which structure(s) belong(s) to the following systems.
(6 marks)

(i) Digestive system: _____________________________________________________

(ii) Circulatory system: ___________________________________________________

(iii) Breathing system: ____________________________________________________

(iv) Muscle system: ______________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) A: liver (1)
B: (small) intestine(s) (1)
C: muscle (1)
D: lung (1)
E: heart (1)
F: stomach (1)
(b) (i) A, (1)
B, (1)
F (1)
(ii) E (1)
(iii) D (1)
(iv) C (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>
4.3 Sex cells and reproductive systems

<code=JSLQ0430001>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=3><type=long><lvl=easy><part=core><cat=bas><mark=10><content>
The photos below show a sperm and an ovum of human.

sperm ovum

(a) State the function of the tail of the sperm. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________
(b) Complete the table below to compare the movement and size of sperm and ovum.
(4 marks)

Sperm Ovum

Movement

Size

(c) State the number of chromosomes in an ovum. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________
(d) Explain why the sperm and ovum above are animal cells but not plant cells. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(e) Some people think that the sex of a baby is determined by the mother. Explain why this is
NOT correct. (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a) The tail beats to allow the sperm to swim. (1)
(b)

Sperm Ovum

Movement Can move by itself (1) Cannot move by itself (1)

Size Smaller (1) Larger (1)

(c) 23 (1)
(d) They do not have a cell wall. (1)
(e) An ovum only carries an X chromosome. (1)
A sperm carries an X or a Y chromosome. (1)
Therefore, the sex of a baby is determined by the sex chromosome carried by the sperm. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0430002>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=3><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas><mark=10><content>
The diagram below shows a 3D model of the male reproductive system.

E
A

B
F
C

(a) Write down the names and functions of the following parts. (6 marks)
Part Name Function

(b) By using the letters on the diagram, complete the flow charts below. (4 marks)
The flow of sperms: D  __________  __________  C
The flow of urine: __________  __________
-- Ans --
(a)

Part Name Function

B Sperm duct (1) It carries sperms from the testes to the urethra. (1)

D Testis (1) It produces sperms and sex hormones. (1)

F Sex glands (1) They produce a fluid which contains nutrients for
sperms. (1)

(b) The flow of sperms: D  B (1)  E (1)  C

The flow of urine: A (1)  C (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0430003>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=3><type=long><lvl=dif><part=core><cat=bas><mark=10><content>
 The photo below shows a model of the female reproductive system.
A

(a) Identity structures A to D of the female reproductive system. (4 marks)

A: ____________________
B: ____________________
C: ____________________
D: ____________________
(b) The diagram below shows another model of the female reproductive system.

(b) Identify the parts which do NOT belong to the reproductive system. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
(c) State the functions of P and T respectively. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(d) Complete the following paragraph. (2 marks)
During pregnancy, the foetus grows in the (i) _______________ and presses against the
(ii) _______________ , therefore, so the woman feel the need to release urine more
frequently.
-- Ans --
(a) A: oviduct (1)
B: uterus (1)
C: ovary (1)
D: vagina (1)
(b) R (1)
and S (1).
(c) P: It produces ova and sex hormones. (1)
Q: It receives the penis during sexual intercourse / acts as birth canal during the birth of the
baby. (1)
(d) (i) uterus (1)
(ii) urinary bladder (1)
-- Ans end –
<end>

<code=JSLQ0430004>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=3><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas><mark=9><content>
 The diagram below shows all the chromosomes in a cheek cell (面頰細胞) of a person.
1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 X Y

(a) State the part of a cheek cell in which chromosomes are found. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Name the main component of chromosomes. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) Deduce the sex of this person. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(e) Explain whether the chromosomes of this person are normal. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(f) State the number of chromosomes in a nerve cell of this person. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a) Nucleus (1)
(b) DNA (1)
(c) Normal cheek cell: 46 (1)
Sex cell: 23 (1)
(d) Male. (1)
This is because the person has a Y chromosome / sex chromosomes XY. (1)
(e) The chromosomes of this person are not normal. (1)
The person has an extra chromosome 21 / 47 chromosomes. (1)
(f) 47 (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0430005>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=3><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
 The diagram below shows all the chromosomes in a cell.

(a) State the number of chromosomes in this cell. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Explain whether this cell is a human body cell. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(c) Explain whether this cell is a sex cell. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
(d) (i) Name the main substance that makes up the chromosomes. (1 mark)

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) Explain why this substance is regarded as the book of life. (2 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) 30 (1)
(b) It is not a human body cell (1)
because a human body cell has 46 chromosomes (1).
(c) It is not a sex cell (1)
because there is no chromosome pair in sex cells. (1)
(d) (i) DNA (1)
(ii) DNA contain long strings of codes / genetic codes (1)
which determine the characteristics / traits in living things (1).
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0430006>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=3><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas,sps><mark=10><content>
 (a) Draw diagram of a human sperm in the space given. (5 marks)
(b) Write down the route of a sperm from where it is produced to the site of fertilization.
(5 marks)

Testis  ________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a)
nucleus tail

head
Human sperm

Correct drawing (2)

Correct labels (2)
Correct title (1)
(d) sperm duct (1)  urethra (1)  vagina (1)  uterus (1)  oviduct (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>
4.4 Sexual maturity and birth of a new life

<code=JSLQ0440001>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
 The reproduction systems become mature when people begin their puberty. Secondary sexual
characteristics also develops in this period.
(a) Give ONE secondary sexual characteristic common to male and female. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(b) Give ONE secondary sexual characteristic which is only present in male and ONE which
is only present in female. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(c) Explain the relationship between the maturation of the reproductive system and the
development of secondary sexual characteristics. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(d) State THREE changes in the female reproductive system which occur during a menstrual
cycle. (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a) Hair grows in the pubic area and armpits. (1)
(b) Male grows beard on the face. / Male’s larynx becomes larger / voice becomes deeper /
shoulders become wider / body becomes more muscular. (1)
Female’s breasts grow in size / hip becomes wider. (1)
(Or other reasonable answers)
(c) As the reproductive system becomes mature, the testes / ovaries produce more sex
hormones. (1)
The increased level of sex hormones leads to the development of secondary sexual
characteristics. (1)
(d) Menstruation / Release of tissues of the uterine lining, the unfertilized ovum and some blood
through the vagina. (1)
Thickening of the uterine lining. (1)
Ovulation / Release of an ovum from one of the ovaries. (1)
-- Ans end –
<end>

<code=JSLQ0440002>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas><mark=10><content>
 Ectopic pregnancy (異位妊娠) occurs when the embryo attaches to a location other than the uterus,
for example, oviduct, abdomen and upper vagina.
(a) Name the process of the embryo attaching to the uterine lining. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(b) Describe the formation of the embryo from the sex cells. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(c) Circle TWO sites in the diagram below where ectopic pregnancy may occur. (2 marks)

(d) Explain why the embryo needs to attach to the thickened uterine lining. (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(e) Suggest why ectopic pregnancy in the oviduct in dangerous to the woman. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a) Implantation. (1)
(b) Sperm and ovum fuse to form a zygote. (1)
The zygote undergoes cell division to form the embryo. (1)
(c) Circle around any part of the wall of the oviduct (1)
Circle around the upper part of the wall of vagina (1)
(d) This results in the development of the placenta (1)
to allow the foetus to obtain nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s blood (1)
and remove wastes to the mother’s blood (1).
(e) The oviduct may be damaged as the foetus grows in size. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0440003>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
 The following graph shows the changes in the thickness of the uterine lining of a woman in
August.
thickness of the
uterine lining

day
9 11 13 15 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
August

(a) Name the process that describes the cyclic changes shown in the graph. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(b) Explain on which days does menstruation take place. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(c) Explain on which day would fertilization most likely take place after sexual intercourse.
(2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(d) State the purpose of thickening the uterine lining. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(e) Adult females are allowed to donate blood four times a year while adult males are
allowed to donate blood five times a year. Explain this difference with reference to the
cyclic changes in the female reproductive system. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a) Mensuration cycle. (1)
(b) 15 to 20 August. (1)
This is because the thickness of the uterine lining decreases in this period. (1)
(c) 29 August. (1)
This is because ovulation most likely occurs on this day. (1)
(d) To make the uterine lining ready for the embryo to implant. (1)
(e) Females regularly lose blood during menstruation. (1)
Therefore, they need more time to replace blood loss. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0440004>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
 The diagrams below show the menstrual cycle of Mrs Chan and the status of her uterus in
different periods of the cycle.
uterine
period A lining

I II
period D

period B

ovum
period C

III IV

(a) Match the status of Mrs Chan’s uterus with the periods in her menstrual cycle by writing
I to IV in the table below. (4 marks)

Period A Period B Period C Period D

(b) (i) Explain why the process in III is happening. (2 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) Name the process in b i. (1 mark)

___________________________________________________________________

(c) Mrs Chan wants to have a child. Suggest ONE day in the menstrual cycle that she should
have sexual intercourse to increase her chance of getting pregnant. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a)
Period A Period B Period C Period D
III (1) II (1) IV (1) I (1)

(b) (i) If fertilization does not occur, the thickened uterine lining breaks down. (1)
Tissues and blood from the uterine lining, together with the unfertilized ovum, pass out
through the vagina. (1)
(ii) Menstruation (1)
(c) Any day from day 12 to 16 (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0440005>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
 The diagram below shows a 28-day menstrual cycle.

(a) Write down the period in which menstruation occurs. (1 mark)

From day to day

(b) Describe what happens in the uterus and the ovum during menstruation. (3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
(c) State the day in which an ovum is released from the ovaries. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) Describe the fertilization of an ovum. (3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) From day 1 to day 5 (1)
(b) The thickened uterine lining breaks down. (1)
The tissues of the uterine lining and the unfertilized ovum leave the body (1)
through the vagina (1).
(c) Day 14 (1)
(d) One sperm goes into the ovum. (1)
The nuclei of the sperm and the ovum fuse. (1)
This results in the formation of a zygote. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0440006>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas><mark=9><content>
 The diagram below shows the changes in the thickness of the uterine lining of a woman in a
menstrual cycle.
thickness of uterine lining

1 5 10 18 28
day
(a) Explain the change in thickness of the uterine lining from day 1 to day 5. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Describe the changes in thickness of the uterine lining from day 5 to day 28. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) State the part in the female reproductive system where implantation occurs. (1 mark)

___________________________________________________________________

(iii) The diagram below shows the female reproductive system. Labels the parts in c i
and c ii on the diagram with X and Y respectively. (2 marks)

(d) Draw on the graph below to show how the thickness of uterine lining will change after
day 28 if fertilization occurs on day 15. (1 mark)
thickness of uterine lining

1 5 10 18 28
day

-- Ans --
(a) The uterine lining breaks down (1)
because fertilization does not occur (1).
(b) It increases rapidly from day 5 to 18. (1)
It remains thickened from day 18 to 28. (1)
(c) (i) Oviduct (1)
(ii) Uterus / uterine lining (1)
(iii)
X (1)

Y (1)

(iv)
thickness of uterine lining

(1)

1 5 10 18 28
day

-- Ans end --
<end>
<code=JSLQ0440007>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=dif><part=core><cat=bas,read,stse><mark=8><content
>
 Read the article below and answer the questions.

Roles of sex hormones in women

At puberty, a girl’s ovaries start producing more female sex hormones. These hormones
stimulate the breasts to develop and causes the uterus and oviducts to mature. They also
increase the deposits of fat around the hip and thighs ( 大腿 ). Girls produce male sex
hormones too, which help promote muscle and bone growth.
At puberty, girls start experiencing the menstrual cycle, which is regulated by female sex
hormones. About every month, one ovum becomes mature and is released the ovary. If the
ovum is not fertilized, menstruation results.
At about the age of 50, the ovaries of most women begin to produce less female sex
hormones. This leads to the failure of the uterine lining to thicken and the end of
menstruation. This is called menopause ( 絕經 ). The decrease in levels of female sex
hormones also increase the risk of heart diseases and osteoporosis ( 骨質疏鬆症 ) — a disease in
which bone density decreases and the bones become weakened.

(a) Write down TWO secondary sexual characteristics in female mentioned in the article.
(2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Give TWO effects on a 25-year-old woman if her ovaries are removed. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
(d) Explain whether a female can continue to have children after menopause. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) Breasts grow in size. /
The hip becomes wider. /
More fat is deposited in the body.
(Any two) (1×2)
(b) The woman cannot produce ova / sex hormones. /
She will not have menstruation. /
She has an increased risk of heart diseases. /
She has an increased risk of osteoporosis.
(Any two) (1×2) (Or other reasonable answers)
(c) Pregnancy / onset of menopause / taking too many contraceptive pills (Any two) (1×2)
(Or other reasonable answers)
(d) No. (1)
Because she cannot release ova / her uterine lining cannot thicken for implantation. (1) (Or
other reasonable answers)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0440008>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=dif><part=core><cat=bas><mark=9><content>
 The diagram below shows the fusion of a sperm and an ovum. An embryo is formed after
processes P and Q.

process P

sperm ovum cell X

process Q

embryo
(a) Name processes P and Q. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Give TWO differences in structure between the sperm and the ovum. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) It takes 12 hours for cell X to develop into the embryo. Calculate the time taken for one
round of process Q. Show your calculations. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(e) State the part of the female reproductive system where the embryo develops. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(f) State how the embryo obtains nutrients and oxygen in the part in e. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) P: fertilization (1)
Q: cell division (1)
(b) The ovum is much larger than the sperm. /
The sperm has a tail but the ovum does not. /
The ovum has a jelly coat but the sperm does not.
(Any two) (1×2) (Or other reasonable answers)
(c) Three (1)
(d) 12 ÷ 3 (1)
= 4 hours (1)
(e) Uterus (1)
(f) The embryo obtains nutrients and oxygen from the mother through the placenta. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>
<code=JSLQ0440009>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
 The photos below show different stages in the development of a baby from a zygote.

Y
X

1 2 3

4 5

(a) Arrange the stages in the correct order. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Photo 4 shows a zygote. State the part of the reproductive system where it usually forms.
(1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) Describe the main function of structure Y. (3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) 4, 5, 1, 3, 2 (2)
(b) Oviduct (1)
(c) Amniotic fluid (1)
It acts as a cushion to protect the foetus against shock. (1)
(d) It allows the exchange of materials between the foetus and the mother. / It attaches the
foetus to the uterus of the mother. (1)
Nutrients and oxygen pass from the mother’s blood to the foetus’s blood. (1)
Wastes pass from the foetus’s blood to the mother’s blood. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0440010>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas><mark=10><content>
 The diagram below shows a foetus inside the mother’s body.

B
A

(a) Write down the names of the structures A to E. (5 marks)

Structure Name

D
E

(b) State the functions of the following structures during pregnancy.

(i) Structure A (2 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) Structure C (1 mark)

___________________________________________________________________

(i) Structure B (1 mark)

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) Substance D (1 mark)

___________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a)
Structure Name

A Placenta (1)

B Uterus (1)

C Umbilical cord (1)

D Amniotic fluid (1)

E Vagina (1)

(b) (i) It allows nutrients and oxygen to pass from the mother’s blood to the foetus’s blood.
(1)
It allows wastes produced by the foetus to pass from the foetus’s blood to the mother’s
blood. (1)
(ii) It carries substances / blood between the foetus and the placenta. (1)
(c) (i) Its muscles contract strongly and regularly to push the foetus out through the vagina.
(1)
(ii) It lubricates the vagina / birth canal. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0440011>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas><mark=9><content>
 The diagram below shows a foetus in the uterus at the late stage of pregnancy.

5 2

urinary bladder

(a) Identify the structure which protects the foetus from shock (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Describe how the foetus obtains nutrients and oxygen and removes wastes. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(c) State what comes out through structure 4 when the amnion breaks during the birth of the
baby. Outline the importance of this. (3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) The urinary bladder is used to store urine temporarily. A person has to urinate (排尿) if the
bladder is full. With reference to the diagram, explain why a pregnant woman needs to
urinate frequently. (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) 3 (1)
(b) The foetus obtains nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s blood through the placenta. (1)
The wastes produced by the foetus are passed to the mother’s blood through the placenta.
(1)
(c) Amniotic fluid. (1)
It lubricates the vagina / birth canal (1)
so that the foetus can be pushed out more easily (1).
(d) The urinary bladder is compressed by the foetus, (1)
the volume of the urinary bladder becomes smaller. (1)
The bladder becomes full in a shorter time. / Less urine can be stored in the bladder. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0440012>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas,dat><mark=8><content>
 The diagram below shows a foetus in the uterus of a woman.

(a) Name X, Y and Z. (3 marks)

X: _____________________________________________________________________

Y: _____________________________________________________________________

Z: _____________________________________________________________________

(b) Give ONE function of fluid Y. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(c) State the function of structure Z. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) The graph below shows the change in the volume of fluid Y at different stages of
pregnancy.

900

800

700
volume of fluid Y (cm3)

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
10 20 30 40
stage of pregnancy (week)

(i) Describe the change in volume of fluid Y during pregnancy. (2 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) State how the foetus could be affected if the volume of fluid Y is lower than the
normal range. (1 mark)

___________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) X: amnion (1)
Y: amniotic fluid (1)
Z: umbilical cord (1)
(b) It acts as a cushion to protect the foetus against shock during pregnancy. / It lubricates the
vagina / birth canal during the birth of the baby. (1)
(c) It connects / transports substances between the foetus and the placenta. (1)
(d) (i) The volume of fluid Y increases slowly from the start of pregnancy to week 10. (1)
It increases faster from week 10 to week 40. (1)
(ii) The foetus will have a higher risk of being injured by shock / will not have enough
space to move around. (1) (Or other reasonable answers)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0440013>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=dif><part=core><cat=bas,dat><mark=10><content>
 The graph below shows the relationship between the weight of a baby at birth and the length
of gestational period. The shaded area shows the range of weight at birth of 80% of babies
(i.e. excluding the heaviest and lightest 10%).

4500 premature to term

4000

3500
normal
weight at birth (g)

3000

2500

2000
underweight
1500

1000

500
24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
length of gestation period (week)

The table below shows the length of gestation period and weight of birth of four babies born
on the same day in the same hospital.
Baby Length of gestation period (week) Weight at birth (g)

P 40 1800

Q 40 3000

R 37 2500

S 35 1300

(a) (i) Identify which of the babies is / are premature. (1 mark)

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) Identify which of the babies is / are underweight at birth. (2 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

(iii) Explain which baby has the highest risk of having developmental problems.
(3 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

(b) The placenta is pushed out of the mother’s body after the baby is born. Describe the
function of the placenta. (3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) (i) S (1)
(ii) P (1)
and S (1)
(iii) S. (1)
Because the baby is both premature and underweight. (1)
The body structures / functions may not be fully developed at birth. (1)
(b) The placenta provides a site for the exchange of materials between the foetus and the
mother. (1)
Nutrients and oxygen pass from the mother’s blood to the foetus’s blood. (1)
Wastes produced by the foetus pass from the foetus’s blood to the mother’s blood. (1)
(c) To check if the baby can breathe. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0440014>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=easy><part=core><cat=bas><mark=9><content>
The diagram below shows an embryo.

blood blood
vessel P vessel Q

embryo

direction of
blood flow
X

(a) Name structure X and state its function. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) State the part in the reproductive system where structure Y develops. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
(d) Distinguish between the content of the blood in blood vessels P and Q. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(e) State what happens to structures X and Y after the baby is born. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) Umbilical cord. (1)
It carries blood between the embryo and the placenta. (1)
(b) Uterus (1)
(c) The embryo is surrounded by amniotic fluid. (1)
Amniotic fluid acts as a cushion to protect the embryo against shock. (1)
(d) The blood in blood vessel P contains more wastes. (1)
The blood in blood vessel Q contains more nutrients / oxygen. (1)
(Or other reasonable answers)
(e) Structure X / The umbilical cord is clipped and cut. (1)
Structure Y / The placenta is pushed out of the mother’s body. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0440015>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=easy><part=core><cat=bas,cro><mark=11><content>
 Cross-topic: Bk 3A, Unit 12

Mrs Wong does not feel well. She has not had her period for two months already. She goes to
a pharmacy (藥房) to buy some medicine for herself.

pharmacist You might be

I feel tired easily ( 藥劑師 ) pregnant. You
and often have a should see a
feeling of wanting doctor.
to vomit. What
medicine should I
take?

Mrs Wong
(a) Identify TWO signs of pregnancy that Mrs Wong has. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) After seeing a doctor, Mrs Wong is confirmed to be pregnant.

(i) Suggest TWO kinds of food that Mrs Wong should eat more. (2 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) Explain why Mrs Wong should eat the foods in b i more. (2 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

The diagram below shows the embryo and some associated structures inside the uterus of
Mrs Wong.

embryo

(c) Name structures X and Y. (2 marks)

X: ______________________________ Y: ______________________________

(d) Write down the function of structure Y.s (3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) Absence of menstruation / feeling tired easily / feeling of wanting to vomit (Any two) (1×2)
(b) (i) Dairy products / eggs / nuts / tofu (Any two) (1×2) (Or other reasonable answers)
(ii) Because these foods are rich in proteins (1)
and calcium (1).
(c) X: umbilical cord (1)
Y: placenta (1)
(d) Y is the site for the exchange of materials between the embryo and the mother. (1)
Nutrients and oxygen pass from the mother’s blood to the embryo’s blood. (1)
Wastes produced by the embryo pass from the embryo’s blood to the mother’s blood. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0440016>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=4><type=long><lvl=dif><part=core><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
 It is now possible to make a copy (i.e. clone) of an animal with exactly the same genetic make-
up by a technique called cloning (克隆). The diagram below shows how a cow can be
reproduced by cloning.
male cow A female cow B

skin cell from cow A ovum from cow B with

the nucleus removed

The two cells fuse to form cell X.

The embryo formed is put

into the uterus of cow B.

A baby cow is born from

cow B nine months later.

(a) Explain whether the baby cow is male or female. (3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Name the process by which cell X develops into an embryo. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________
(c) State the purpose of putting the embryo into the uterus of cow B. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) Explain whether the baby cow is a clone of cow A or B. (3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) Male. (1)
Because it only carries sex chromosomes from male cow A. (1)
Therefore, the baby cow’s sex is the same as male cow A. (1)
(b) Cell division (1)
(c) To allow the embryo to implant into the uterine lining of cow B for further development. (1)
(d) Cow A. (1)
This is because the nucleus of cell X comes from the skin cell of cow A. (1)
The nucleus carries the genetic materials of cow A. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>
4.5 Becoming parents

<code=JSLQ0450001>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=5><type=long><lvl=easy><part=ext><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
E A young couple wants to have a baby. After having sexual intercourse for a year without using
any birth control, the wife still has not become pregnant. The couple then consults the doctor
for advice.
(a) The doctor checks the wife’s oviducts to see if they are blocked. State the purpose of this
check. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(b) All the tests show that the reproductive system of the wife is normal. Half a year later, the
wife misses her menstruation as expected. Explain why this can be a sign of pregnancy.
(2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(c) Another nine months later, the wife is ready to give birth. Describe how the foetus is
pushed out through the vagina. (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(d) After giving birth, the couple decides not to have more babies. They use condoms during
sexual intercourse. Suggest TWO advantages of condoms over other contraceptive
methods. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a) If the oviducts are blocked, sperms cannot meet and fertilize the ovum. (1)
(b) If fertilization occurs, the uterine lining will not breakdown so that the embryo can implant
into the uterine lining. (1)
The absence of menstruation indicates that an embryo has implanted. (1)
(c) Muscles of the uterus and abdominal wall contract. (1)
Amnion breaks and amniotic fluid flows out to lubricate the vagina. (1)
Neck of the uterus became wider to allow the foetus to be pushed out. (1)
(d) It can provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases. /
It is reversible / not permanent. /
It does not need to be applied by a doctor. /
It is more effective than the rhythm method.
(Any two) (1×2) (Or other reasonable answers)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0450002>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=5><type=long><lvl=dif><part=ext><cat=bas><mark=9><content>
E A woman has become pregnant.
(a) Give TWO examples of the signs of pregnancy. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(b) The woman claims that she has been using the rhythm method with her husband to avoid
pregnancy. State the principle of this birth control method and explain why it fails.
(3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(c) State ONE thing that the woman should do and ONE thing that she should not do during
pregnancy. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(d) Suggest TWO birth control methods they should use if they do not want to have babies
for a time after giving birth to this baby. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a) Absence of menstruation / feeling of wanting to vomit / frequent urination / feeling tired
easily / changes in appetite. (Any two) (1×2) (Or other reasonable answers)
(b) In the rhythm method, the couple avoids having sexual intercourse for a few days around the
time of ovulation. (1)
It has a low success rate because it is difficult to predict the time of ovulation accurately. (1)
The length of the menstrual cycle may not be regular. (1)
(c) Should do: have a balanced diet / do gentle exercise / have regular prenatal check-ups (1)
Should not do: smoke / drink alcohol / take medicine without doctor’s advice (1)
(Or other reasonable answers)
(d) Contraceptive pills / condom / intrauterine device. (Any two) (1×2)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0450003>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=5><type=long><lvl=avg><part=ext><cat=bas,dat><mark=10><content>
E A survey on the birth control methods used by the residents of a city was conducted. About
1200 people were surveyed. The graph below shows the results of the survey.

60
percentage of usage (%)

0
condom intrauterine contraceptive female male diaphragm
device pills sterilization sterilization ( 子宮帽 )

(a) (i) Identify the most common birth control method in the city. (1 mark)

___________________________________________________________________
(ii) Identify the least common birth control method in the city. (1 mark)

___________________________________________________________________

(b) Suggest TWO reasons why the method in a i is most common. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) Write down the working principles of the methods in c i. (4 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) (i) Condom (1)
(ii) Diaphragm (1)
(b) It is convenient to use. /
It can provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases. /
It has a high effectiveness. /
It has no side effects.
(Any two) (1×2) (Or other reasonable answers)
(c) (i) Male sterilization (1)
and female sterilization (1)
(ii) Male sterilization:
The sperms ducts are tied and cut (1)
to prevent sperms from entering the female body (1).
Female sterilization:
The oviducts are tied and cut (1)
to prevent the ovum from meeting the sperms (1).
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0450004>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=5><type=long><lvl=easy><part=ext><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
E The photo below shows a birth control method.

(a) Name this birth control method. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Explain how it is used for birth control. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) Contraceptive pills are another birth control method.

(i) State the working principle of contraceptive pills. (1 mark)

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) Give ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of contraceptive pills. (2 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) Intrauterine device / IUD (1)
(b) It is put into the uterus (1)
to prevent implantation of the embryo (1).
(c) Advantage: It has a high effectiveness. / It remains effective for a long time. (1)
Disadvantage: It needs to be put into the uterus by a doctor. / It cannot prevent sexually
transmitted diseases. (1)
(Or other reasonable answers)
(d) (i) It prevents the release of ova from the ovaries. (1)
(ii) Advantage: It has a high effectiveness. / It can help regulate the menstrual cycle. (1)
Disadvantage: It may have side effects. /
It has to be taken under doctor’s instructions. (1)
(Or other reasonable answers)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0450005>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=5><type=long><lvl=avg><part=ext><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
E The photos below show two birth control methods.

A B

(a) Identify which of the above methods is used by male and which is used by female.
(2 marks)

Used by male: ___________________________________________________________

Used by female: __________________________________________________________

(b) State whether the above methods prevent the release of ova from the ovaries. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(c) Explain the working principles of the above methods. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) Identify which of the above methods can provide protection against sexually transmitted
diseases. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________

(e) Many people prefer the above methods to sterilization for birth control. Suggest TWO
reasons for this. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) Used by male: A (1)
Used by female: B (1)
(b) No (1)
(c) Method A prevents sperms from entering the uterus. (1)
Method B prevents the implantation of the embryo. (1)
(d) A (1)
(e) Both methods A and B can be removed when a couple wants to have a baby, but
sterilization is permanent. (1)
Both methods A and B has a lower cost than surgery. (1)
(Or other reasonable answers)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0450006>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=5><type=long><lvl=easy><part=ext><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
E The diagram below shows the female reproductive system.

D
C

(a) The lining of a part of the female reproductive system breaks down about once each
month after the female has entered puberty. Identify this part using the letters in the
diagram. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________
(b) Name the breakdown process described in a. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(c) Write down the route of sperms when they swim up to meet the ovum after entering the
female reproductive system. (2 marks)

E  ___________________________________________________________________

(d) Describe a permanent birth control method for females. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

The photo below shows a birth control method.

(e) Using the letters in the diagram, identify the part of the female reproductive system
where this method is applied. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(f) Write down the working principle of this birth control method. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) C (1)
(b) Menstruation (1)
(c) D  C  A (2)
(d) Part A / The oviducts are tied up and cut (1)
to prevent the ovum from meeting the sperms (1).
(e) C (1)
(f) It prevents the implantation of the embryo. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>
<code=JSLQ0450007>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=5><type=long><lvl=easy><part=ext><cat=bas><mark=10><content>
E The diagram below shows the male reproductive system.

A D
E

B
F
C

(a) Give TWO birth control methods which are used by males. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) State whether the methods in a affect the production of sperms. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) Using the letters in the diagram, identify all structures which are involved in
reproduction. (5 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) Condom (1)
and male sterilization (1)
(b) Both methods do not affect the production of sperms. (1)
(c) Condom: It does not affect the content of semen. (1)
Male sterilization: No sperms will be present in semen. (1)
(d) A (1)
B (1)
C (1)
E (1)
F (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0450008>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=5><type=long><lvl=easy><part=ext><cat=bas,sps><mark=14><content>
E The diagram below shows the reproductive system of a person.

A D
E

B
F
C

(a) Deduce whether this is the male or female reproductive system using ONE external
structure shown in the diagram. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Name the sex cells produced by part C. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(c) Draw a diagram of a sex cell produced by part C in the space given (5 marks)
(d) State the function of part E. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(e) Using the letters in the diagram, write down the route of the sex cells from part C to
where they pass out of the body. (2 marks)

C  ___________________________________________________________________

(f) Explain whether the person can reproduce after part A is tied and cut. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(g) Name the fluid which passes through part B other than sex cells and the fluids produced
in the reproductive system. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) The reproductive system has a penis / scrotum. (1)
Therefore, it is the male reproductive system. (1)
(b) Sperms (1)
(c)
nucleus tail

head
Sex cell produced by part C

Correct drawing (2)

Correct labels (2)
Correct title (1)
(d) Produce a fluid which provides nutrients for sperms. (1)
(e) A  B (2)
(f) No. (1)
Because there will be no sperms in his semen. (1)
(g) Urine (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0450009>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=5><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas,read><mark=8><content>
 Read the article below and answer the questions.

Contraceptive pills for men

Currently, contraceptive pills are used only by women for birth control. However, a recent
research shows that it may be possible to produce contraceptive pills for men too.

In the research, a group of male rats were supplied with a chemical called JQ1. These rats
were allowed to mate with female rats. The scientists found that the male rats produced
fewer sperms and the sperms were less active. Meanwhile, the frequency of mating between
the male and female rats was not affected.

Once the supply of JQ1 was stopped, the ability of the male rats to produce sperms was
fully restored. No significant side-effects were observed. The scientists thought that JQ1
might have the same effects on humans and could be developed as contraceptive pills for
men.

(a) State how contraceptive pills for women prevent pregnancy. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________

(b) Write down the effects of JQ1 on the reproduction of rats. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(c) Explain whether JA1 is a permanent birth control method. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) Name a permanent birth control method for men and explain its working principle.
(3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) They prevent the release of ova from the ovaries. (1)
(b) JQ1 reduces the number of sperms produced (1)
and makes sperms less active (1).
(c) It is not a permanent birth control method. (1)
Because once the supply of JQ1 is stopped, the ability to produce sperms is restored. (1)
(d) Male sterilization. (1)
The sperm ducts are tied and cut (1)
to prevent sperms form entering the female body. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>
4.6 Heredity and variation

<code=JSLQ0460001>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=6><type=long><lvl=dif><part=core><cat=bas><mark=13><content>
«« Two babies born in the same pregnancy is called pair of twins.
(a) Name the TWO main types of twins. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(b) Twins are often the subjects of studies that look at the effect of the environment on
variations. Explain which type of twins is suitable for this type of study. (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(c) The photo below shows two pairs of twins.

If the two pairs of twins get married and each give birth to a baby, explain whether the
babies will be genetically identical. (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(d) A pair of conjoined twins (連體嬰) are joined by any part of their body (e.g. chest, hip).
Explain which type of twins conjoined twins must be. (5 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a) Identical twins. (1)
Non-identical twins. (1)
(b) Identical twins. (1)
They have the same genetic make-up. (1)
This ensures that the variations observed between each pair of twins are due to the
environment. (1)
(c) Their babies will not be genetically identical. (1)
This is because each sperm or ovum only have half the number of chromosomes of the
parent. (1)
Therefore, each zygote has a unique combination of genetic information / DNA from the
parents. (1)
(d) Conjoined twins must be identical twins. (1)
Non-identical twins develop from different zygotes. (1)
They will not join together during pregnancy. (1)
Identical twins develop from the same zygote. (1)
Conjoined twins may form if the embryo does not separate completely. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0460002>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=6><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas,dat,sps><mark=8><content
>
« A group of scientists study whether the ability to bend the thumb backwards is determined by
heredity only.
(a) Explain whether the ability to bend the thumb backwards shows a continuous variation or
discontinuous variation. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(b) State the type of graph which should be used to show the distribution of this variation in a
group of people. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(c) The scientists carry out their study on a group of identical twins. The results are
summarized in the graph below.

Both twins were not able to

bent their thumb
10%
One was able to
bent the thumb
while the other
cannot
20%

Both twins were able to bent

their thumb
70%

(i) State the purpose of studying variation in identical twins. (2 marks)

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Give ONE piece of evidence that supports the idea that the ability to bend the thumb
backwards is determined by heredity only. (1 mark)
____________________________________________________________________
(iii) Give ONE piece of evidence that suggests that the ability to bend the thumb
backwards is affected by other factors. (1 mark)
____________________________________________________________________
(iv) Write a conclusion for the study. (1 mark)
____________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a) Discontinuous variation. (1)
Because it shows two distinct categories of variation. (1)
(b) Bar chart. (1)
(c) (i) A pair of identical twins have the same genetic make-up. (1)
Any observed variation between them is due to the environment. (1)
(ii) 80% of the subjects show the same thumb bending ability. (1)
(iii) 20% of the identical twins showed different thumb bending ability. (1)
(iv) The ability to bend the thumb backwards may be determined by both heredity and other
factors / the environment. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0460003>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=6><type=long><lvl=easy><part=core><cat=bas><mark=8><content>
David donates blood regularly. Before extracting his blood, the nurse measures his height,
weight and assesses the amount of red blood cells he has. The nurse also checks his blood
group.

(a) Put a ‘✓’ in the appropriate boxes to distinguish whether height, weight, amount of red
blood cells and blood group are discontinuous variation or continuous variation.
(4 marks)

Discontinuous variation Continuous variation

Height

Weight
Amount of red blood cells

Blood group

(b) Put a ‘✓’ in the appropriate boxes to show if these traits are determined by heredity, the
environment or both. (3 marks)

Determined by heredity Determined by environment

Height ✓ ✓

Weight

Amount of
red blood cells

Blood group

(c) Give ONE environmental factor which affects height. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a)

Discontinuous variation Continuous variation

Height ✓ (1)

Weight ✓ (1)

Amount of red blood cells ✓ (1)

Blood group ✓ (1)

(b)

Determined by heredity Determined by environment

Height ✓ ✓

Weight ✓ ✓ (1)

Amount of ✓ ✓ (1)
red blood cells

Blood group ✓ (1)

(c) Nutrition / amount of exercise. (1) (Or other reasonable answers)

-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0460004>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=6><type=long><lvl=easy><part=core><cat=bas><mark=11><content>
The diagram below shows a process in human reproduction.

cell A cell B cell C

(a) Complete the table below by writing the names and numbers of chromosomes in cells A
to C. (6 marks)

Cell Name Number of chromosomes

(b) Name process P. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
(d) Jimmy thought that a pair of twins must be look alike. Explain whether he is correct.
(3 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a)
Cell Name Number of chromosomes

A Sperm (1) 23 (1)

B Ovum (1) 23 (1)

C Zygote (1) 46 (1)

(b) Fertilization (1)

(c) Identical twins will be formed. (1)
(d) He is not correct. (1)
Non-identical twins do not look alike as they have different genetic make-ups. (1)
Identical twins may not look completely alike because some of their features are also
affected by the environment. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0460005>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=6><type=long><lvl=dif><part=ext><cat=bas><mark=10><content>
E The diagram below shows some bases on a length of DNA.

A C T T G A
(a) Write down the missing bases in the boxes in the diagram. (3 marks)
(b) Explain the importance of base pairing in the structure of DNA. (2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(c) Sickle-cell anaemia (鐮狀細胞性貧血) is a disease in which the red blood cells of the patient
becomes sickle-shaped. The disease is caused a base in a gene is changed to another base.
Explain why this change can lead to a change in the structure of the red blood cells. (3
marks)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) Explain whether sickle-cell anaemia can be passed from generation to generation.
(2 marks)

________________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a)

A C T T G A

T G A A C T

(3)
(b) The pairing of bases links the two strands of DNA together (1)
to maintain the double helix structure of DNA (1).
(c) The sequence of bases instructs cells to produce particular proteins. (1)
Proteins are used to build cells and control cell activities. (1)
Therefore, if the sequence is changed, the structure of the cells may also change. (1)
(d) It can be passed to the next generation (1)
if the changed gene / DNA is carried by the sex cells. (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>
<code=JSLQ0460006>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=6><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas,dat,sps><mark=11><conten
t>
 The graph below shows the distribution of height of students in a class.

15
number of students

0
149.5 154.5 159.5 164.5 169.5 174.5
height (cm)

(a) State the number of students in the class. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(b) Identify the most common range of height in the class. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________

(d) Suggest how the graph will change if the height of the students is measured again one
year later. (1 mark)

________________________________________________________________________
(e) The table below shows the number of students in the same class who have free or
attached earlobes.

Free earlobes Attached earlobes

Number of students 25 15

(i) Draw a graph to present the data in the graph paper below. (4 marks)

Title: _____________________________________________

(ii) State whether having free or attached earlobes is an example of discontinuous

variation or continuous variation. Give ONE other example of this type of variation
in human. (2 marks)

___________________________________________________________________

-- Ans --
(a) 40 (1)
(b) 159.5–164.5 cm (1)
(c) Continuous variation. (1)
Because height varies over a continuous range of values. (1)
(d) The graph will shift to the right in general. (1) (Or other reasonable answers)
(e)
Number of students having
free earlobes and attached
earlobes in a class

30
number of students

0
free earlobes attached earlobes

Correct axes with labels (2)

Correct height of bars (1)
Correct title (1)
(f) Discontinuous variation. (1)
Can or cannot roll the tongue / can or cannot bend the thumb can bend backwards / have
widow’s peak or straight hairline / blood group. (1) (Or other reasonable answers)
-- Ans end --
<end>

<code=JSLQ0460007>
<bk=1B><u=4><sect=6><type=long><lvl=avg><part=core><cat=bas,dat><mark=9><content>
 The table below shows the resting pulse rates of the students in a class.

Resting pulse rate

6165 6670 7175 7680 8185 8690
(beats/minute)

Number of students 4 15 10 7 3 1

(a) Draw a histogram to present the data in the graph paper below. (4 marks)
(b) State whether resting pulse rate is a discontinuous variation or continuous variation.
(1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(c) Calculate the total number of students in the class. Show your working. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(d) State the number of students in the lowest range of resting pulse rate. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
(e) Identify the most common rage of resting pulse rate in the class. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________
-- Ans --
(a)
Resting pulse rate of students in a class

15
number of students

0
60.5 65.5 70.5 75.5 80.5 85.5 90.5
resting pulse rate (beats/minute)

Correct title (1)

Correct axes with labels (2)
Correct heights bars (1)
(b) Continuous variation (1)
(c) 4 + 15 + 10 + 7 + 3 + 1 (1)
= 40 (1)
(d) 4 (1)
(e) 7175 beats/min (1)
-- Ans end --
<end>

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4.

(a) Name parts X, Y and Z. (3 marks)

(i) Name structures P and Q. (2 marks)

(a) Name the apparatus X and Y. (2 marks)

Blue green algae cells (×400)

Correct drawing of the cells (1)

(a) Name parts A to D. (4 marks)

(c) The photos below show parts A and D of the microscope.

(e) Explain whether cell X is an animal cell or a plant cell. (2 marks)

(a) The photo below shows the microscope Ann uses.

Name parts A to D. (4 marks)

(Photo credit: CDC / Dr. George Healy)

Correct drawing (2)

(a) Name structure C. (1 mark)

(d) State the function of the structure identified in c. (1 mark)

(c) Name the following structures and state their functions.

(i) Structure A (2 marks)

(ii) Structure B (2 marks)

Development of 3D-printed organs

E Read the article below and answer the questions.

3D model of the coronavirus

(b) Compare the structure of RNA and DNA. (3 marks)

(c) Explain why the virus is called a ‘coronavirus’. (1 mark)

(a) Explain whether cell X is an animal cell or a plant cell. (2 marks)

(b) Name process Y. (1 mark)

(a) Name substance X. (1 mark)

(b) (i) Name structure P. (1 mark)

(c) Describe the structure of substance X. (2 marks)

(a) Name structures A to F. (6 marks)

(i) Digestive system: _____________________________________________________

(ii) Circulatory system: ___________________________________________________

(iii) Breathing system: ____________________________________________________

(iv) Muscle system: ______________________________________________________

(a) State the function of the tail of the sperm. (1 mark)

(c) State the number of chromosomes in an ovum. (1 mark)

Movement Can move by itself (1) Cannot move by itself (1)

Size Smaller (1) Larger (1)

Part Name Function

D Testis (1) It produces sperms and sex hormones. (1)

(b) The flow of sperms: D  B (1)  E (1)  C

(a) Identity structures A to D of the female reproductive system. (4 marks)

(b) Name the main component of chromosomes. (1 mark)

(d) Deduce the sex of this person. (2 marks)

(a) State the number of chromosomes in this cell. (1 mark)

(b) Explain whether this cell is a human body cell. (2 marks)

(c) Explain whether this cell is a sex cell. (2 marks)

Correct drawing (2)

Period A Period B Period C Period D

(b) (i) Explain why the process in III is happening. (2 marks)

(ii) Name the process in b i. (1 mark)

(a) Write down the period in which menstruation occurs. (1 mark)

From day __________ to day __________

(d) Describe the fertilization of an ovum. (3 marks)

Roles of sex hormones in women

sperm ovum cell X

(a) Arrange the stages in the correct order. (2 marks)

(d) Describe the main function of structure Y. (3 marks)

(a) Write down the names of the structures A to E. (5 marks)

(b) State the functions of the following structures during pregnancy.

(i) Structure A (2 marks)

(ii) Structure C (1 mark)

(i) Structure B (1 mark)

(ii) Substance D (1 mark)

C Umbilical cord (1)

D Amniotic fluid (1)

(a) Name X, Y and Z. (3 marks)

(b) Give ONE function of fluid Y. (1 mark)

(c) State the function of structure Z. (1 mark)

(i) Describe the change in volume of fluid Y during pregnancy. (2 marks)

4500 premature to term

(a) (i) Identify which of the babies is / are premature. (1 mark)

(ii) Identify which of the babies is / are underweight at birth. (2 marks)

(a) Name structure X and state its function. (2 marks)

pharmacist You might be

(b) After seeing a doctor, Mrs Wong is confirmed to be pregnant.

(c) Name structures X and Y. (2 marks)

From day to day