DEEPERLI

FEHI
GHSCHOOL

ADDRESS:……………………………………………………………………
WEBSITE:www.deeper
li
fehi
ghschool
.
org
E-MAIL:…………………………………………………………………….
CONTACTPHONENO: …………………………………………………. .
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CLASS:SS3
SUBJECT:PHYSI CS
SECONDTERM: E-LEARNI
NGNOTES

SECONDTERM SCHEMEOFWORK

WEEK:TOPI
C

1.Revisi
on/Modelsoft
heatom:(a)Conceptoftheatom (b)Thev ar
iousmodel
s
oftheatom (i
)Thomson(ii
)Rutherf
ord(
ii
i)Bohr(
iv)El
ectron-
cloudmodels
(c)
Limitat
ionsofphy
sical
model s.

2.Nucl
eus:(a)Radioacti
vit
y-natur
al andartif
ici
al:(i
)Isot
opes(ii
)Radioacti
ve
el
ements(ii
i)Radioacti
veemi ssion(iv)Half-
li
feanddecayconst ant(b)
Nucl
earreacti
on( i
)Fissi
on( i
i)fusion(ii
i
)Nucl earenergy(
iv)Nuclearpower
andat
omi c(c)Nigeri
a’snuclearener gyprogram me.

3.Energyquantizat
ionandDual i
tyofMat ter
: (
a)Energylev elsinatom (i
)Gr
ound
stat
e( i
i)Exci
tedstat
e( i
i
i)Emissionofl i
ght-
energyonr et urntogroundst
ate
(b)Photo–electr
iceff
ect(c)Einsteinphoto-
electr
icequat ionandi t
s
explanati
on(d)X-ray (i)Producti
on ( ii
)Char act er
ist
icsand
properti
es(iv
)Uses.(e)Duali
tyofmat t
er–Wav e.

4.Chemi calEf
fectofCurr
ent:Def
init
ion&t ermsi
nvolv
edinelect
rol
ysi
s,
El
ectrolysi
sofsomesol ut
ions,
Far aday’
slaws,
determi
nat
ionofECE,
Appl
icat i
onsofelect
rol
ysi
s&cal culat
ions.

5.DamsandEner gyProduction&RocketsandSatel
li
tes:
(a)(
i)Locationof
damsf orproducingelect
rici
tyi
nNigeri
a (ii
)Principl
eof
producti
onofelectri
cityf
rom dams.(b)(i
)Componentpart
sofr ocketsand
satel
li
tes(i
i)Functi
onofr ocket
sandsatell
it
es(
iii
)Usesofrocketsand
satel
li
tes.

6.Niger
-SATI&NICOM- SATI:
(a)(i
)Feat
uresofNiger–SATI(i
i)I
tsoper
ati
on
anduses(b)(
i)Feat
uresofNICOM-SATI(ii
)It
soperat
ionanduses.

7.MI
D–TERM BREAK
 8.User sofMachi nes:(
a)( i
)Needf oruseofmachi nesindoingwork:easier,
quicker,mor econveni
ent l
y(i
i)Inst
ancesofuseofmachi nes:
athome, i
n
offi
ces, i
ndustry,i
nagricul
tur
e, i
ntransportati
onet c.(
b)Repairsand
Mai ntenanceofMachi nes:(i
)Needf orrepairsofmachi nes(i
i)Needfor
regularmai nt
enanceofmachi nes(i
ii
)Mai ntenancescheduleofmachi nes.

9.MockWAEC/
NECOSeni
orSchool
Cer
ti
fi
cat
eExami
nat
ions.

10.
MockWAEC/
NECOSeni
orSchool
Cer
ti
fi
cat
eExami
nat
ions.

11.

REFERENCES:

1.Newschool
phy
sicsbyM.
W Any
akoha

2.Sci
encet
eacher
sassoci
ati
onofNi
ger
ia(
STAN)

3.Seni
orschool
Phy
sicsbyP.
NOkeke,
F.NOkeke,
S.FAkande

WEEK1: DATE:
………………………….
.

TOPI
C:REVI
SION/MODELSOFATOM;

CONTENT

- Rev
isi
on

- Conceptofat
om

- J.
JThompsonpl
um puddi
ngmodel
ofat
om

- Rut
her
for
dnucl
earat
omi
cmodel

- Nei
lBohr
’spost
ulat
e

- El
ect
ron-
cloudmodel
s

SUB-
TOPI
CONE
CONCEPTOFATOM.

Thewor d‘at
om’ wasderiv
edf r
om theGr eekword‘at
omos’ meansindi
visi
ble.I
twas
fi
rstusedbytheGr eekphi
losopherDemocr it
ustoref
ertotheti
nyormi nut
estpartof
al
l subst
ancethatcannotbefurthercutordivi
ded.Al
thoughthi
sideahadbeensi nce
thel
ate5thcent
ury/ear y4thcent
l ur
yBC,i
twasunt i
l1808t
hatt
heact
ual
exist
enceof
atom wasfir
stprovedbyt heEngli
shChemistJohnDalt
onwhenheputf
orwardhi
s
famousJohnDal tonAtomi cTheory
.

However,
theJohnDalt
onAtomicTheor
ydidnotgi
veinsi
ghtint
owhatt hestr
ucture
ofanatom i
s.JohnDal
tonanswer
edthequest
ion,
‘doesanatom exi
st?
’ wi
thproves
butdi
dnotanswerthequest
i whatdoesanat
on‘ om l
ookli
ke?’

At
omi
cmodel
s

Thesewer esomeoft heattemptbysci enti

ststoanswerthequesti whatdoes
on-‘
anatom lookli
ke?’.JJThompsoni n1987per f
ormedanexper i
mentinwhi chheused
gastoconduct edelectr
ici
tyi sadi schargetube.Heobservedthatanegativel
y
chargedparti
cleswhicht r
av elsfrom thecathodeofthetubetot heanodei na
str
aightli
nearealway spresenti nt hetubenomat t
erthetypeofgasi nthetube.He
concludedthatthi
spar ti
clemustbeabasi ccomponentofal l
substanceandhe
cal
ledthem cathoder ay(orel ectrons).

J.
JThompsonal
sosuccessf
ull
ymeasur
edt
hechar
get
omassr
ati
ooft
heel
ect
ron.

J.
JThompsonPl
um Puddi
ngat
omi
cmodel

Theexistentofanelect
ronhadbeenshowi nt
heJ.J.Thompsonexper imentandthat
theyarenegati
vel
ycharged.Butsi
nceatomsareelectr
icall
yneutral
,theremustbe
posit
ivel
ychargeparti
clesi
naddit
iont
ot heel
ect
ronthatmadeupt heat om.J.J
Thompsont heref
oreproposedanatomicmodelcall
edt heplum puddingmodel.

Hesuggestedthatanatom i
sasphereof
posi
ti
vel
ychargedflui
dinwhicht
henegati
vel
y
char
gedelectr
onsweresymmet r
ical
l
y
EVALUATI
ON

1.Thewordatom means-
--
-(a)i
ndi
visi
ble(b)i
ndest
ruct
ibl
e(c)smal
l
estpar
tof
asubst
ance(d)basi
ccomponentofallmatt
er

2.Anothernameforel
ect
roni
s--
--(
a)negat
ivechar
gepar
ti
cles(
b)posi
tr
on(
c)
cat
hoder ay(
d)neut
ri
no

3.Whichoftheseisnotcredi
tedtoJ.
JThompson?( a)plum Puddi
ngmodelof
atom (
b)measur ementofcharget
omassr at
ioofelectr
on(c)measur
ement
ofchargeonelectr
on(d)studyonproper
ti
esonelectron

4.Thef
ir
stsci
ent
if
icpr
oveoft
heexi
stentofatom wasby-
--
-(a)JohnDal
ton(
b)
J.
JThompson(c)R.
AMil
li
kan(
d)Democr i
tus

5.Theplum puddingmodelofat
om waspr
oposedby
,…(
a)JJThompson(
b)
R.ARuther(c)Niel
Bohr(
d)Ruther
for
d

SUB-
TOPI
CTWO

Rut
her
for
dNucl
earat
omi
cmodel
.

Theplum puddingat omicmodel wasuphel dforawhi l

eunti
ltherewere
i
nconsist
encieswithexper i
mentalobser vat
ion.Rut her
for
din1911bombar deda
sampleofgoldf oi
lwi t
halphaparti
clesandobser vedthepatterni
nwhi chthealpha
part
icl
eswerescat tered.Manyoftheal phapar t
icl
epassest hroughthegoldfoil
undevi
ated.Howev er,somewerescat teredatdifferentangl
est othei
rori
ginalpath
(mostl
yacuteangles) .Moreso,somewer eobser vedtohavebeendev iatedat
angl
esgr
eat han900.Thepl
ert um puddi
ngat
omi
cmodel
coul
dnotexpl
ainanangl
e
ofdevi
ati
ongreat han900becausesuchadev
ert iat
ioncoul
donlyhavebeencaused
bysever
alposi
tiv
elychargedpar
ti
cleconcent
rat
edataspot( andnotscat
ter
ed
posi
ti
vel
ychargedparti
clesasst
atedinbytheplum puddi
ngmodel).
Thi
sexper
imentl
eadst
otheNucl
earAt
omi
cmodel

Thenuclearmodelofanatom consideredthe
atom t
obeamassi ve,posi
ti
velychargedcore
surr
oundedbynegativel
ychargedelectrons

e- Nucl
earmodelofthe
Li
thi
um at
om.Ithasthr
ee
el
ect
ronandthreepr
oton
e

e-

Thi
smodelli
kenstheatom tothesol
arsystem wi
tht
henucl
eusast
hesunand
el
ectr
onsr
evolvi
ngarounditli
kethepl
anets.

Alt
hought henucl earmodel wasani mpr ovementont hepl um puddi
ngmodel ,
it
couldnotexpl ai
nt hest abil
it
yofat om.Anel ect
ronintheor bi
twil
laccel
erateasit
revolvesar oundt henucl ear.AccordingtotheMaxwel l’
sel ect
romagneti
ct heory,
suchel ectronwi l
l r
adiateener gy(giveoutenergy).Thi
sl ossofenergywillmeana
continual decreasei nther adi
usoft heorbitunti
ltheelectroncoll
apseint
ot he
nucleust husimpl yingthatanat om isnotst abl
e.

I
nordertoexplainthest
abi
l
ityoft
heat
om wi
thanucl
earmodel
,Nei
lBohrst
atedt
he
f
oll
owingpostulates:

1.Elect
ronsi
nat omsonlyoccupi
esorbi
toffi
xedenergyst
ate.Thesest
atesare
caledst
l at
ionaryst
ate.Theener
gyofelect
ronsi
nthesestat
esarequanti
zed.

2.Eachstat
ionar
yorbiti
schar
acter
izedbyangul
armomentum ofel
ectr
on
h
whichcanhaveonlythosev
aluesthatar
eint
egral
mul
ti
pleof .an
2π
 el
ectr
onofmassm i
naorbi
tofr
adi
usrandr
evol
vi
ngwi
thaspeedvwi
l
lhav
e
angul
armoment
um of:

nh
angul
armoment
um mv
r= .
2π

3.Electronsdonotradiat
eenergywhentheyr emaininafixedenergystate.They
radiateenergyonl
ywhent heyunder
godi scont
inuousjumpsfr om ahigh
ener gylev
elE2toalowerenergyl
evelE1.Theenergylosswillberadi
at edasa
phot onorenergybundle.

E2-
E1=hf
….….
.….
.(i
)

Wher
ehi
sthePl
anck’
sconst
antandfi
sthef
requencyoft
her
adi
ati
on

TheBohr’
smodel wasabl et
oexplai
nsatisf
actori
lyt
hespect
ral
ineforat
om with
oneelect
ron(hydrogen).Buti
tfai
l
edtoexplainspectr
ali
nefort
hatofmulti
-el
ect
ron
atoms.Thisnecessit
atedthesearchforf
urtheranswer
s.

El
ect
ron-
cloudmodel

Thisi
sal socall
edt
hewav emechanicalmodelorthemathemat
ical
model.It
pi
cturesanatom asconsist
ingofanucleussurr
oundedbyahazycloudofel
ectr
ons.
Thepr obabi
l
ityofl
ocat
inganelect
roninthi
scloudishi
gherwheret
hecloudis
denser.

Cl
oudofel
ect
ron

El
ectr
onsl
ikel
ytoexi
st
her
ethati
sdenser

Elect
ron–cloudmodelconsidersanat
om as
consist
ingofnucleuswit
helectr
onmovingrapi
dly
aroundthenucleusandspendingmostofthei
rti
mein
hi
ghpr obabi
li
tyregion
Sol
vedexampl
es

1.I
namodel ofhy
drogenatom, t
heener
gyl
evel
sWnaregiv
enbythefor
mula
-
R
Wn= 2wherenisanintegerandRisaaconst
ant
.Det
erminet
heener
gy
n
r
eleasedi
nthet
ransi
ti
onf r
om n=3ton=2

Sol
uti
on

Recal
l
,ener
gyabsor
pti
onoremi
tt
edwhenanel
ect
ronj
umpf
rom oneener
gy
l
evelt
oanotheri
sgi
venas

E2-
E1=∆E=hf

ButEn=Wn

∆W =W3-
W1

-
R -R
∆W =
[] [] -
n2 n=3 n2 n=2
-R- R
∆W = 2 - 2
3 2

-
R- R
∆W = -
9 4
-4R—9R 5R
∆W = =
36 36
5R
Ener
gyr
eleasedi
s
36

2.Anatom r
adi
ates1.
5x10-
19Jofener
gywhenanel
ect
ronj
umpsfr
om one
ener
gylev
elt
oanother
.Whati
sthewavel
engt
hoft
heemit
tedr
adi
ati
on?(
h=
6x10-34,
6. 3x108ms-1)

Sol
uti
on
c
Phot
onemi
tt
ed=hf=h
λ

6×10-34×3.
6. 0×108
5×10-19=
1.
λ

8×10-26
19.
λ= -
19
32×10-6m
=1.
1.5×10
 hc
Not
ethat E=hf=
λ

Wher
e ci
sthespeedofl
i
ghti
nvacuum and i
sthewavel
engt
hoft
hel
i
ght
.

EVALUATI
ON

1.Whichoft
hesemodelsli
kentheatom t
othestr
uct
ureoft
hesolarsyst
em?(
a)
J.
JThompsonmodel ofatom(b)Rut
herf
ord’
smodelofat
om (
c)Electr
on
cl
oudmodel(d)Bohr
’spostul
ate

2.Whichofthesemodel si
sbasedonquantum mechanicsandthefor
mulat
ion
bySchrodi
nger?(a)J.JThompsonmodel ofatom(b)Rut
her
ford’
smodelof
at
om (c)Elect
roncloudmodel(d)Bohr
’spostulat
e

3.Thewor
dat
om or
igi
nat
esf
rom -
--
-(a)Amer
ica(
b)Engl
and(
c)Af
ri
ca(
d)Gr
eek

4.Whichofthesemodelsisthehel
dthemodel
viewofanatom?(a)J.J
Thompsonmodel ofatom(b)Rut
herf
ord’
smodelofat
om (c)El
ect
roncl
oud
model(d)Bohr’
spostul
ate

WEEKENDASSI
GNMENT

1.St
atet
heJohnDal
ton’
sat
omi
ctheor
y.

2.St
atet
hel
i
mit
ati
onoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

I
. JJThompsonModel
ofAt
om

I
I. Rut
her
for
d’smodel
ofat
om

I
II
. Nei
lBohr
’sPost
ulat
e

READI
NGASSI
GNMENT

Readpage424and425ofCompr
ehensi
veCer
ti
fi
cat
ePhy
sicandanswert
he
fol
l
owingquest
ions.

1.Descr
ibet
heFr
ank-Her
tzexper
iment

2.Expl
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erm

i
. Li
nespect
ra

2. Bandspect
ra
 i
i
i. Cont
inuousspect
ra

WEEK2: DATE…………………………….

TOPI
C;NUCLEUS

CONTENT

- St
ruct
ureofanat
om

- Radi
oact
ivi
ty

- Radi
oact
ivei
sot
ope

- Radi
oact
iveemi
ssi
on

- Hal
fli
feanddecayconst
ant

- Nucl
earr
eact
ions

- Nucl
earpower

- Ni
ger
ianucl
earener
gypr
ogr
am

SUB-
TOPI
CONE

St
ruct
ureofanat
om

Asdi
scussedear
li
er,
themoder
nat
om model
i heel
st ect
ron-
cloudmodelwhi
ch
consi
dersanatom asconsi
sti
ngofnucl
euswithel
ectr
onmovi ngrapi
dlyar
oundt he
nucl
eusandspendingmostoftheirt
imei
nhighprobabil
it
yregi
on.Thenucleusofan
atom consi
stsofaposi
ti
vel
ychargedpr
otonandneutronwhichhasnochar ge.The
el
ect
ronsr
evol
ver
oundt
henucl
eus.

s/ Sub-at
omi
c Char
ges Mass Posi
ti
oni
nthe
n par t
icl
e at
om

1 El
ect
ron -
1.6x10-19C 9.
1x10-31kg Or
bit
s

2 Pr
oton 6x10-19
+1. 675x10-27kg Nucl
1. eus
 C
-
27
3 Neut
ron Nochar
ge 1.
675x10 Nucl
eus
kg

Hydrogenthesimpl
estat
om hasoneprot
oni
nitsnucl
eusandoneel
ect
roni
nits
orbi
t.Thenexti
sheli
um at
om whichhast
woprotonsandt
woneutr
onsini
tnucl
eus
andtwoelectr
onsinit
sisorbi
ts

Prot
onandneut
ronar
ebot
hcal
l
edNucl
eonbecauset
heycanbef
oundi
nthe
nucl
eusofanat
om.

Zisusedtorepr
esentt
henumberofpr
otonint
henucl
eusandi
tiscal
ledt
heatomi
c
number.Thenumberofnucl
eoni
nthenucl
eusofanat
om i
scal
ledthemassnumber
A.

Atom i
srepr edasA
esent zX.wher
eAr epresentt
hemassnumberoft
heat
om andZ
repr
esentt
heatomicnumberoft heatom

N.
B

 At
omi
cnumber Z;
thi
sist
henumberofpr
otonpr
esenti
nthenucl
eusofan
at
om.

 MassnumberA; thisist
henumberofnucl
eon(
numberofpr
otonand
neut
ron)i
nthenucleusofanat
om.

I
naneutr
alatom (
i.
eanatom wi
thnonetel
ect
roni
cchar
ge)
,thenumberofpr
otonin
t
henucl
eusisequaltot
henumberofel
ectr
oninit
sor
bit
.(i
.eZ=numberofelect
ron
)

CLASSWORK

St
atet
henumberofel
ect
ron,
prot
ons,
neut
rons,
nucl
eoni
nthef
oll
owi
ng:
4
I
. He2+
2

16
I
I. 8 O
3
I
II
. H
1

238
I
V. 92 U
37 1-
V. 17 Cl

EVALUATI
ON
 1.Thepart
icl
esi
nthenucl
eusofanat
om ar
ecal
l
ed….(
a)pr
oton(
b)neut
ron(
c)
nucl
eon(d)el
ect
ron

2.Whi
chofthesemodelsexplai
nthemoder
nviewofanatom?(a)pl
um pudding
model
(b)Ruther
for
dnuclearmodel(
c)Nei
lBohrpost
ulat
e(d)el
ect
roncloud
model
31
3.Howmanyel
ect
ronsar
eint on16S2-?(
hei a)14(
b)15(
c)16(
d)18

4.Whichofthesecomponent
softheat
om hast
hel
eastmass?(
a)nucl
eon(
b)
pr
oton(c)elect
ron(
d)neut
ron

I
. Def
inemassnumber
.

I
I. St
atet
heel
ect
roncl
oudmodel

SUP-TOPI
CTWO

Radi
oact
ivi
ty

Thisi
saspontaneousdecayofunstabl
enucleiwi
tht
her
eleaseofener
gyand
radi
ati
onsuchasalphapart
icl
e,Bet
aparti
cleandgammaray.Radi
oact
ivi
ty
wasdiscov
eredbyA.BBecquerel
inthey ear1896whenhef oundthatasampleof
ur
anium coul
daff
ectthephotogr
aphicplateevenafterithadbeenwr appedi
nblack
soast opr
eventi
tfl
uorescencef
rom reachingthephotographicpl
ate.

Afterurani
um hadbeenshownt ohavet hi
spropert
y,t
herehadbeenot her
experi
ment st
oidenti
fyot
hermat er
ialofsimi
larbehaviour.Ot
herradi
oacti
ve
mat er
ialst
hathadbeendiscov
eredinclude:r
adium,thorium,pol
onium …

Radi
ati
onsemi
tt
eddur
ingr
adi
oact
ivi
tyexhi
bitt
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
oper
ti
es:

i
. Theyaf
fectphot
ogr
aphi
cpl
ate

i
i
. Theyi
oni
segas

i
i
i. Theypr
oducef
luor
escence

Theionisi
ngeffectofradioact
ivemateri
alcanbeobservedusi
ngacharge
el
ectroscope.Theelectr
oscopedischargewhenaradioacti
vemat
eri
ali
sbroughti
ts
cap.Thisisbecauseradiati
onemi t
tedbythemater
ialcausesi
oni
zat
ion(pr
oduce
el
ectronswhichdischargetheelectr
oscope).

Radi
oact
iveel
ement
s

Theseareel
ementsthatundergodisi
ntegr
ati
onspont
aneouslybyemi
tti
ngr
adi
ati
on
andpart
icl
es.Exampl
einclude;r
adon,radi
um,ur
anium andpoloni
um.
Afor
m ofradi
oacti
vi
tywhi
choccurspontaneousl
ywi
thoutdoingany t
hingt
oini
ti
ate
i
tnorcananyt
hingbedonetocont
roli
tiscaledNATURALr
l adioact
ivi
ty.
226
Ra→22
88
2
86Rn+4
2α

Afor
m ofradi
oacti
vit
ythati
sinducedi
nelementthatwoul
dhav
eot
her
wisebei
ng
st
abl
eiscaledi
l nducedorARTIFICI
ALradi
oact
ivi
ty.
14 17
N+ 4
7
1
2He→ 8O+ 1H

7
3Li+1 4 4
1H→ 2He+2He

Art
ifi
cialradi
oactiv
ityisinducedbybombar dingstabl
enucl eiwit
hfastmov i
ngions
suchpr ot
onoral phapar ti
cles.Ar
ti
fici
alr
adioacti
vi
tyi
si nducedindevicecal
led
accel
er at
ors.Exampl eincl
ude: cy
clotr
on,l
inearaccel
erator,VandeGraffaccel
erat
or.

Ty
pesofr
adi
ati
on

Ther
ear
ethr
eemai
nty
pesofr
adi
ati
onemi
tt
edf
rom r
adi
oact
ivemat
eri
als:

1.Al
phapar
ti
cl
e

2.Bet
apar
ti
cl
e

3.Gammar
ay
Radi
oact
iveSer
ies

Asar adi
oacti
v emateri
alemit
sr adiat
ion,i
tchangesi nt
onucleusofotherwhich
i
tsel
fmayber adi
oacti
ve.Thenewnucl eusthereaf
teremitsr
adiati
onandchangeto
anothernucl
eus.Thiscouldcont i
nueunt i
lastablenucleusi
sattai
ned.This
sequenceofchangei scaledr
l adioacti
veseries.

ACTI
VITY

Thenumberofdisint
egr
ati
onperuni
tti
mei edAct
scal
l ivi
ty.Theact
ivi
tyofa
radi
oact
ivesampledecr
easeswi
thti
me.

Decayl
aw

Thisst
atest
hatther
ateofdi
sint
egr
ati
onofar adi
oacti
vemater
ial
isdi
rect
ly
propor
ti
onal
totheamountofthemater
ial
present(r
emaini
ng)
 ∂N
∝-N
∂t
∂N
= -λN
∂t

Wher
e i
sconst
antofpr
opor
ti
onal
i
ty.i
scal
l
edt
hedecayconst
ant
.

∂N=-
λN∂t

∂N
=-
λ∂t
N

I
ntegr
ati
ngbot
hsi
de,
\

∂N t
∫ ∫
Nt
= -λ∂t
N No 0

[
l Nt=-
nN]/ λt
No

nNt-
l lnNo= -
λt

Nt
l
n (N)= -λt
o

Nt -λt
=e ….….…. ….
(i
i)
No

Noi
sthei
nit
ial
numberofnucl
ei

Nti
sther
emai
ningnumberofnucl
eiaf
tert

i
sthedecayconst
ant

ti
sthet
ime.

Thegr
aphofNtagai
nstti
sshownbel
ow

Decaycur
ve.
N
2
N
N 4
8 t
T½ 2T½ 3T
½
T½i
scal
l
edt
hehal
fli
feoft
her
adi
oi ope.I
sot tcanbedef
inet
het
imet
akenf
ort
he
r
adi
oisot
opet
odi
sint
egr
atet
ohal
fit
sor
igi
nalamount
.
Nt 1
Att=T½ ,
ther
ati
o =
No 2

Subst
it
uti
ngt
hisi
nto;

Nt
l
n(N)= -λt
o

1
l
n() 2
=-
λT1
2

0. λT1
693=-
2

0.
693
T1 = ………… (
ii
i)
2 λ

Ty
pesofr
adi
oact
ivedecay

1.Al
phadecay
; whenanucl
eiunder
goalphadecay
,themassnumberdecr
ease
byf
ourandtheatomi
cnumberdecreasesby2
A
z X→A-
z-
4 4
2Y+2He

Forexampl
e,

238U→ 234Th+ 4He

92 90 2

Thus,
thenucl
eil
ose2pr
otonsand2neut
rons.

2.Betadecay:
whenanucl
eusunder
goesbetadecay,
themassnumberr
emai
ns
unchangedbyt
heat
omicnumberincr
easesbyone.

AX→ A Y+ 0e
z z+1 -
1

Forexampl
e,

131I→ 131Xe+ 0e
53 54 -1

3.Gammadecay;t
her
ei snochangeinthemassnumberandt
heatomic
numberoft
henucl
ei.Thenucl
eionl
yunder
gotransi
ti
oni
nit
snuclearst
ate.
EVALUATI
ON

1.Whichofthesei
snotoneoft
het
ypesofradi
ati
onemit
tedduri
ngradi
oact
ive
decay?(
a)gammar ay(
b)Bet
apar
ti
cle(
c)alphapar
ti
cle(d)noneoft
he
above

2.Whichoftheseradiat
ionshadthehi
ghesti
onizat
ionpot
ent
ial
?(a)x-
ray(
b)
gammar ay(c)alphapart
icl
e(d)bet
aparti
cle

3.--
--wi
llnotbedefl
ectedinamagnet
icf
iel
d.(
a)al
phapar
ti
cle(
b)gammar
ay(
c)
betaparti
cl
es(d)posit
ron

4.Whichoft
hesenucl
eii
sabetaemi
tt
er?(
a)ur
ani
um-
236(
b)r
adi
um-
226(
c)
st
ronti
um-
90(d)cobal
t-60

5.Thenumberofdisi
ntegr
ationpersecondiscal
l
ed-
--
-(a)decay(
b)
radi
oact
ivi
ty(
c)act
ivi
ty(d)radi
oisotope

6.I
fthehal
fli
feofar
adi
oisot
opei
s2day
s.Whatf
ract
ionoft
heor
igi
nal
sampl
e
oft
henucl
i
dewi
l
lremai
naf
ter8day
s?(
a)¼( c)1/
b)½( d)1/
16( 8

7.TheBet
apar
ti
cl
eisa-
--
-(a)pr
oton(
b)neut
ron(
c)He-
nucl
eus(
d)el
ect
ron

8.Aradi
oacti
vesampl
eini
ti
all
ycontains64at
oms, af
terthr
eehalfl
if
e,t
he
numberofatomst
hathavedisi
ntegrat
eis-
--
-(a)8(b)24(c)32(d)56

9.8α-decayand6β-decay
sarenecessarybef
oreanatom of238
92Uachieves
st
abil
ity
,thef
inal
producthast
hepr ot
onnumber--
--(a)70(b)78( c)82(d)90

10.
Theef f
ectonthenucleonnumberofar
adi
onucli
dewhenitemit
sanalpha-
part
icl
eisthatit….
.(a)decr
easedby4(
b)decr
easeby2(c)decr
easesby3(d)
remainsthesame

ESSAY

I
. St
atet
hedecayl
aw

I
I. Wri
teashor
tnoteoneachoft
het
ypesofr
adi
ati
onemi
tt
eddur
ing
r
adi
oacti
vedecay

I
II
. Wr
it
eanequat
iont
oshowal
phadecayofr
adon-
222

I
V. Def
ineact
ivi
ty.

GENERALEVALUATI
ON

1.Complet
ethef
oll
owi
ngreacti
onsbycompl
eti
ngbycal
cul
ati
ngt
hepr
otonand
nucl
eonnumber
softhemissi
ngter
ms
 238
i
. 92 n,
U( β)
…
7 4
i
i
. 3Li
(…,
α)2He

i
i
i. 14
7 n,
N( p)
…

2.Expl
aint
het
erm decayconst
antandhal
fli
fe.

3.Sket
cht
hedecaycur
ve

4.I
temi
zef
ourpr
oper
ti
esofgammar
ay

SUB-
TOPI
CTHREE

NUCLEARENERGY

Bi
ndi
ngEner
gy

I
tisexpectedthatt
hemassofanucleusshoul
dbeequalt
othesum oft
hemassof
i
tconsti
tuent(i
.esum oft
hemassesofit
sprot
onsandneutr
ons)
.

i
.eMassofnucl
eus = Zmp+(
A-Z)
mn

Wherempi
smassofpr
oton,
mni
smassofnucl
eon,
Aismassnumber
,Zi
sat
omi
c
number
.

Howev
er,
thi
sisnotso.I
nst
ead,

massofnucl
eus<Zmp+(
A- mn
Z)

Thi
sdi
ff
erencei
sameasur
eoft
hebi
ndi
ngener
gyoft
henucl
eus.

Accor
dingt
oEi
nst
ein,
ener
gyandmassar
eequi
val
ent
.

I
f∆m i
sthemassdef
ect
,then

E=∆mc2 … … … … … (
iv)

Ei
sthebi
ndi
ngener
gy,
cist
hespeedofl
i
ght
,∆m i
sthemassdef
ect
.

Bindi
ngener
gycanbedef
inedastheenergyequival
entoft
hedi
ffer
enceinmass
betweent
hemassofanucleusandthesum ofthemassesofit
sconsti
tuent
.

Nucl
earr
eact
ion

Ther
etwot
ypesofnucl
earr
eact
ion

1.Nucl
earfi
ssi
on;whenafastmovi
ngneutr
onisusedt
obombardaurani
um
nucl
eus,
thenucl
eusspl
i
tintot
wosmal l
ernucl
ei–kr
ypt
onandBar
ium.
 Nucl
earfissi
oni
sthespl
i
tti
ngofheav
ynucl
eusi
ntot
wosmal
l
erpar
tsof
r
elat
ivel
yequalmass.
235
U+1
92 0n→236
92U→148
57La+85
35Ba+31
0n+Q

Theener
gyr
eleasedi
nthi
sreact
ioncanbeobt
ainedf
rom t
hebi
ndi
ngener
gy.

Thefissi
onofur ani
um pr oducest hr
eeotherneutr
ons.Theset hreeneutr
ons
canproceedtocauset hef issionofothert
hreeuranium nuclei
andthereby
produceanothernineneut r
ons.Theni neneutr
onscancausemor efi
ssi
onand
thi
scancont i
nueunt i
lther eacti
onbecomessel fsustai
ning.Thiski
ndof
react
ioniscaledchai
l nr eaction

Forchai
nreact
iontosetup,
theamountoff
issi
l
emat
eri
alpr
esentmust
exceedt
hecrit
ical
mass.

Thecr i
ti
calmassistheminimum amountoff
issi
l
emat
eri
alt
hatmustbe
presentforchai
nreact
iontoensure.

I
fachainreactionissetupinasampleoff
issi
lef
uelthatexceedthecri
ti
cal
mass,thereacti
onwillcont
inueatai
ncr
easedrat
easl ongasthemat er
ialar
e
toget
herunti
litgetoutofhandandanexpl
osionwil
lresul
t.Thisi
sthebasis
oftheatomicbomb.

Acontrol
chainreacti
oncant akeplacei
nthenucl
earreactor
.Thiscanbe
usedt
ogenerateelect
rici
tyortoproducecer
tai
nusefulradi
oisot
ope.

2.NuclearFusi
on;t
hisoccurwhentwosmal l
ernucl
eifuset
ogethert
ofusea
l
argernuclei
.Adecreasei
nmassi sexpect
edandt hi
siswhataccountf
ort
he
energyrel
easedduri
ngthenucl
earfusi
on.
2
H+2
1
3
1H→2He+0n+ e
1
ner
gy

Nucl
earfusi
onoccur
sathighert
emperat
urethannucl
earf
issi
onbecauseof
nucl
earr
epulsi
onofther
eactormustbeover
comebeforereact
ioncantake
pl
ace.

Appl
i
cat
ionofr
adi
oact
ivi
ty
 1.Car
bondat
ing

2.Radi
other
apy

3.Radi
odi
agnosi
s

4.Gener
ati
onofel
ect
ri
cit
ywi
thnucl
earr
eact
or

5.Useofr
adi
oisot
opeast
racerel
ementi
nAgr
icul
tur
emedi
cineandi
ndust
ry.

Nucl
earr
eact
or:

ErincoFer
mibui
l
tthefir
stnucl
earr
eact
orin1946.Theener
gyreleasedi
nthef
issi
on
reacti
onofur
ani
um fuelwasusedi
nthegenerat
ionofel
ect
ri
cit
y.

Moder
nnucl
earr
eact
orshav
ethef
oll
owi
ngpar
ts:

i
. Fuelr
od:ur
ani
um f
ueli
sembeddedi
nthef
uel
rodwhi
char
ewel
lspacedi
n
thecor
eofther
eact
or.

i
i
. Moderat
or:theyar
eusedtosl
owdownfastmovi
ngneut
ronthati
nduce
f
issi
on.Graphit
eandheav
ywater(
D2O)ar
eusedasmoderat
ors.

i
i
i. Contr
olrods:Theyareusedtor
egulat
et her
ateoffi
ssionreacti
onby
absorbi
ngneutron.Tostopt
hefi
ssionreact
ioncompletel
y,theyar
e
l
oweredi nt
othecoreofther
eactor
.BoronandCadmi um rodsareusedas
contr
olrod.

i
v. Cool
ant:Theyarefl
uidci
rcul
ati
ngthecoreoft
hereact
ortoext
ractheat
pr
oduced.Pressur
izedwaterorcar
bon(
IV)oxi
deareusedascoolant
.

Sol
vedpr
obl
ems

EXAMPLE

1.Twor adioactiv
emat er
ialAandBhavehalfl
iv
esof100and50y ear
s
respecti
vely.SamplesofAandBi ni
ti
all
ycont
ainsequal
numberofatoms.
Whati sther at
iooftheremai
ningat
omsofAt othatofBaf
ter200year
s?

SOLUTI
ON:
t
Nt 1T Nt
[]
1

Recal
l = 2
where i st
herat
ioofther
emai
ningnumberofat
omst
o
No 2 No
theamountpr
esentor
iginal
l
y.T1/2i
sthehal
fl
if
eandti
stime
 200
Nt 1
[ ]= 100
ForA,
NoA 2 []
Nt 12 1
[N] []
oA
= =
2 4

No
NtA =
4
200
Nt 1
[ ] []
ForB, = 50
NoB 2

Nt 14 1
[] =[]=
NoB 2 16

No
NtB =
16
No
4 No 16
Rat
ioofNtA:
NtB = × =4:
1
No 4 No
16

Thi
sisr
ati
o 4:
1

2.Anelementwhosehalfl
i
feis3y
ear
shasNat
oms.Howmanyat
omswoul
d
hav
edecayedafter9y
ears?

SOLUTION:
recal
l
t
Nt 1T
[]
1

= 2

No 2

T1 =3y
t=9, ear
s,N0=N
2

9
Nt 13 13 1
=
N 2[] []
= =
2 8
N
Nt=
8

Thenumberofat
om r
emai
ni sN/
ngi 8,butt
henumberofat
omst
hatwoul
dhav
e
decay
edis

N–N/ 7N
8= / 8
3.Aradi
oacti
vesubstancehasahal
fli
feof20hours.Whatf
ract
ionoft
he
or
igi
nalr
adioact
ivenucli
dewi
ll
remainaft
er80years?

SOLUTI
ON:

Recal
l
t
Nt 1T
[]
1

= 2

No 2

t=80y
ear
s,T1 =20y
ear
s
2

80
Nt 120 14 1
=
N0 2 [] []
= =
2 16
1
/
16oft
henucl
i
dewi
l
lremai
naf
ter80y
ear
s

4.Anucli
deXi sproducedbybombar
dinganitr
ogennucl
euswi
thanal
pha
part
icl
ewit
ht herel
easeofheav
yhydrogennucl
eusasshownbyt
hefol
l
owi
ng
nucl
earequation
p
α+14 2
7N→qX+1D

Det
ermi
net
hev
alueofpandqi
ntheequat
ion.

SOLUTI
ON

Tobalancet
hist
ypeofequat
ion,
thesum oft
hesum ofnucleonsont
heri
ght
handsi
demustequalt
othesum ofthenumberoft
henucleonsonthel
eft
handsi
de.

Thi
sisal
sot
ruef
ort
heat
omi
cnumberonbot
hsi
des.

α=4
2He

Re-
wri
ti
ngt
heequat
ion
4 p
2He+14 2
7N→qX+1D

compar
ingbot
hsi
des

Numberofnucl
eons:

4+14=p+2

p=16

At
omi
cnumber
 2+7=q+1

q=8

P=16,
q=8

Pl
easenot
eoft
hesewhenbal
anci
ngnucl
earr
eact
ions:

s/
n Par
ti
cle Sy
mbol
4
1 Al
phapar
ti
cl
e He
2

0
2 Bet
apar
ti
cleorel
ect
ron -
1 β

3 neut
ron 1
0 n
1
4 Pr
oton 1 H

5 gamma γ

6 Posi
tr
on 0
+1
p

5.Amater
ial
ofmass1.0x10-3kgunder
goesaf i
ssi
onprocesswhichreduces
i
tsmassby0.
02%.Calcul
atetheamountfener
gyrel
easedintheprocess.

SOLUTI
ON:

Masst
hatdecay
ed=0. 0x10-3
02%of1.

0.
02
∆m = 0x10-3=2×10-7kg
×1.
100

E=∆mc2

E=2×10-7 ×( 2
3×108)

E=18×109J=1.
8×1010J

6.Cal
cul
atet
hebi
ndi gyof5
ngener 9
27Co

(
atomi
cmassofCo=58.
9332u,
massofpr
oton=1.
00783u,
massof
neut
ron=1.
00867,
uni
fi
edat
omi
cmassuni
tu=931MeV, 6x10-19J)
1eV=1.

Sol
uti
on

Massofpr
otonMp=zmp=27x1.
00783=27.
21141u
 Massofneut
ronMn=(
A-z)
mn=(
59-
27)1.
00867=32x1.
00867=32.
27744u

Tot
almassofnucl
eons=Mp+Mn=27.
21141+32.
27744=59.
48885u

Massofcobal
t=58.
9332u

Massdef Mp+Mn)
ect∆m =( -M(
Co)

BE=∆m =59.
48885-
58.
9332=0.
55565u

Conv
ert
ingt
hist
oel
ect
ronv
olt

BE=(
0.55565x931)MeV=517. 31x106eV
31MeV=517.

Conv
ert
ingt
hist
oJ

31x106x1.
BE=517. 6x10-19=827.
7x10-13J

277x10-11J
BE=8.

(pl
easenotethatt
herelat
ionBE=∆mc2wasnotusedtocalcul
atethe
bi
ndingener
gy.Thi
sisbecause,
uhasal
readybei
ngexpr
essedinthatfor
mu
= ∆mc =931MeV.
2

7.Thehal
fli
feofar
adi
oact
iveel
ementi
s5s.cal
cul
atet
hedecayconst
ant
.

Sol
uti
on

Recal
l

0.
693
T1 =
2 λ

T½ =5s

0.
693
λ=
T1
2

0.
693
λ= =0.
1386s-1
5

EVALUATI
ON

1.Def
inebi
ndi
ngener
gy.,

2.Whati
snucl
earf
usi
on?

3.St
atet
hreeappl
i
cat
ionofr
adi
oact
ivi
ty

4.Whati
scr
it
ical
mass?
Ni
ger
ianucl
earener
gypr
ogr
amme.

Gl
obal
needofnucl
earpowerhadbecomesoi
mper
ati
vef
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngr
eason:

- I
ncr
easesi
ndemandf
orener
gy

- Needtodiscont
inuetheuseoffossi
lfuel
assour
ceofener
gybecauseoft
hei
r
negat
ivei
mpactont heenvi
ronment

- Nucl
earener
gyi
sacl
eansour
ceofener
gy

- Nucl
earener
gyi
senv
ironment
all
yfr
iendl
yandr
elat
ivel
ycheapt
omai
ntai
n.

Nonet heless,theuseoft hisener gysour cedemandst echnicalexper ti

seaswel las
caution.Safetycannotbeov eremphasi zi
ng.Thegov ernmenthadputi nplace
statuaryregulatorybodi est omoni tortheuseofnucl earenergyi nt heNigeria.The
bodychar gewi t
hthisr esponsi bil
i
tyinNi geri
aistheNigeri
anucl earener gy
commi ssionestablishedi n1976andt heNigeriaNuclearRegulator yAuthority
establishedin2001. Theyr egister
,li
censeandi nspectinfr
astructuref orsafetyin
radiotherapy,uranium mi ningandmi ll
ing,resear
chreactorsandr adioacti
vewast e
management .

Forcapacit
ybuil
dingandtraini
ngofman- poweronnucl earenergy
,thecountr
yhad
establi
shedtheCentref
orEner gyResear
chandDev elopment( CERD),Obaf
emi
Awol owoUniver
sit
y(OAU)Ile-I
feandtheCentreforEnergyResearchandTr ai
ning
(CERT)AhmaduBel loUniv
ersit
yZar i
a.

Thereareindi
cationsthatRussiahasbeencont r
actedtoconst
ructNi
geri
a’
sf ir
st
NuclearPowerPl antt
hatisexpectedtoboostthepowergenerationi
nthecountry.
Theplantisexpectedtogenerateupto1. 2thousandmegawatts.Thi
sisi
nline
whichtheprojecti
onoft hegovernmentthatnucleart
echnol
ogyshoul
dcontributeat
l
east4,000MW t othetotalNat
ionalGri
dby2030.

EVALUATI
ON

1.Whi
choftheseinsti
tut
ionsi
sthestat
uarybodychargewi
thther
egul
ati
onof
t
heuseofnuclearenergyi
nNiger
ia?(a)CERT(b)CERN(b)NNRA(d)Shenda

2.Whichoftheseisnotareasonforthedemandfornuclearener
gy?(
a)ita
cl
eanenergysource(b)i
tisanon-renewabl
eenergysource(c)i
twi
lladdto
nat
ional
grid(d)i
tismoreenergyfr
iendl
ythant
hef ossi
lfuel

3.Themassdiff
erentbetweenthemassofanucl
eiandthesum ofthemassof
i
tconst
it
uentparti
clei
s---
-(a)massdef
ect(
b)nucl
eardefect(
c)nucl
ear
mass(d)bi
ndingenergy
 4.Whichoftheseray
sor
igi
nat
efr
om thenucl
eusofanat
om?(
a)X-
ray(
b)
cat
hoderay(c)gammaray(
d)ul
tr
a-vi
oletr
ays

5.Howmanyal phapart
icl
esareemi
ttedi
nther
adi
oact
ivedecay
sof-
--
-
224 214
82Rat
o 88P (a)12(
b)5( c)3(
d)2

I
. ift
hehal
flif
eofasampleofradi
oacti
vemater
ialis60day
s,whatf
ract
ion
oft
heori
ginalr
adi
oact
ivenucl
earwil
lremai
nafter120day
s?

I
I. Statebrief
lywhathappenswhenuranium-235isbombar
dedbysl
ow
neutrons.Menti
ononei mpor
tantpeacef
ul pr
acti
cal
appl
i
cati
onoft
he
process.

I
II
. St
atet
wo

(
a)(
i)di
ff
erencesbet
weennucl
earf
issi
onandnucl
earf
ussi
on

(
ii
)peacef
uluseofat
omi
cener
gy

(
b)(
i)expl
ainchai
nreact
ion

(
ii
)st
ate(
1)onecondi
ti
onsnecessar
yforchai
nreact
iont
ooccur

(
ii
)twocomponent
sint
henucl
earr
eact
orusedt
ocont
rol
cahi
n
r
eacti
on
2 4
(
c)(
i)Anucl
earr
eact
ioni
sgi
venby
:1
H+1
1H→2He+0n+ e
1
gywhat
ner
t
ypesofnucl
earr
eact
ioni
sit

(i
i
)theisot
opesofanucl
i
dehasahal
fli
f 4x103s.cal
eof5. cul
atei
ts
decayconst
ant
.

WEEKENDASSI
GNMENT

1.Di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
ween

i
. Nucl
earf
issi
onandnucl
earf
usi
on

i
i
. Nucl
earr
eact
ionandchemi
cal
react
ion

2.I
fthedecreaseinmassi
nafi
ssionpr
ocessi
s0.1%,howmuchener
gycoul
d
beobt
ainedf r
om t
hefi
ssi
onof1.0goft
hemateri
al?

3.(
a)whatar
eradi
oisot
ope?

(
b)expl
aint
het
ermsnucl
earf
issi
onandnucl
earf
usi
on

(
c)st
atet
woadv
ant
ageoff
usi
onov
erf
issi
onandexpl
ainbr
ief
lywhyi
nspi
te
 oft
het
heseadv
ant
agesf
usi
onnotnor
mal
l
yuedf
ort
hegener
ati
onofpower
.

4.t hehal
f-
li
feofar adi
oactiv
eiodi
neismeasur etobe8.0day
s.asolut
ion
contai
ned1.5mgoft hi
siodineonacertai
nday .Writedownonatablet
hemassof
i
odineremaini
ngafter8,16,24,32days.Plotagraphofmassagainstt
imefrom i
t
deducethemassf oheiodinethatwouldremainafter30day
s.

READI
NGASSI
GNMENT

St
udyy
ourt
ext
bookandanswert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions:

1. Wri
teashor
tnoteonnuclearr
eact
orandst
atethecomponentaswel
l
ast
hefunct
ionofeachcomponentoft
henucl
earreact
or.

2. St
udent
sshoul
dreadupener
gyquant
isat
ionandwav
e-par
ti
cledual
i
ty

WEEK3: DATE……………………………….
.

TOPI
C:ENERGYQUANTI
SATI
ONANDDUALI
TYOFMATTER

CONTENT

- Ener
gyl
evel
inat
om

- Gr
oundst
ateandexci
tedst
ate

- Emi
ssi
onofl
i
ght
-ener
gyonr
etur
ntogr
oundst
ate

- Phot
oel
ect
ri
cemi
ssi
on

- Ei
nst
einphot
o-el
ect
ri
cequat
ionandi
tsex
planat
ion

- X-
raypr
oduct
ion

- Char
act
eri
sti
candpr
oper
ti
esofx-
ray

- Usesofx-
ray

- Dual
i
tyofmat
ter
-wav
e

SUB-
TOPI
CONE

ENERGYLEVELI
NATOM

Electronsi
natomsexisti
ncert
ainenergylev
els.Theycanjumpfrom oneener
gy
l
ev elt
oanotherbygai
ningorl
osingenergybuttheyarenotal
lowedanyenergy
thatli
esinbetweent
woenergylevel
s.Theelectr
onscanonlyacceptorlose
certai
ndefi
nit
eamountofenergy.Ener
gyisquant i
sed.
 i
. Aj umpfrom E2toE1wi
l
l
resulti
nemissionof
E6
photon
E5
E hf=E2-
E1
E2
i
i
. Aj umpfrom E5toE2wi
ll
resulti
ntheemissi
onof
E1 photon

E0 hf= E5-
E2

i
i
i. Ajumpf rom E2t
oE3wi l
l
beasar esul
tof
absorpt
ionofphotonof
energy

E0
t
heener
gyf
ort
hent
hener
gyl
evel
isi
venas En=-2
n

Itiscustomaryforelect
ronstooccupythelowestenergylevelbef
orefil
l
ingthe
higherenergylevel
s.Whenev eryel
ect
roninanatom isi nthel
owestener gyst
ate
avail
ableinanat om,theatom i
ssaidtobeinitsGROUNDSTATE.Howev er
,when
anyoft heelectr
onsintheatom isi
nanyoft heener
gyl evelhi
gherthantheoccupied
energylevel,t
heatom issaidtobei heEXCI
nt TEDSTATE.

N.Banat om issaidtobei ntheexci t

edstat
eifanyofitel
ectr
oni sinahigherenergy
l
evelwher etherei
sapossi bi
li
tyoftheelect
ronretur
ningt
oitnormal energystat
e.
Theat om becomesi onizedift
heel ectr
onissofarawaythatitcannol onger
exper
iencet heatt
ractionofitnucleus.Themini
mum energyrequiredtomov ean
el
ectront oapoi ntwher eitnolongerexperi
encethetheatt
racti
onoft henucleusis
cal
ledI onizati
onener gy.

Thedisconti
nuousjumpofelectronfrom oneenergyl
evelt
oanot
heri
nvolv
est
he
absor
ptionoremissionofenergy.Theseenergi
esarebett
erst
udi
edandmeasured
whenrecordedonthespectrograph(i.easpectr
um forvi
rt
ual
obser
vat
ion)

N.
Bspectrum si
mpl
ymeansanar
rayofent
it
yinor
derofi
ncr
easi
ngordecr
easi
ng
magni
tude.

Thesespect
raofl
i
ghtcanbegr
oupedi
ntot
wo

1.Emissi
onspectra:
theseareobt
ainedwhenli
ghtf
rom al
umi
noussour
cear
e
di
spersed.Ther
earethreety
pesofemissi
onspectr
a

(
i) Li
nespect
ra:
itconsi
stsofdist
inctandsepar
atebri
ghtl
i
nesofdefi
nit
e
wavel
engt
h.Theyareproducedbygasorv apouratl
owpressur
e.

(
ii
) Bandspect
ra:
itconsi
stsofmanydi
sti
nctgr
oupsorbandsofl
i
nes
 whicharever
ycl
oset oget
herandatonesideoftheband.Theyare
obtai
nedfr
om moleculesofgl
owinggasesorvapourandbydischarge
tubes

(
ii
i) Conti
nuousspect
ra:t
heseareproducedbysoli
dandl
iqui
dsorby
gasesathi
ghpressur
e.Itcanbeproducebythefi
l
amentofel
ect
ri
c
l
amp.

2.Absorpti
onspectra:thesear eproducedwhenpar toftheradi
ati
onemi t
tedby
asourceisabsorbedbyamat eri
alwhichi splacedbet weenthesourceof
radi
ati
onandt heobser ver.Whenl i
ghtfrom asour cehavi
ngacont i
nuous
spectr
aispassedt hroughagas(e. gsodi um v apourorsodium fl
ame)andthe
spectr
um isobserved,itisfoundtohav edar klinesintheposit
ion
corr
espondingtobr i
ghtlineintheemi ssionspect ra.

Ki
rchhof
fexpl
aint
hisphenomenonbyst
ati
ngt
hisl
aw

Asubstancewhichemi
tsli
ghtofacert
ainwavel
engt
hatagivent
emper
atur
e
wi
llabsorbl
ightoft
hesamewavelengt
hatthatt
emperat
ure.

Ev
idencef
ort
heexi
stenceofener
gyl
evel
inat
om.

1.Fr
ank-
Her
tzexper
iment

2.Li
nespect
raoft
hehy
drogengas

3.Emi
ssi
onandabsor
pti
onspect
ra

4.Char
act
eri
sti
cradi
ati
onofener
gyquant
aemi
tt
edbyhotbodi
es

5.Phot
oel
ect
ri
cemi
ssi
on

EVALUATI
ON

1.Whatdoy
ouunder
standby‘
groundst
ate’
and‘
exci
tedst
ate’
?

2.Writ
eashortnot
eont
hel
i
nespect
rausi
ngener
gyl
evel
toexpl
aint
he
phenomenon

3.Di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weenexci
tat
ionandi
oni
zat
ion.

PERI
ODTWO

Phot
o-el
ect
ri
cemi
ssi
on

Thi
siswhenel
ect
romagnet
icr
adi
ati
onofsui
tabl
efr
equencyf
all
sonamet
alsur
face
andel
ect
ronsar
eemi
tt
ed.Accor
dingt
oEi
nst
ein:

- el
ect
romagnet
icr
adi
ati
onconsi
stsofdi
scr
etepacketofener
gycal
l
edphot
on

- eachphot
onhasener
gy-E=hf

- whenaphot oninteractswithaphot oelect

ri
cplate,
itreli
nquishesalli
tenergy
toasingleel
ectron.Iftheener gyofthephotonisgreaterthanthebinding
energyoftheelectr
on, theelectr
onisemi t
tedwithakineticenergyequalsto
theenergyofthephot onmi nust hebindi
ngenergyorwor kfunctionofthe
plat
e.

KE=hf
-hf
o

Li
ght/EM
wave

G
Photoel
ectr
icef
fectcanbeeasil
ydemonstrat
edusingt hisarr
angementwiththe
pl
ateinvacuum.Ifel
ectr
onsareemitt
edfrom t
hecat hodeandt heymakeittothe
anode,t
hiswil
lbeindi
catedonthegal
vanometer.Theyf ol
lowingobser
vat
ionwere
al
somade;

i
. Phot
oel
ect
ri
cef
fecti
sonl
yobser
vedi
fthesur
facei
scl
eanandpur
e

i
i
. Photoel
ectr
iceff
ectisnotobservedifthefrequencyofthe
el
ectromagneti
cwav ei
sbel owacer t
aincri
ticalval
ue.Thi
scr i
ti
cal
fr
equencyiscall
edthethreshol
df r
equency.Theval ueofthethreshol
d
fr
equencydependsont hetypeofmat eri
alusedasphot oelect
ri
cpl at
e

Threshol
dfr
equencyforamater
iali
sthemini
mum frequencyt
hata
radi
ati
onmustpossessfori
ttocausephot
oelect
ri
cemi ssi
onwheni
tis
i
ncidentont
hemat er
ial
.

i
i
i. Phot
oel
ectri
ceffecti
smoremar
kedforcert
ainmet
alst
hanforother
s.
El
ement
si ngroupIandI
Ishowphot
oelect
ri
ceff
ectmorer
eadil
ythan
ot
hermetals

i
v. Thei
ntensit
yoftheEM wav edoesnotaff
ectthekineti
cenergyofthe
el
ect
ronsemi t
ted.Ener
gydistr
ibut
ionoft
hephotoelectr
onisindependent
oft
heintensi
tyoftheli
ghtused.Howeverst
rongintensi
tyl
ightyi
elds
 mor
eel
ect
ronst
hanweaki
ntensi
tyl
i
ght
.

v
. Therei
snodetect
abl
eti
mel
agbet
weent
hei
nci
denceofr
adi
ati
onandt
he
emissi
onofel
ectr
on.

v
i. Themaximum ki
net
icenergyoft
heemitt
edelect
ronisdi
rect
ly
propor
ti
onal
tothef
requencyoft
heinci
dentr
adiat
ion.

Forphotoel
ectr
icemi
ssiontooccur,t
hefrequencyofthei
nci
dence
radi
ati
onmustexceedthethreshol
dvalue.Theexcessener
gyappearas
theki
neticener
gyoft
hephot oel
ect
ron

Em =hf
-hf
0

KE=hf
-hf
o

1 2
mv =hf
-hf
0
2

Theexpr
essionhf
0repr
esent
stheworkfuncti
on∅,t
heminimum energy
thatt
her
adiati
onmustpossessforphot
oelect
ri
cemissi
ontooccur.

∅ =hf
0ist
hewor
kfunct
ionoft
hemat
eri
al

hfi
stheener
gyoft
hei
nci
dencephot
on.

I
fagraphoft
hemaximum ener
gyEm oftheel
ect
ronsi
spl
ott
edagai
nstf
requencyof
t
heradi
ati
on,
thegr
aphbel
owi sobt
ained.

Em

Sl
ope=Pl
anck’
sconst
ant
h
f
0
f

∅
Ift
heli
neisextendedbackwar
dt ogi
veaninterceptontheverti
cal
axis,t
hei nt
ercept
corr
espondstothewor kf
unct
iontothematerial
.Theinter
ceptonthehorizontalaxi
s
i
sthethreshol
dfrequency
.Theslopeoft
hegr aphisthePlanck’
sconstant.

Sol
vedpr
obl
ems

1.Li
ghtofwavel
engt
h5.00x10-7m i
sinci
dentonamat
eri
alofwor
kfunct
ion
1.
90eV.cal
cul
atet
he

i
. Phot
onener
gy

i
i
. Ki
net
icener
gyoft
hemostener
get
icphot
oel
ect
rons

i
i
i. St
oppi
ngpot
ent
ial

( 6x10-34Jsc=3.
h=6. 0x108ms-1, 6x10-19J)
1eV=1.

Sol
uti
on

i
. Recal
l
, E=hf
c
6x10-34Js,
h=6. frequency
f=
λ

0x10-7m ,
=5. c=3x108ms-1
8
c 3×10
f= = 6×1015Hz
=0.
λ 5.
0×10-
7

∴ener
gyof
phot
onE=hf

6×10-34×0.
E=6. 6×1015

96×10-19J
E=3.

Ener
gyoft
hephot
oni 96×10-19J
s3.

i
i
. Recal
lK.
E=hf–Ø

Øi
sthewor
kfunct
ion(
Ø=1.
9eV)andhfi
stheener
gyoft
hephot
on

Ø=1.
9eV=1.
9x(
1.6x10-19) 04x10-19
J=3.

K. 96x10-19–3.
E=3. 04x10-19=

K. 92x10-19J=9.
E=0. 2x10-20J

i
ii
. stoppi
ngpot
ent
ial
;thi
scanbedefi
nedasthepot
ent
ial
bet
weent he
anodeandt
hecathodef
orwhi
chnophotoelect
ronf
rom t
hecat
hodereachest
he
anode.

St
oppi
ngpot
ent
ial
equal
stot
hemaxi
mum ki
net
icener
gyoft
heel
ect
ron
anod
St
oppi
ngpot
ent
ial
=K. 2x10-20J
Emax=9.

Li
ght/EM
wave

CATHOD
E G

2.Amet
alhasawor
kfunct
ionof4.
375eV.Cal
cul
atei
tst
hreshol
dfr
equency
.

Sol
uti
on

Recal
lØ=hf
0

-
19
Ø 4.
375×1.
6×10 7×10-19
0= =
f =
h 6×10-34
6. 6×10-34
6.

0=1
f 06×1015Hz
.

3.Anelect
roni
saccel
erat
edfr
om r
estthr
oughapotent
ialdi
ff
erenceof70KVin
avacuum.Cal
cul
atethemaxi
mum speedacqui
redbytheelect
ron.(e=1.
6x
10-19C,
massofel
ect
r 1x10-31kg)
on=9.

Sol
uti
on

Ki
net
icener
gyofel
ect
ron=accel
erat
ingpot
ent
ial
sdi
ff
erence

1 2
mv =eV
2
1
1×10-31×v
×9. 2
6×10-19×70×103
=1.
2

112×10-16
v=
2
-
31
62×1015
=24.
4.
55×10

462×1016 =1.
v= 2. 57×108ms-1

EVALUATI
ON
 1.whichofthesefactorwilli
ncreasethenumberofelect
ronsr eachi
ngthe
anodefrom aphotoelectri
cplate?(a)fr
equencyofphoton(b)natur
eof
materi
alusedaphot oelectr
icplate(c)i
ntensi
tyoft
hephoton(d)energyof
thephoton

2.themini
mum ener
gyaphot onmustpossessf
ori
ttoeff
ectphot
oelect
ric
emissi
oniscal
l
ed---
-(a)t
hreshol
dfr
equency(
b)quant
a(c)workfunct
ion(d)
photon

3.theappr
oximateenergyi
neVofaphot
onofwav
elengt
h15mm i
s(a)80eV(
b)
150eV(c)100eV(d)200eV

4.cal
cul
atet
hef
requencyoft
hephot
onwhoseener
gyi
srequi
redt
oli
ber
ate
sur
faceel
ect
ronwi
thki
net
icener 97x1016eVi
gyof1. fthewor
kfunct
ionof
t
hemet
ali 3x10-16eV(
s1. 6x10-34Js,
h=6. 6x10-16J)
1eV=1.

SUB-
TOPI
CTHREE

X-
RAY

Theseareelect
r omagneti
cradi
ati
onofhighf r
equency .I
twasdi scoveredthe
Germanphy si
cistW.Roentgenintheyear1895.X.rayisproducedwhenf astmoving
elect
ronsarestoppedabruptl
ybyatarget.Here,someoft hekineti
cener gyofthe
elect
ronisconvertedtoX-
rayandtheremainingtoheatener gy.About1%oft he
energyoftheel
ect roni
swhatisconvert
edt ox-r
ay.Ther emaining99%i sconvert
ed
toheatenergyi
nt heanode.(x-r
ayproducti
onisar everseofthephot oel
ectri
ceff
ect)

X-
rayi
spr
oducedi
ntheCool
i
dget
ube.

Cool
i
ng
cat
hode

Anode
x-
ray (t
arget
)
Thecathodei sheat
edtoemi telectr
onsbyt her
mionicemissi
on.Theelect
ronsare
thenaccelerat
edbyahi ghpotenti
aldif
fer
encesetupbet weentheanodeandt he
cathode.Theseacceler
ati
ngelectronsarethenstoppedabrupt
lybythetar
getto
producex-ray.

Theener
gyoft
heaccel
erat
ingel
ect
ronsi
s

Ener
gyofel
ect
ron=eV

The max
imum ener
gyoft
hex-
raypr
oducedequal
theener
gyoft
heel
ect
ron

hf
max=eV… … … … (
i)

Vi
stheaccel
erat
ingpot
ent
ial
oft
het
ube

Ei
stheel
ect
roni
cchar
ge

hi
sthePl
anck’
sconst
ant

f
maxi
sthemaxi
mum f
requencyoft
heemi
tt
edx-
ray
.

TheCool
i
dget
ubeconsi
stoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
:

i
. t
her
mioni
ccat
hode;
from whi
chel
ect
ronsar
eemi
tt
ed

i
i
. Anode:ablockofcopperwi
thatargetonitwhi
chhel
ptost
opt
he
accel
erat
ingelect
ronswher
ebyproducingx-
ray
.

i
i
i. Potenti
aldif
fer
encesource;t
hissetupalar
gepotent
ialdi
ff
erence(50
000V)betweent heanodeandthecathodet
oacceler
atetheemitt
ed
el
ectronstowardtheanode.

i
v. Cool
ingf
ins.Thi
shel
ptor
emov
etheheatf
rom t
heanodet
her
ebycool
i
ng
thet
ube.

Thex-r
ayproduceddependsonthetypeofmateri
alusedastar
getandt
hepot
ent
ial
di
ff
erencebetweentheanodeandthecathodeofthetube.

Pr
oper
ti
esofx-
ray.

- Theyhav
ever
yshor
twav
elengt
h(10-11t
o10-8m)

- Theyt
rav
eli
nst
rai
ghtl
i
ne

- Theyunder
gor
efl
ect
ion,
ref
ract
ion,
dif
fract
ion…l
i
keev
eryot
herwav
e
 - Theycanaf
fectphot
ogr
aphi
cpl
ate

- Theycanpenet
rat
emostmat
eri
als

- Theyt
rav
elatt
hesamespeedast
hespeedofl
i
ght( 0×108ms-1)
~3.

- I
tcanbest
oppedbyal
ead

Ty
pesofX-
ray

1.Har
dX-
ray
:

- t
heyhav
ehi
gherf
requency

- Shor
twav
elengt
h

- hi
ghpenet
rat
ingt
hant
hesof
tX-
ray
.

- Pr
oducedbyhi
ght
ubev
olt
age

2.Sof
tX-
ray
:

- t
heyhav
elesserf
requency

- l
ongerwav
elengt
hthanhar
dx-
ray

- t
heyar
enotaspenet
rat
ingast
hehar
dx-
ray
.

- Pr
oducedbyl
owert
ubev
olt
aget
hant
hatr
equi
redf
orhar
dx-
ray

UsesofX-
ray

1.Fordi
agnost
icpur
posei
nmedi
cine

2.Fordest
roy
ingcancer
ouscel
l

3.Usedasanal
yti
cst
ool
ini
ndust
ry

4.Scanni
ngl
uggagei
nai
rpor
t

5.Usedf
orpestanddi
seasecont
rol
inAgr
icul
tur
e

6.Usedi
nchecki
ngt
heaut
hent
ici
tyofar
twor
ks

Sol
vedpr
obl
ems

1.Anx-
rayt
ubeoper
atesatapot
ent
ial
of2500V.I
fthepoweroft
het
ubei
s750W.
Cal
cul
atet
hespeedoft
heel
ect
ronst
ri
ki
ngt
het
arget 6x10-19,
.(e=1. massof
el
ect
r 1x10-31kg)
on=9.

Sol
uti
on
 Maxi
mum ki
net
icener
gyofel
ect
ron=eV

1 2
6×10-19×2500
mv =1.
2
1
1×10-31×v
×9. 2
=4000×10-19
2

4×10-16
v=
2
-
31
88×1015
=0.
4.
55×10

8×1014 =2.
v= 8. 97×107ms-1

EVALUATI
ON

1.Descr
ibet
hepr
oduct
ionofx-
ray
.

2.Dr
awandl
abel
theCool
i
dget
ube.

3.Wr
it
eashor
tnot
eont
hewor
kfunct
ionofaphot
oel
ect
ri
cpl
ate.

4.Whatar
ethet
ypesofx-
ray
.

Wav
e-Par
ti
clePar
adox.

Lightisaf orm ofelectromagnet i

cwav e.Itexhibi
tsallt
heproperti
esofwav esuchas
reflecti
onrefracti
on,interf
erence.Howev er,thephenomenonofphot oelectri
c
emi ssion,Compt onef f
ect,…cannotbeexpl ainedfrom thi
sperspecti
ve.Einstei
nin
ordert oexplainthephot oelect
ri
ceffectassumedt hatl
ightt
ravelt
hroughspaceasa
concent rat
edbundl eorpacketofener gycal l
edphot onanditisthebundlet hat
i
nt eractswithelectr
ont ocauseemi ssion.

Lighti
stakenasawavetoexpl
aini
tinter
ferenceanddiff
ract
ionbutasaphoton
(bundl
eofenergy
)toexpl
aini
tphotoel
ectr
iceffectComptoneffect
s.Thusl
ighthas
awav e-
parti
cl
edual
i
ty.Ot
herel
ectr
omagnet icradi
ati
onshavesimil
arbehav
iour.

I
n1923,
aFrenchPhysi
cistVi
ctorDeBrogl
i
epr hewav
oposedt e-
part
icl
edual
it
y
t
heor
ywhichst
at hatt
et hewavelengt
hofthewaveassoci
atedwit
hamovi ng
par
ti
cleequalt
other
ati
ooft
hePl
anck’
sconst
antandt
hemoment
um oft
hepar
ti
cle.
h
λ= … … … … (
ii
)
p

Pisthemomentum ofthepar
ti
cle.hi
sthemoment
um oft
hepar
ti
cleand i
sthe
wavelengt
hoft
hewav e.
Exampl
eofphenomenai
nwhi
chwav
eexhi
bitpar
ti
clel
i
kebehav
iour

1.Phot
oel
ect
ri
cef
fect

2.Compt
onef
fect

Phenomenaofpar
ti
cl
esbehav
ingaswav
e

1.El
ect
rondi
ff
ract
ion(
whi
chi
sappl
i
edi
nel
ect
ronmi
croscope)

2.Neut
rondi
ff
ract
ion

Hei
senber
guncer
tai
ntyPr
inci
ple.

Thi
spr
inci
plest
atest
hati
tisnotpossi
blet
omeasur
etwocanoni
calevent
s
si
mul
taneousl
ytoahi
ghdegr
eeofaccur
acy.

Exampl
eofcanoni
cal
event

1.Moment
um andposi
ti
on

2.Ener
gyandt
ime

∆x.
∆p≥h … … … … (
ii
i)

∆E.
∆t≥h … … … … (
iv)

Butp=mV

h
∆x.
∆V≥ …. ……….
. (
v)
m

wher
e∆xi
stheuncer
tai
ntyi
nthemeasur
ementofposi
ti
on

∆pi
stheuncer
tai
ntyi
nthemeasur
ementofmoment
um

∆ti
stheuncer
tai
ntyi
nthemeasur
ementoft
ime

∆vi
stheuncer
tai
ntyi
nthemeasur
ementofv
eloci
ty

Sol
vedpr
obl
em

1.Anelect
ronmoveswit
haspeedof2.
0x106m/
sinast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.Cal
cul
ate
thewavel
engt
hoftheelect
ron.

Sol
uti
on

Speedof
fel
ect
ronv=2.
0x106m/
s

Moment
um ofel
ect
r 1x10-31x2.
onp=mv=9. 0x106 =18.
2x10-25
 Recal
ltheDeBr
ogl
i
e’equat
ion

h 6.6×10-34
λ= = 36×10-9
=0.
p 18.
2×10 -
25

wav
elengt
hofel
ect
ron 6×10-10m
λ=3.

EVALUATI
ON

1.DeBr
ogl
i
eequat
ioncanbest
atedas;

h h 1 2
( b)λ= (
a)E=hf( c)λ< (
d) mv =eV
p p 2

2.Theappr
oximateener
gyofaelect
romagnet
icr
adi
ati
oni
neVofaquant
um
whosewavelengt
his12nm i
s--
--

3.Whati
sthewav
elengt
hofanel
ect
ronwhi
chhasbeenaccel
erat
edt
hrougha
p.
dof100V( 6x10-19Cmassofel
assumee=1. ect
r 1x10-31kgandh=
on=9.
6x10-34Js)
6.

4.Whichofthef ol
l
owingphenomenoniscall
edphotoel
ectri
ceffect?(
a)hi
gh
energyel
ectr
onsi mpi
ngeonamet al
li
canodewhicht henemitphotons(
b)a
hi
ghenergyphot onemit
sphotonsataslowdown( c)amet alabsor
bsquant
a
ofli
ghtandthenemi t
select
rons(
d)twoelect
ronsarecreatedfrom a
quantum ofl
ight

GENERALEVALUATI
ON

1.(
a)st
atethenat
ureofalphaandbet
apart
icl
esandgammar
ay.Showhow
t
heycanbedist
ingui
shedundert
hefol
l
owingheadi
ngs:

(
i) Penet
rat
ingabi
l
ity

(
ii
) Ef
fectoft
ransv
ersemagnet
icf
iel
d

(
ii
i) I
oni
zi
ngabi
l
ity

(
b)Expl
aint
het
erm bi
ndi
ngener
gyandcal
cul
atei
tforanal
phapar
ti
cle{t
her
elev
ant
massesar
e:p=1.
008amu;
n=1. α=4.
009amu, 003amu; 66x10-27kg;
1amu= 1.
602x10-191J=931MeV}
1eV=1.

(
c)AnewnucleusCf or
medart
if
ici
all
yfr
om AandBisr
adi
oact
iveandqui
ckl
y
decay
stoanothernucl
eusEasindi
catedbel
ow
23 p +
A+2
11 1B→qC+P
 p r -
qC→sE+β

Fi
ndt
hev
alueofp,
q,
rands

2.(a)whataret
heBohr
’spost
ulat
esr
egar
dingt
hemot
ionofanel
ect
ronr
ounda
nucleus?

(
b)def
inet
hefoll
owi
ng:groundst
ate,
exci
tedst
ate,
exci
tat
ionener
gy,
and
i
oni
zat
ionener
gyofanatom.

(
c)t
heener
gyEofanel
ect
roni
nBohr
’st
heor
ycanbeexpr
essedas

k
E=-2
n

Wherenisthequantum numberoft heenergyl

evelandt
akestheval
ues1,2,
3,….
∞ andki saconst
ant.Giv
ent hattheioni
zati
onenergyofhy
drogeni
s13.60eV.
cal
cul
atetheval
ueofk,nandt hewav elengt
hoftheradi
ati
onemitt
edwhenan
el
ectr
onretur
nstothegroundstatefrom thestat
en.

WEEKENDASSI
GNMENT

1.Wr
it
eashor
tnot
eon(
i)emi
ssi
onspect
ra(
ii
)absor
pti
onspect
ra

2.Explai
nthef
oll
owi
ngt
erms(
i)l
i
nespect
ra(
ii
)bandspect
ra(
ii
i)cont
inuous
spectr
a

3.Di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weent
hechar
act
eri
sti
csx
-rayandt
heBr
emsst
rahl
ung.

WEEKFI
VE DATE…………………

TOPI
C:CHEMI
CALEFFECTSOFCURRENT

CONTENT:

- Def
ini
ti
on&Ter
msI
nvol
vei
nEl
ect
rol
ysi
s.
 - El
ect
rol
ysi
sofsol
uti
ons

- Far
aday
’sLawsofEl
ect
rol
ysi
s

- Det
ermi
nat
ionofECE

- Appl
i
cat
ionsofEl
ect
rol
ysi
s&Cal
cul
ati
ons.

ELECTROLYSI
S

Whenanel
ect
ri
ccurrenti
smadetopasst
hroughsomeliquid,
thel
i
qui
dsdi
ssoci
ate
i
ntot
hei
rcomponentpart
s.Thi
spr
ocessi
scall
ed‘el
ect
rolysi
s’
.

Elect
roly
sisi
sther
efor
edefi
nedasthepr
ocessofdecomposi
ngcertai
nli
quidsand
solut
ionsint
othei
rcomponentpar
tsbyt
hepassageofel
ectr
ici
tyt
hroughthem.

Ter
msusedi
nEl
ect
rol
ysi
s

i
. El
ect
rol
yte:
Thel
i
qui
dbei
ngbr
okendownbyt
hepassageofel
ect
ri
cit
y.

i
i
. Elect
rode:
Metalplatesconductorsincontactwiththeelectr
olyt
e,thr
ough
whichcurr
entent
er sandleavestheelectr
olyte.Thepositi
veelectr
odeis
theanode,whi
lethenegativeel
ectrodeisthecat hode.

i
i
i. Vol
tameter
:Thev esselcontai
ningtheelect
rol
yteandt
heel
ect
rodes.
El
ectr
oly
sistakesplaceinthevoltameter.

ELECTROLYSI
SOFACI
DIFI
EDWATER

Whencurrentpassesthesuchwat er,
iti
sbr
okendownint
ohydr
ogenionand
hy
droxyl
ion.Thehy dr
ogenionmi grat
estot
hecathodewher
eiti
sreducedt
o
hy
drogengasandi sthusli
berat
ed.

Att
heanode,
thehy
droxy
lioni
soxi
dizedt
ooxy
gengaswher
eisl
i
ber
ated.
-
H2OH+ + OH

Att
hecat 2H+ + 2e-H2g(
hode: reduct
ion)
-
Att 4OH -4e-2H2O+ O2
heanode: (
oxi
dat
ion)

NB:

- Oxi
dat
ionoccur
satt
heanode,
whi
l
ereduct
ionoccur
satt
hecat
hode.

- Oxi
dat
ioni
nvol
vesl
ossofel
ect
rons,
whi
l
ereduct
ioni
nvol
vesgai
ninel
ect
rons.
 - Oxidati
oni
nvolvesincr
easei
nel
ect
ronnumber
,whi
l
ereduct
ioni
nvol
ves
decreasei
nelectr
onnumber.

FARADAY’
SLAWSOFELECTROLYSI
S

Fi
rstLaw:

‘
’Thestatethatt
hemassofanel
ementdeposit
edduri
ngelect
rol
ysisi
sdi
rect
ly
propor
tionaltot
hequant
it
yofel
ect
ri
cit
yfl
owingthr
oughthecell
.’
’

m ∝Q

m =zQ

ButQ=I
t

m =zI
t ….….…. (
ii
)

Qi
squant
it
yofel
ect
ri
ci
ty,
Iiscur
rent
,ti
sti
me,
Zist
heel
ect
rochemi
cal
equi
val
entof
t
hesubst
ance.

N.
B96500Cofel
ect
ri
cit
ywi
l
lli
ber
ateonemol
eofauni
val
entel
ement
.

SecondLaw:

‘
’Theamountofchemicalchangeproducedindi
ff
erentsubstancebythesame
amountofel
ectr
ici
tyi
sdirectl
yproport
ionalt
oel
ectrochemicalequi
val
entoft
he
subst
ance.
’
’

Or

‘
’Whenthesamequantit
yofel
ectr
ici
typassesthroughdi
ff
erentel
ectr
olyt
es,
the
massesoftheel
ementsdeposi
tedareproport
ionaltot
herati
oofthei
rrel
ati
ve
atomi
cmasspervalency.
’’

APPLI
CATI
ONSOFELECTROLYSI
S

1.Pur
if
icat
ionofmet al
s:I
nthepur i
fi
cati
onofmet alsl
ikecoppermetal
,the
i
mpurecopperismadet heanode, whil
ethepurecopperismadethecathode.
Whencurrentf
lows,copperionsaredissolvedf
rom theanodeanddeposit
ed
att
hecathode,leavi
ngtheimpuri
tiesbehind.

2.Elect
ropl
ati
ng:Electr
oplat
ingist
heappli
cat
ionofel
ect
roly
ticcel
l
sinwhicha
thinl
ayerofmetalisdeposit
edontoanel
ectri
cal
l
yconducti
vesurf
ace.Her
e's
 acloserl
ookatwhatel
ect
rochemi
str
yis,
howi
twor
ks,
andwhatmet
alsand
anodesareused.

Reasonsf
orel
ect
ropl
ati
ng

i
. Togiv
ethemet
alagoodappear
ancesandi
ncr
easet
hev
alueoft
he
mater
ial

i
i
.Toi
mpr
ovet
hecor
rosi
onr
esi
stanceoft
hemat
eri
al

i
i
i.Toi
ncr
easet
het
hicknessoft
hemat
eri
al

i
v.El
ect
ropl
ati
ngcanbeusef
ort
hepur
if
icat
ionofmet
alssuchascopper

v
.Itcanbeusedf
orproducingi
mportantchemi
cal
ssuchassodi
um
hy
droxi
de,
sodi
um t
rioxochl
orat
e(V).

El
ectropl
atingi
scarr
iedouti
nanel ect
rol
yti
ccell
.Themat er
ialtobeelectropl
atedi
s
pl
acedatt hecat
hodewhilethemateri
alt
obeusedt oelectr
oplateisplacedatthe
anode.Theelect
rol
yteisasolut
ionormoltensal
tofthemat er
ialtobeusedt o
el
ectropl
ate.

CommonEl
ect
ropl
ati
ngPr
ocesses

Met
a Anode El
ect
rol
yte Appl
i
cat
ion
l

Cu Cu 20%CuSO4,
3%H2SO4 El
ect
rot
ype

Ag Ag 4%AgCN,
4%KCN,
4%K2CO3 j
ewel
ry,
t
abl
eware

Au Au,C,
Ni- 3%AuCN,
19%KCN,
4%Na3PO4buf
fer Jewel
ry
Cr

Cr Pb 25%Cr
O3,
0.25%H2SO4 aut
omobi
l
e
par
ts

Ni Ni 30%Ni
SO4,
2%Ni
Cl2,
1%H3BO3 Crbasepl
ate

Zn Zn 6%Zn(
CN) 2,
5%NaCN,
4%NaOH,
1%Na2CO3, galvani
zed
0.
5%Al2(
SO4)3 steel

Sn Sn 8%H2SO4,
3%Sn,
10%cr
esol
-sul
fur
icaci
d t
in-
plat
edcans
 3.El
ect
rol
yti
cprepar
ationofmet alsfr
om theircompounds:Met
alssuchas
al
umini
um,sodium andpotassium, ar
epreparedfr
om thei
rmolt
enchlor
ides
orhy
droxi
desbytheprocessofel ectr
oly
sis.

Sol
vedpr
obl
ems

1.Inanelectr
olysi
sexperi
ment
,acathodeofmass5gisfoundt
oweigh5.
01
gafteracurrentof5Afl
owsfor50s.whati
stheel
ect
rochemi
cal
equi
v al
entofthedeposi
tedmater
ial

Sol
uti
on

Cur
rent I=5A

Ti
met=50s

I
nit
ial
Massmi=5g

Fi
nal
massmf=5.
01g

Massdeposi
ted=mf–mi=5.
01–5=0.
01g

Recal
l m =zI
t

0.
01=z×5×50

0.
01
z= 00004gC-1
=0.
250

2.Theelectr
ochemi calequi
valentofpl
ati
num i
s5x10-
7kgC-1.Topl
ateout
1.0kgofplati
num, acur r
entof100Amustbepassedthr
oughan
appropr
iatevesselfor--
--

Sol
uti
on

7kgC-1
z=5x10-

m =1.
0kg

cur
rentI=100A

t
imet
=?

r
ecal
l m =zI
t

0=5×10-7×100×t
1.

1.
0
t= =20000s
500×10-7
 Toconv
ertt
ohour
s

20000
t= =5.
6hour
s
3600

EVALUATI
ON

1.St
atet
het
woFar
aday
’sl
awsofel
ect
rol
ysi
s

2.Expl
ainhowaspooncanbepl
atedwi
thsi
l
verbyel
ect
ropl
ati
ng

3.St
atef
ourr
easonf
orel
ect
ropl
ati
ng

4.Wit
htheaidofadi
agr
am expl
aint
heel
ect
ropl
ati
ngpr
ocessofcoat
ing
j
ewell
erywit
hgol
d

5.Menti
onthemet
alst
hatshoul
dbeuset
oel
ect
ropl
atei
nor
dert
oachi
evet
he
f
oll
owing:

i
. I
ncr
easei
nther
esi
stancet
ocor
rosi
onofamet
al

i
i
. I
mpr
ovementi
ntheappear
anceofamet
al

6.Di
scusstheel
ect
rol
ysi
sofcoppert
etr
aox
osul
phat
e(v
i)sol
uti
onusi
ngcopper
el
ecr
odes.

7.Di
scussanexper
imentt
over
if
yFar
aday
’sf
ir
stl
aw.

WEEKENDASSI
GNMENT

Vi
si
tthei
nter
netandcheckouthowy
oucandesi
gnabat
ter
y.

READI
NGASSI
GNMENT

Readpage264-
269oft
heseni
orschool
phy
sicsbyPNOkekeandmakeasummar
y.
 WEEK5: DATE…………………….
.

TOPI
C:DAMSANDENERGYPRODUCTI
ONANDROCKETSANDSATELI
TES

CONTENT

- DAMS

- DAMSI
NNI
GERI
AFORENERGYPRODUCTI
ON

- ROCKETS

- SATELI
TES

SUB-
TOPI
CONE:
DAMS

Damsarephysi
cal
str
uct
ureconst
ruct
edtot
rapordi
ver
tthef
lowofwater.Ther
e
ar
eover500,
000damsintheworl
d.Damsar
econstr
uct
edforvar
iouspur
poses:

1.Torai
set
hel
evel
ofi
nlandwat
ert
omakewayf
ornav
igat
ionv
iabar
geand
boat
.

2.Toi
rr
igat
efar
mlandsorf
orot
heragr
icul
tur
alpur
poses

3.Todi
str
ibut
ewat
ert
opl
aceswher
ewat
eri
sscar
ce

4.Tocont
rol
floodi
ng

5.Forgener
ati
onofel
ect
ri
cit
y

N.Bnotethatdamsarenotwaterbodies,t
heyar
esol
i
dphy
sical
str
uct
ures
const
ruct
edt otr
apordi
vertwatercourse.

Damsi
nNI
ger
ia

Ther
ear
esev
eral
damsi
nNi
ger
ia.

St
ate Dam Capaci
ty Surface Pr
imar
yusage
mi
ll
i
onsof ar
ea
m3 hect
ares

Adamawa Ki
riDam 615 11,
500 Ir
rigat
ion,
plansf
orhy
dro-
St
ate electr
ic

Bauchi Kaf
inZaki 2,
700 22,
000 Pl
anned-i
rr
igat
ion
Stat
e Dam
Gombe Dadi
nKowa 2,
800 29,
000 Wat
ersuppl
y
St
ate Dam

KanoSt
ate Chall
awa 930 10,
117 Wat
ersuppl
y
GorgeDam

KanoSt
ate Ti
gaDam 1,
874 17,
800 I
rr
igat
ion,
wat
ersuppl
y

Katsi
na Ji
biy
aDam 142 4,
000 Wat
ersuppl
y,i
rr
igat
ion
State

Katsi
na ZobeDam 177 5,
000 Wat
ersuppl
y
State

Kebbi
Stat
e Zauropol
der I
rr
igat
ion
proj
ect

Ni
gerSt
ate JebbaDam 3,
600 35,
000 Hy
dro-
elect
ri
cpower

Ni
gerSt
ate Kai
nji
Dam 15,
000 130,
000 Hy
dro-
elect
ri
c

Ni
gerSt
ate Shi
ror
oDam 31,
200 Hy
dro-
elect
ri
cpower

OgunSt
ate OyanRi
ver 270 4,
000 Watersuppl
y,
Dam i
rr
igati
on,
hydro-
elect
ri
c

OsunSt
ate Ede-Er
inl
e -
--
- Wat
ersuppl
y
Reservoi
r

Oy
oSt
ate Aseji
re 2,
369 Wat
ersuppl
y
Reservoi
r

Oy
oSt
ate I
ker
eGor
ge 690 4,
700 Hydro-el
ect
ri
c,wat
er
Dam supply

Sokoto Bakol
ori
Dam 450 8,
000 I
rr
igat
ion
Stat
e

Sokoto Gor
ony
oDam 942 20,
000 I
rr
igat
ion
Stat
e

St
ate Dam Capaci
ty Surface Pr
imar
yusage
mi
ll
i
onsof ar
ea
m3 hect
ares
Adamawa Ki
riDam 615 11,
500 Ir
rigat
ion,
plansf
orhy
dro-
St
ate electr
ic

Bauchi Kaf
inZaki 2,
700 22,
000 Pl
anned-i
rr
igat
ion
Stat
e Dam

Gombe Dadi
nKowa 2,
800 29,
000 Wat
ersuppl
y
St
ate Dam

KanoSt
ate Chall
awa 930 10,
117 Wat
ersuppl
y
GorgeDam

KanoSt
ate Ti
gaDam 1,
874 17,
800 I
rr
igat
ion,
wat
ersuppl
y

Katsi
na Ji
biy
aDam 142 4,
000 Wat
ersuppl
y,i
rr
igat
ion
State

Katsi
na ZobeDam 177 5,
000 Wat
ersuppl
y
State

Kebbi
Stat
e Zauropol
der I
rr
igat
ion
proj
ect

Ni
gerSt
ate JebbaDam 3,
600 35,
000 Hy
dro-
elect
ri
cpower

Ni
gerSt
ate Kai
nji
Dam 15,
000 130,
000 Hy
dro-
elect
ri
c

Ni
gerSt
ate Shi
ror
oDam 31,
200 Hy
dro-
elect
ri
cpower

OgunSt
ate OyanRi
ver 270 4,
000 Watersuppl
y,
Dam i
rr
igati
on,
hydro-
elect
ri
c

OsunSt
ate Ede-Er
inl
e -
--
- Wat
ersuppl
y
Reservoi
r

Oy
oSt
ate Aseji
re 2,
369 Wat
ersuppl
y
Reservoi
r

Oy
oSt
ate I
ker
eGor
ge 690 4,
700 Hydro-el
ect
ri
c,wat
er
Dam supply

Sokoto Bakol
ori
Dam 450 8,
000 I
rr
igat
ion
Stat
e

Sokoto Gor
ony
oDam 942 20,
000 I
rr
igat
ion
Stat
e
Thesedamsar econst
ruct
edforvari
ouspur
pose;
irr
igat
ion,
wat
ersuppl
ypr
oject
,
hydr
oelect
ri
cit
ypowergenerat
ion,
…

Pr
oduct
ionofel
ect
ri
cit
ybydams

Thedamsar econstructedsuchthatwat erischannelt

obeatv eryhi
ghal t
it
ude.
Wateratt
hisheighthasst or
edgravitat
ionalenergywhichcanbeconv ert
edinto
ki
neti
cenergyinturbinewhenitfal
ls.Wat erongetti
ngtotheturbi
neaf t
erthefal
l
spunthet
urbinewhi chintur
nspunt heA.Cal t
ernat
or(gener
ator)

Ar
ti
fi
cial
sat
ell
i
tes

Thesei
ncl
udeallman-madeobject
sthatwer
eposi
tionedt
oorbi
ttheear
th(I
.e.t
ogo
roundt
heear
th)art
if
ici
alsat
ell
i
tesareusedf
orvar
iouspur
posessuchas:

1.Fort
elecommuni
cat
ion

2.Fori
dent
if
icat
ionofpl
aceont
heear
th

3.Toenhancemi
l
itar
yint
ell
i
gence

4.Tormet
eor
ologi
cal
studi
es

5.Sci
ent
if
icst
udyoft
heear
th

6.Forspacesci
ence

Sincet
helaunchoft
hefir
start
if
ici
alsat
ell
i
tei
n1957,
thousandsofsat
ell
i
tehad
beenposi
tionedt
oorbi
ttheeart
h

Componentofsat
ell
i
tes
Basi
cal
l
y,sat
ell
i
teconsi
stsoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Powergenerat
ionanddi
str
ibut
ionsyst
em:mostsat
ell
it
eusessolarener
gy
fr
om thesun.Theyal
socontai
nrechar
geabl
ebat
ter
iestost
oreenergyduri
ng
ecl
ipse.

2.Commandanddat
ahandl
ingsyst
em.Itcontai
nsantennaet
orecei
veand
tr
ansmi
tsi
gnal
andcomputer
stoprocessthesesi
gnals

3.Payload:t
hiscontai
nsmeasuri
nginst
rument
sandimagi
ngdev
icesorany
otherit
emsr el
ati
ngtot
hemi ssi
onofthesat
ell
i
te.

4.Prot
ecti
veshi
eldi
ng:thi
sprot
ectt
hesatel
l
iteagainstt
hecol
d,i
ntense
radi
ati
onfor
mt hesun,col
l
isi
onofspacerocks,
…

5.Rocketthr
ust
erssyst
em:thi
sisnecessarysoastomovet
hesatel
l
itebackto
posi
tionwhenther
eisashif
torwhent heneedar
isest
omovethesatel
li
tet
o
anotherl
ocat
ionar
oundtheeart
h.

Rocket

Theseareselfpropel
leddev i
cethatobt
ainsitthrustbyejectingast r
eam offast
mov i
ngfl
uidthroughitrearend.
Thef or
ceoft hesehotgasesshoot i
ngoutinone
di
recti
oncausest herockettomov eintheoppositedir
ection.Ar ocketengi
neisthe
mostpower f
ulengineforitswei
ght.Otherformsofpr opulsion,suchasjet-
powered
andpropel
ler-
driv
enengi nes,
cannotmat chit
spower .

Usesofr
ocket

1.Forf
ir
ewor
ksusedi
nent
ert
ainment

2.Forf
ir
ingmi
ssi
l
es

3.Soundingr
ocketf
orcar
ryi
ngsci
ent
if
ici
nst
rumentt
ohi
ghal
ti
tudef
orsci
ent
if
ic
resear
ch

4.Jet
-Assi
sted-
Take-
Off(
JATO)r
ocketf
orai
rl
if
ti
ngheav
yladenpl
anes

5.Li
fe-
sav
ingr
ocketusedf
orcar
ryi
ngl
i
fel
i
ner
opet
ost
randedshi
ps

6.Sat
urnVr
ocketwhi
chcar
ri
eshumant
othemoon

7.Rocketej
ecti
onseatssafel
yboostpi
l
otsoutofjetpl
anesduri
ngemer
genci
es
8.Si
gnalrocketl
aunchedfr
om shi
psindist
resst
osignalforhel
p.
Componentoft
her
ocket

1.Pr
opel
l
antt
ank:
itst
orest
hef
uel
ort
hepr
opel
l
ant

2.Combustionchamber,t
hisi
swherethef
uel
isbur
ntt
opr
oducet
hehotgases
thatgi
vestherocketaf
orwardt
hrust
.

3.Nozzle;
thi
sist
heopeni
ngatt
her
earoft
her
ocketf
rom wher
ethehotgas
escape.

4.Fi
ns:t
hesearel
ocat
edatthesi
deoft
her
ockett
ost
abi
l
izei
tandmai
ntai
nit
di
rect
ionofmot
ioni
nspace.

5.Pay
load:
thi
sdependsont
hef
unct
ionoft
her
ocket
s.

EVALUATI
ON

1.Adevicebui
lttoor
bitapl
anti
scal
l
ed-
--(
a)r
ocket(
b)sat
ell
i
te(
c)dam (
d)
spaceshutt
le

2.Thefir
stsat
ell
i
tei
ntheear
thor
bitwasl
aunchi
n--
--(
a)1957(
b)1959(
c)1895
(d)noneoft
heabove

3.Whi
chofthesecomponent
softherocketwi
ll
theast
ronauti
nar
ocketst
ay?
(
a)nozzl
e(b)nosecone(
c)fi
ns(d)payl
oad

4.Whichoft
heseisthef
ir
stmannedr
ocket
?(a)JATO(
b)r
ocketej
ect
ionseat(
c)
Sat
urnVrocket(
d)Apoll
omissi
onI

5.Whichoft hesei
st heenergyconversi
oninthegenerati
onofelect
ri
cit
yin
hy
droelectri
cdams?( a)gravit
ati
onalener
gyt omechanical
energy(b)
gr
avit
ationaltokinet
icenergy(c)mechanicaltoki
neti
cenergy(c)
gr
avit
ationalpotenti
alenergytoki
neti
cener gy

WEEKENDASI
GNMENT

St
udent
sshoul
dreadaboutv
ari
ousspacemi
ssi
ons.
.

READI
NGASSI
GNMENT

1.Browset
heint
ernetf
ori
nfor
mat
ionont
heNI
GER-
SATI
,NI
GER-
SATI
I,
NIGER-
SATX,NICOM-SAT

WEEK6: DATE,
……………

TOPI
C:NI
GER-
SATIANDNI
COM-
SATI

CONTENT;

SUBTOPI
CONE;
NIGER-
SATI

Thiswasl aunchedin2003.Itwast hefir

stNi geri
asatel
lit
elaunchedint
ospace.Itis
ami cro-satelli
teofabout100kgusedf ordisastermonitori
ng,crossborder
moni tori
ng, oilpi
pel
inemonitori
ng,monitorifareaforearlyi
ndicati
onofcoast
er
erosion,deser ti
fi
cat
ionandpol l
uti
on.Thesat ell
it
ewasschedul edtostayinor
bitfor
fi
veaf terwhi chiti
stobedeor bi
ted.

Niger
-SATIhadpr ovidedinformati
ononmappi ngofar easinNi geri
a, met eorol
ogical
data,
geologi
calinformation,…Eversi
ncethelaunchoft heNiger -SATI ,therehad
beenplanstolaunchot herNigeri
asatel
li
tessuchast heNi ger-SATI Iandt heNiger-
SATXt oconsolidatetheinformati
onobtainedfrom theNi ger-
SATIbyt het i
mei twil
l
bedeorbit
ed.Therehadal sobeenproj
ecti
ont hatbythey ear2025, Ni geriawill
l
aunchitsfi
rstsatell
it
epr oducedbyNigerianengineersandl aunchf rom Ni geri
asoil.

SUB-
TOPI
CTWO;
NICOM SATI
.

Thi
si sacommuni cat
ionsatel
l
iteint
endedtoexpandmobi
lephoneandint
ernal
ser
viceinCentr
alAfri
ca.Howev er
,duetothefai
lur
eofi
tsol
arcell
syst
em,the
sat
elli
tehasceasetofuncti
on.

EVALUATI
ON

1.Wr
it
eashor
tnot
eont
heNi
ger
-SATI

2.Ment
iont
hef
act
orr
esponsi
blef
ort
hef
ail
ureoft
heNI
COM-
SATI

WEEK7:
MID–TERM BREAK
WEEK8: DATE………………………

TOPI
C:USERSANDMACHI
NES

CONTENT

- User
sofmachi
ne

- Ty
pesofmachi
nesandt
hei
ruses

- needf
orr
epai
rsofmachi
nes

- needf
orr
egul
armai
ntenanceofmachi
ne

SUB-
TOPI
CONE;
USERSOFMACHI
NE

Theworldinwhichwel i
veisat echnol
ogi
calone.Manyoft hethi
ngsthatwer
e
donemanual l
ybef or
earecarri
edoutwi t
hmachine.Machinescouldbefoundin
homesof fi
ces,school,
playgr
ound,…Weal l
usemachi neandtosurvi
veinthi
s
presentgenerat
ionrequir
essomeamountoft echnicaleducat
ion.

Needf
oruseofmachi
nei
ndoi
ngwor
k

Theadv
entofmachi
nehadmadeourwor
k;

- Easi
er

- Neat
er

- Mor
econv
eni
ent

- Mor
eef
fi
cient

- Fast
er

- Mor
epr
oduct
ive.

Machi
nesusedathome,
off
ices,
indust
ri
es,
agr
icul
tur
e,t
ranspor
tat
ion,
…

Exampl
esofmachi
ne;
 - Home:radi
o,t
elev
isi
on,
elect
ri
cpr
essi
ngi
ron,
ref
ri
ger
ator
,el
ect
ri
cfan,
cooker
…

- Of
fi
ce:
comput
er,
phot
ocopi
er,
aircondi
ti
oner
,lapt
op,
…

- I
ndust
ri
es:
li
ft
,conv
eyor
,pump,
lat
hemachi
ne,
for
kli
ft
,…

- Agr
icul
tur
e:spr
ayer
,gar
denspr
inkl
er,
wheel
bar
row,
…

- Tr
anspor
tat
ion:
bicy
cle,
mot
orcy
cle,
tri
cycl
e,mot
orcar
,boat
,…

SUBTOPI
CTWO;
NEEDFORMAI
NTENANCE

Needf
ormaintenanceofmachi
ne.I
tisneedf
ult
omai
ntenancemachi
nef
ort
he
f
oll
owi
ngreasons:

1.Tor
educet
her
ateatwhi
chf
aul
tymachi
nesar
eabandon

2.Foreconomi
calr
eason.Mostt
imes,
itcostl
esst
orepai
ramachi
net
hant
ogo
foranewone.

3.Tomakemachi
nel
astl
ongerandf
unct
ionpr
oper
ly.

4.Reducet
hef
requencyofdi
sappoi
ntmentoft
hemachi
ne.

Regul
armai
ntenance

Regul
armai
ntenanceofmachi
nei
nvol
ves:

- Rout
inechecki
ng

- Ser
vici
ngofmachi
ne

- Cl
eani
ng,
oil
i
ngmov
ingpar
ts,
…

- Pr
event
ivemai
ntenance

Someti
mes,somemachi
nescomewi
thspeci
fi
cat
iononhowmai
ntenancei
sto
becar
ri
edout.

EVALUATI
ON

1.Just
if
ytheuseofmachi
nei
nthi
spr
esentage

2.Ment
ionsomeexampl
esofmachi
neusedi
nthef
oll
owi
ngsect
ors

(
i) Banks

(
ii
) School
 (
ii
i) Labor
ator
y

(
iv) Pl
aygr
ound

3.St
atet
hreer
easonsf
ormai
ntai
ningmachi
nes

WEEKENDASSI
GNMENT

. Descr
ibehowy
ouwoul
dmai
ntai
nthef
oll
owi
nghousehol
ddev
ices

(
i) Radi
o

(
ii
) Sat
ell
i
ter
ecei
ver

(
ii
i) El
ect
ri
cpr
essi
ngi
ron

(
iv) Mi
crowav
eov
en

READI
NGASSI
GNMENT

Studentshoul
dreadpage189-
190ofSci
enceTeacherAssoci
ati
onofNi
ger
ia
PhysicsBook3

REVI
SION QUESTI
ONS(mechani
cs)

1.Whichofthefollowi
ngphy si
calpr
ocesscannotbeexpl
ainedbythemolecul
ar
theor
y?(a)evaporat
ion(b)ther
mal expansi
on(
c)radi
ati
onofheat(d)
convent
ioncurrenti
nflui
d

2.Aspr
ingbal
ancewhi
chi
ssuspendedf
rom t
her
oofofal
i
ftcar
ri
esamassof
1kgati
tfr
eeend.I
fthel
i
ftaccel
erat
eupwar
dsa2. s2det
5m/ ermi
net
he
readi
ngont
hespr
ingbal
ance( s2)(
g=10m/ a)25.
0N(
b)12.
5N(
c)7.
5N(
d)
4.0N

3.Anobjectofweight10Nimmer
sedinafl
uiddi
spl
acesaquant
it
yofthefl
uid.
I
ftheflui
ddispl
acedweigh6N,
deter
minetheupt
hrustont
heobj
ect
.(a)20N
(b)10N( c)6N(d)4N
4.Whichofthef ol
lowingstat
ementaboutpressur
ei snotcorr
ect
?(a)incr
eases
wit
hani ncreaseinsurf
ace(b)decr
easewi t
hani ncr
easeinsurf
acearea(c)
i
ncreaseswi t
hdecreaseinsurf
acearea(d)incr
easeswi t
hanincreasei
nan
appl
iedforce

5.Theappar
entwei
ghtofabodyf
ull
yimmer
sedi
nwat
eri
s32Nandi
tswei
ght
i
nbody
.(densi
t er=1000kgm-3)(
yofwat 39x10-3m3(
a)6. 4x10-3m3(
b)6. c)
2x10-3m3(
3. 0x10-3m3.
d)3.

6.Ablockweighing15Nrestsonaf l
atsurf
aceandahori
zont
alf
orceof3Nis
exert
edonit.Deter
minethefr
ict
ionalfor
ceonthebl
ock.(
a)0.
3N( b)0.
5N( c)
3.0N(d)5.
0N

7.Whi
chfot
hefol
lowingequat
ionsr
epresentthedi
stancextr
avel
ledbyabody
mov
ingonastr
aightr
oadwithaconstantspeed?(theot
hersymbolshav
e
2
t
hei
rusual
meani
ng)(
a)x=ut+½at
2(b)x=ut(
c)x=(
v –u2)
/2a(
d)x=½
2
at

8.Theamplit
udeofthemot ionofabodyperf
ormingsimpleharmoni
cmoti
on
wit
htimebecause:(a)fr
icti
onal
forcedi
ssi
patetheenergyofmoti
on(
b)the
fr
equencyofosci
ll
ationvari
eswithti
me(c)theperi
odsofoscil
l
ati
onvar
ies
wit
htime(d)ener
gyi ssuppli
edbysomeexternalagent
.

9.Theampl
i
tudeofapar
ti
cleexecut
ingSHM i
s5cm whi
l
eitangul
arf
requency
i ads-1.Cal
s10r cul
atet
hemagni
tudeoft
hemaxi
mum accel
erat
ionoft
he
par
ti
cle.(
a)0. ads-2(
25r b)0. ads-2(
50r c)2. ads-2(
00r d)5. ads-2.
00r

10.
Thet i
mer at
eofchangeofmoment
um i
s(a)i
mpul
se(
b)f
orce(
c)power(
d)
pressure

11.
Whi chofthefoll
owingstatementaboutelast
iccoll
isi
oni
scorr
ect?(a)
moment um islostduetosoundpr oduced(b)lossinmoment
um isequalto
lossinkinet
icenergy(c)bothki
neticener
gyandmoment um areconserv
ed(d)
kineti
cenergyislosswhilemoment um i
sconser v
ed

12.
Onecommoncharacteri
sti
cofsoli
ds,l
iqui
dsandgasisthat:(a)allt
hethree
havefi
xedv
olume(b)thei
rmoleculeshavethesamesi
ze( c)thei
rmol ecul
es
areal
waysi
nmotion(d)allt
hethreehavethesameint
ermol ecularfor
ce

13.
Thefor
cebet
weenmolecul
esofali
quidincontactwi
tht
hatofasol
i
dis(
a)
adhesi
ve(
b)cohesi
ve(
c)magnet
ic(d)repul
siv
e

14.
Theenergyneededtosepar
atethenucleonsagai
nstt
hef i
orcet
hatholdt
hem
toget
heriscal
led--
--(
a)nucl
earenergy(b)mechani
calenergy(
c)i
onisat
ion
 ener
gy(
d)bi
ndi
ngener
gy

15.
Areser
voi
risf
il
ledwi
thal
i
qui
dofdensi
ty2000kgm-3.Cal
cul
atet
hedept
hat
whi
cht hepr
essureinheli
quidi
sequal
to9100Nm-2(
g=10ms-2)(
a)o.
262m
(
b)0.455m (
c)0.664m (
d)0.819m

16.
Asoli
dweigh45Nand15Nrespect
ivel
yinai
randwat
er.Det
ermi
net
he
rel
ati
vedensi
tyoft
hesol
i
d.(
a)0.33(b)0.
50(c)1.
50(
d)3.00

17.Aboyt r
avel
l
ed8km east wardtoapointBandthen6km northwardtoanother
pointC.det
erminet hedif
fer
encebet
weenthemagni t
udeofdispl
acementof
thebodyanddistancetravel
l
edbyhim..(
a)2.
0km (b)4.0km (
c)10.0km (
c)
14.0km

18.
Themagnit
udeoftheforcerequir
edtomakeanobj ectofmassm mov
ewi
th
speedvi
nacircul
arpathofradius,ri
sgi v
enbyt heexpr essi
on
mr mr mv mv
2 2
(a) ( b) ( c) ( d) 2
v v r r

19.
Amanmoveroundacircul
arpat
hcont
inuousl
yfor4mi
nut
esandcov
eredt
he
fol
l
owi
ngdi
stancesi
nthetimesbel
ow:

Di
stance(
m) 200 400 600 800

Time 1 2 3 4
(minut
es)

Whichofthef
oll
owingstatementiscorr
ectaboutthemot i
onoftheman?(
a)
themanwasmov i
ngwithunifor
m speedbutnon-uni
formv el
oci
ty(
b)t
he
speedwasconstantl
ychanging(c)t
heveloci
tyisuni
form(d)itwasan
i
nstanceofmoti
oninwhichbot hspeedandveloci
tyarethesame

20.
Acart
akesof
ffr
om r
estandcov
eradi
stanceof80m onast
rai
ghtr
oadi
n10
s.cal
cul
atet
hemagni
tudeofi
taccel
erat
ion.( 25ms-2(
a)1. 60ms-2(
b)1. c)
00ms-2(
4. d)8. s-2.
00m/

21.
Anobj
ecti
srel
easedf
rom r
estatahei
ghtof25m.cal
cul
atet
het
imei
ttakes
t
ofai
ltot
hegr g=10ms-2)(
ound( a)25.
00s(
b)10.
00s(
c)2.
50s(
d)2.
24s

22.
Anobj ectisact
eduponbysy stem ofparal
lelforcescausi
ngt heobjectt
obe
instati
cequili
bri
um.Whi chofthef ol
lowingstatementisnotcor r
ect?(a)t
he
result
antofthepar al
lelf
orcesiszero(b)thealgebraicsum ofallt
he
moment softheforcesiszero(b)allpar
all
el f
orcesmustbeequal i
n
magni tudeanddirecti
on(d)thesum ofthef orcesinonedirecti
onmustbe
equaltot hesum oftheforcesintheoppositedirecti
on.
23. Anobj ectA,i
shel di
nequil
ibr
ium asil
lust
rat
edi
n
thediagram above.Usingt
hedat aonthe
T2=15N T1=8N
diagr
am, determinethemagnitudeW ofthe
A weightofA.( a)23N(b)17N(c)7N( d)5N

24.
Aspr i
ngofnaturallength30.
0cm andforceconstantof20Nm-1i
s
compr essedto20.0cm.calcul
atetheenergyst
oredinthespri
ng.(
a)0.
1J(
b)
1. Ac
0J( )140
0cm (
.
0J dP
)100. 0J
B

7N

25.
Inthediagr
am above,
AB representauni
for
mrodoflengt
h1.
50m whichisi
n
equil
ibr
ium onapiv
otatp.ifAP=40cm, cal
cul
atet
hemassoftherod.(
g=
10ms-2(
a)0.
280kg(
b)0.
400kg(
c)0.
613kg(
d)0.
800kg

26.
At ubercanbepr ocessedint
opowder .Thisexpl
ainsthefactt
hat--
--(a)
mat tercanchangespontaneouslyfrom onestat
et oanot
her(b)mattercannot
bedest royed(c)f
orceisrequi
redtochangemat terfr
om onestatetoanot her
(d)mat terismadeupoft i
nyparti
cles

27.
Apieceofmet
alofr
elat
ivedensit
y5.
0weighs60Ninair.Cal
cul
atei
tswei
ght
whenful
lyi
mmersedinwater.(
a)4N(b)5N(c)48N(d)60N

28.
Anetf
orceof15Nactonabodyofmass3kgf
or5s.cal
cul
atest
hechange
t
hespeedoft
hebody
.(a)25ms-1( 0ms-1(
b)9. 5ms-1(
c)2. 0ms-1.
d)1.

29.
Thetendencyf
orabodyt
oremainatr
estwhenaforcei
sappl
i
edt
oiti
scal
l
ed
--
-(a)i
mpulse(
b)momentum (
c)i
nert
ia(
d)fr
ict
ion

30.
Aforceactonabodyfor5.
0schangi
ngi
tsmomentum f
rom 16.
0kgm/
sto
21.
0kgm/ s.cal
cul
atet
hemagni
tudeoft
hef
orce.(
a)42.
0N(b)37.0N(
c)
32.
0N( d)10.0N

31.
Whichofthegr
aphsbel
owshowst
hemot
ionofabodywi
thuni
for
m
ret
ardat
ion? V V
v V

t t t t
32.
Amov i
ngobjectI
ssaidtohaveunifor
m accel
erat
ionifi
ts-
---(
a)displacement
descr
easesataconstantr
ate(b)speedisdir
ectl
yproport
ionalt
ot i
me( c)
vel
oci
tyincr
easesbyequalamountinequalti
me( d)vel
ocityvar
iesinversel
y
ti
me

33.
Theper
iodofoscil
lat
orymotionisdefi
neast he--
-(a)aver
ageoft
hetime
usedi
ncompl et
ingdif
fer
entnumberofosci l
l
ation(b)Ti
metocomplet
ea
numberofoscil
l
ati
on(c)ti
met ocomplet
eoneosci l
lati
on(
d)Ti
metakent
o
movefrom oneextr
emepositiontotheother

34.
Themassonal oadedspiralspri
ngosci llatesverti
callybetweentwoextreme
posit
ionsPandRequi distantfr
om t heequi li
bri
um posi t
ionQ.whichofthe
fol
lowingstatementaboutt hesy stem isnotcor rect?(a)themoment um of
theparti
cl
ei smaximum atX( b)theel asticpotentialenergyofthespri
ngis
maximum atQ( c)thekineti
cener gyoft hepar t
icleismaxi mum atP(d)the
tot
alenergyofthesy stem isalway sconst ant

35.
Aballofmass%.0kghi
tsasmoot hver
tical
wallnor
mallywit
haspeedof
2m/s.det
erminethemagni
tudeoftheresul
tanti
mpulse.(
a)20kg/
s(b)
10.
0kgm/s(c)5.0kgm/
s(d)2.5kgm/s

36.
Themol ecularstr
uctureofsli
quidi
ssucht hat-
--
-(a)t
hemoleculeshave
unli
mit edfreedom ofmov ement(b)molecularmovementi
srestr
ictedt
o
vibr
ationonl y(c)i
ntermolecul
arcol
li
siontakespl
ace(d)al
lmoleculesmove
withthesamespeed

37.Whichofthefol
lowi
ngconcepti
snotanev i
denceofpar
ticl
enatureofmat
ter
?
(
a)dif
fusi
on(b)Browni
anmotion(c)di
ff
ract
ion(d)cr
yst
alli
sat
ion

38.
Whichoft hefol
l
owi ngstatementaboutthemassandt hewei
ghtofabodyi
s
notcorr
ect ?I
ts(a)massi sascalarquantit
y(b)wei
ghtisaf
unct
ionoft
he
gravi
tat
ionalpul
l onit(
c)massont heearthandonthemoonist
hesame(d)
weightattheequatorandatt hepolesisthesame.

39.
Adi
veri
s5.
2m bel
owt
hesur
faceofwat
erofdensi
ty100kgm-3.I
fthe
at
mospher
icpr
essur
ei 02x105pa.cal
s1. cul
atet
hepr
essur
eont
he
di
ver
.g=10ms-2)(
( 54x105pa(
a)1. 20x105pa(
b)6. 54x105pa(
c)1. d)5.
20x
105pa

40.
Anobj
ectwei
ghs60.0Ninai
r,48.
2Ninacer
tai
nliqui
dXand44.9Ninwat
er.
Cal
cul
atet
herel
ati
vedensi
tyofX.(
a)3.
300(
b)1.2.79(c)0.
932(
d)0.
782

41.
Ast
eel
needl
efl
oat
ingonwat
ersi
nkswhenKer
osenei
saddedt
othewat
er.
 Thisisbecausethekerosene….
.(a)i
ncreaset
hesur
facet
ensi
onoft
hewat
er
(b)reducesthedensi
tyofwater9c)reducest
hesur
facet
ensi
onoft
hewat
er
(d)reducestheupthr
ustontheneedle

42.
Cal
cul
atet
hechangei
nthev
olumewhen90gofi
cei
scompl
etel
ymel
ted
(
densi
t er=1gcma,
yofwat densi
tyofi 9gcm-3)
ce=0.

43.
Onwhi
cht
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
orsdoest
hev
iscosi
tyofal
i
qui
ddepend?

I
. Nat
ureoft
hel
i
qui
d

I
I. Temper
atur
eoft
hel
i
qui
d

I
II
. Ar
eaoft
hel
i
qui
dsur
face

(
a)IandI
Ionl
y(b)I
IandI
IIonl
y(c)IandI
IIonl
y(d)I
,I
IandI
II

44.
Anelast
icstr
ingoffor
ceconst
ant200Nm-1i
sstret
chedthrough0.
8m withi
n
it
selast
icl
imit.Cal
cul
atet
heener
gystor
edinthest
ring.(
a)64.0J(b)80.
0J
(c)128.
0J(d)160.0J

45.
Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngphy
sical
quant
it
iesar
eder
ived?

I
. Ar
ea

I
I. Thr
ust

I
II
. Pr
essur
e

I
V. Mass

(
a)I
,
II,
I
IIandI
V(b)I
,I
IandI
IIonl
y(c)I
,I
IandI
Vonl
y(d)IandI
IIonl
y

46.
Theslopeofthest
rai
ghtli
nedispl
acement–ti
megr aphindi
cat
es(a)dist
ance
trav
ell
ed(b)uni
for
mv el
ocit
y(c)uni
for
m accel
erat
ion(d)accel
erat
ionat
inst
ant

47.
Amanwi llexertt
hegr
eat
estpressur
eonabenchwhenhe- -
--(
a)l
i
esf
laton
hisback(b)li
esfl
atonhi
sbell
y(c)standsonbot
hfeet(
d)st
andsont
hetoes
ofonefeet

48.
cm
6 7
8

Thediagram aboverepr
esentsaport
ionofaverni
ercal
l
iper
.Whati
sit
s
r
eadi
ng?(a) 7.12cm (b)7.
09cm (c)6.
90cm (
d)6.58cm
49.
Whent
hreecopl
anarnon-
par
all
elf
orcesar
einequi
l
ibr
ium,

I
. Theycanber epr
esentedi
nmagni
tudeanddi
rect
ionbyt
het
hreesi
des
oftr
iangl
etakeninorder

I
I. Thei
rli
nesofact
ionmeetatapoi
nt

I
II
. Themagnit
udeofanyonef
orceequal
sthemagni
tudeoft
her
esul
tant
oft
heothertwo

I
V. Anyonef
orcei
stheequi
l
ibr
antoft
heot
hert
wo

Whi
choft
hest
atementabov
ear
ecor
rect

(
a)IandI
Ionl
y(b)I
IandI
IIonl
y(c)I
I,
II
IandI
Vonl
y(d)(
d)I
,I
I,
II
IandI
V

50.
Abal
lofmass0.5kgmovi
ngat10.
m/ s-2col
l
ideswit
hanotherbal
lofequal
massatr
esti
fthetwobal
lmovetogetheraft
erimpact
,cal
culat
ethecommon
v
eloci
ty.( 2ms-1(
a)0. 5ms-1(
b)0. 0ms-1(
c)5. d)10. s-1
0m/

51.
Abodyisproj
ectedi
ntospacewit
hanini
ti
alv
eloci
tyv0atanangleϴtot
he
hor
izont
al.Whi
chofthefol
lowi
ngstat
ementi
s/arecorr
ectabouti
tsmot
ion?

v
0cosθ
I
. Thet
otal
timeoff
li
ghti
s
g

v
0cos2θ
I
I. Themaxi
mum hei
ghti
s
2g

v
02cos2θ
I
II
. Ther
angei
s
g

(
a)IandI
Ionl
y(b)IandI
IIonl
y(c)I
IandI
IIonl
y(d)I
Ionl
y

52.
Abal
li
sthr
ownv
ert
ical
l
yupwar
dsf
rom gr
oundwi
thani
nit
ial
vel
oci
tyof50
ms-1.Whati
sthet
otal
timespentbyt
hebal
li
ntheai
r?(
a)2.
5s(
b)5.0s(
c)
10.
0s( d)15.
0s

53.
Whi
choft
hefoll
owi
ngi
ndi
catesachangeofst
ateofmat
ter
?(a)cool
i
ng(
b)
war
ming(
c)dry
ing(
d)mel
ti
ng

54.
Thet
endencyofabodytoremainatrestortoconti
nuei
tsstateofuni
for
m
moti
oniscal
led-
--
-(a)r
esi
stance(b)fr
ict
ion(c)i
nert
ia(
d)tension

55.
Whichoft
hef ol
l
owingty
pesofmotionispr
edominantint
hemolecul
esofgas
seal
edinatube?(a)r
ect
il
inear(
b)r
andom (
c)ci
rcular(
d)osci
l
lat
ory

56.
Abodyst
artatr
estandt
rav
elsadi
stanceof100m,
200m and300m i
n
 successiv
eequalti
meint
erval
sof10s.whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngst
atement
i
s/aretrueaboutt
hebody?

I
. I
thasuni
for
m accel
erat
ion

I
I. I
thasconst
antv
eloci
ty

I
II
. I
thasnon-
uni
for
mvel
oci
ty

(
a)Ionl
y(b)I
Ionl
y(c)I
,I
IandI
IIonl
y(d)IandI
IIonl
y

57.
Whichofthefol
lowingequat
ionrepr
esentt
hedist
ancet
rav
ell
edbyabody
fal
l
ingfr
eelyundergrav
ity
?[thesymbols,gandthavet
hei
rusual
meaning]
2
gt
a)
( s= ( 2
b)s=gt(c)s=2gt
2
( s2gt
d)
2

58.
Thepr essur
eatapointinali
qui
d--
--(
a)alwaysactver
ti
cal
l
ydownwar d(
b)i
s
proporti
onaltot
hevolumeoftheli
qui
d( c)i
sequalt
otheatmospher
ic
pressure(d)i
sdist
ri
butedequal
l
yinalldir
ect
ion

59.
Acentri
petalf
orceisonethat---
--(
a)actsinthedi
rect
ionofmoti
on(b)keeps
anobjectmovinginacir
culartrack(c)actt
angent
ial
lytoaci
rcul
art
rack(d)
accel
erateanobjecti
nthedirecti
onofmot i
on

60.
Whi
chogt
hef
oll
owi
ngdemonst
rat
easi
mpl
ehar
moni
cmot
ion?

I
. Bl
owi
ngt
hecol
umnofai
rinacl
osedpi
pe

I
I. Asat
ell
i
ter
evol
vi
ngr
oundt
heear
th

I
II
. Amassonaspr
ingi
nav
ert
ical
mot
ion

(
a)Ionl
y(b)I
IIonl
y(c)IandI
IIonl
y(c)IandI
Ionl
y

61.
Whenasat ell
it
eisl aunchwithanescapeveloci
ty,
it…(a)l
eavestheeart
h’s
gravi
tat
ionalf
iel
d( b)islaunchedi
ntopart
ingorbi
t(c)hasanacceler
ati
on
equaltothatofgrav i
ty(d)haszer
ogravi
ty

62.Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
stheuni
tofwor
k?(
a)N(
b)kg(
c)W (
d)J

63.
Abodymov eswit
hunif
ormv eloci
tyifit(a)changesit
sveloci
tybyequal
amountsamountinagiventi
me( b)changesi t
sacceler
ati
onbyequal
amountinequal
times(
c)cov ersequal dist
anceinequalti
mesinagiven
dir
ect
ion(d)i
sunif
orml
yretardedtor estinagiventi
me.

64.
Amanstart
sfrom apoi
ntAandwal
ksadi st
anceof3.0km duenortheastt
oa
poi
ntB.f
rom Bhethenwal
ks4.Km duesoutheastt
opointx.cal
cul
atethe
 shor
testdi
stancebet
weenAandX.(
a)7.
0km (
b)6.
5km (
c)6.
0km 9d)5.
0
km

65.
Whichofthefoll
owingisnotanexampleofmoti
onunderconst
ant
acceler
ati
on?(a)sat
ell
i
teinorbi
t(b)astonemovi
ngver
ti
call
yupwards(
d)
motionofapendulum

66.
Ablockofwoodofmass25kgandvol
ume3.2x10-
2m3float
sinwat er
.
Cal
culat
ethevol
umeofthewoodabov
esur
faceoft
hewat
er.{densi
tyof
wat 0x103kgm-3](
er1. 0x10-3m3(
a)7. 2x10-3m3(
b)3. 5x10-2m3(
c)2. d)2.
4
x10-3m3.

67.
Thepressur
eonthebaseofanopency li
ndercontaini
ngali
quiddoesnot
dependson….(a)heightofthel
iqui
dcolumn( b)crosssect
ional
areaoft
he
li
qui
d(c)densi
tyoftheliqui
d(d)atmospheri
cpressureontopoftheli
qui
d

68.
Whichofthefol
lowi
ngisthereasonf orbanki
ngofr
acingcart
rack?(a)t
o
obtai
ngreat
erspeed(b)topreventsidesli
p(c)t
omaintai
nver
tical
equil
i
bri
um (d)t
opreventfr
ict
ionforces

69.
Whichoft
hef
oll
owi
ngarecor
rectaboutbot
huni
for
m ci
rcul
armot
ionand
simpl
ehar
monicmot
ion?

I
. Accel
erat
ioni
sdi
rect
edt
owar
dsaf
ixedpoi
nt

I
I. Mot
ionhasper
iodi
cti
me

I
II
. Accel
erat
ioni
sconst
ant

(
a)IandI
Ionl
y(b)IandI
IIonl
y(c)I
IandI
IIonl
y(d)I
,I
IandI
II

70.
AnobjectAofmass1.0kgmov ingat5.0m/ scolli
deshead- onwithanobject
Bofmass2. 0kgmov i
ngat2.0m/ sintheoppositedirect
ion.I
tthetwo
obj
ectssti
cktoget
heraft
ercol
li
sion,cal
culat
etheircommonv eloci
ty.(
a)0.33
m/sintheini
ti
aldi
rect
ionofA(b)3.0m/ sintheinit
ialdir
ecti
onofA( c)3.
0
m/sintheini
ti
aldi
rect
ionofB(d)0.33m/ sintheiniti
aldir
ecti
onofB.

71.
Whichoft
hefol
lowingr
elat
ionsbetweenf
orceFandt
hedst
ancersat
isf
ies
1 1
thel
awofgravi
tat
i a)F∝r(
on?( F∝ 2(
b) c)
F∝ (d)F∝r
2
r r

72.
Whichoft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
snotader
iveduni
t?(
a)ki
l
ogr
am (
b)Joul
e(c)Newt
on
(d)wat
t

73.
Astoneisti
edtoast
ringandwhir
ledround.Whatty
pesofmotiondoest
he
syst
em execut
e?(
a)r
otati
onal
(b)spin(c)si
mpleharmoni
c(d)cir
cul
ar
74.
Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
nggr
aphr
epr
esent
samot
ionwi
thnon-
uni
for
mvel
oci
ty?

anc
y
anc

t
t

oci
oci

st
st

el
el

Di
Di

v
v
t
ime t
ime t
ime t
ime

75.
Ast
onei
sthr
ownv
ert
ical
l
yupwar
dswi
thav
eloci
ty40.
0m/
s.cal
cul
atet
he
maxi
mum heightreachedbyt
hest s2](
one.[g=10m/ a)320.
0m (
b)160.
0m
(
c)80.
0m (d)40.0m

76.
Inasystem oftwocolli
dingbodi
es,
thecolli
sionissaidtibei nelast
ici
f--
--(
a)
thebodi
esmov eawayinopposit
edirect
ionaftercoll
i
sion( b)kineti
cenergyis
notconserv
ed( c)eachbodyhasthesamemoment um afterthecolli
sion(d)
moment um isconserv
ed

77.
Whenahy dromet erf
loatinali
quiditmeanst hat(a)accel
erat
ionduet o
gravi
tyi
snotact i
noni t9b)therel
ati
vedensityoftheli
quidisunit
y(c)the
surf
acetensionintheliqui
disjustsuf
fi
cienttosupportthehydrometer(d)t
he
weightofl
iquiddispl
acedisequal t
othewei ghtofthehydrometer.

78.
Asoli
dwei ghs359.0ginai
r,275.
0ginwaterand250.
0gi
nali
quid.Cal
cul
ate
ther
elat
ivedensit
yoftheli
quid.(
a)1.
33(b)1.33(
c)0.
85(d)
0.75

79.
Acarbrakingsy
st em wor
ksont heprinci
plethat(a)pressureinaf l
uidvar
ies
withhei
ght(b)t
hedenseraf l
uid,thegreat
erit
spressur e(c)thepressur
eofa
fl
uidistr
ansmit
tedequalinal
ldirecti
on(d)li
quidpressureisindependentof
thedir
ecti
onofflowoftheli
quid

80.
Ifvist
heli
nearveloci
tyofabody
, wisit
sangul
arvel
oci
tyandri
sther
adi
us
oftheci
rcl
eitdescri
be,t
hentherel
ati
onbetweent
hev ,
randwis

r
2
r
a)
( v= ( v=r
b) ω(c)
v= ( v= ω2r
d)
ω ω

81.
Whichofthefoll
owi
ngsystemscannotbeusedtodemonstratesi
mple
harmoni
cmot ion?(
a)meterrul
eclampedt
oat abl
eatoneendsi mple
pendul
um (b)simpl
ependulum (
c)massonaspr i
ng(
d)tennisball
thrown
 agai
nstav
ert
ical
wal
l

82.
Atanki
s1.
5m deepandi
sful
lofwat
er.Cal
cul
atet
hepr
essur
eatt
hebot
tom
3 -
3 -
2
oft
het
ankduet
othel
i
qui
d.[densi
tyofwat
er=1.
0x10 kgm g=10ms ](
a)
5x105Pa(
1. 5x10-3Pa(
b)1. 5x10-2Pa(
c)1. 5x10-4Pa
d)1.

83.
Thedi
mensi
onofv
eloci
tyi a)LT-2(
s….( b)LT-1(
c)L-1T-1(
d)LT-3.

84.
Whichoft
hequant
it
yisascal
ar?{
()di
spl
acement(
b)f
orce(
c)mass(
d)
vel
oci
ty

85.
Ast
oneofmass2.
0kgi
spul
l
edal
ongahor
izont
alpat
hbyar
opewhi
ch
eof600wi
makesanangl tht
hehor
izont
al.Negl
ect
ingf
ri
cti
oncal
cul
atet
he
tensi
onintheropeifthebodyaccel
erat
euni
for
mlyat5. s2.(
0m/ a)5.
8N(
b)
11.5N(c)17.5N( d)20.0N

86.
Whichofthef
oll
owingaffectt
heperi
odofosci
ll
ati
onofasimpl
ependul
um?
(a)l
engt
hofthestr
ing(b)angl
eoftheswingoft
hestri
ng(c)massoft
hebob
(d)ampl
it
ude

87.
Theuni
tofi
mpul
sei
s( b)Js-1(
a)Js( d)Ns-2.
c)Ns(

88.
Whichofthef ol
lowi
ngstatementaboutthejetengineisnotcor
rect
?(a)the
engineusesplugs(b)i
nthejetengineairi
smi xedwithfuel(
c)t
heheatedgas
passesthroughtheexhaustnozzl
e( d)t
hethrustofthegasoutpropel
sthe
engine

89.
Thefigur
ebel
owshowtwoequal
andpar
all
elf
orcesF,
eachact
ingat
dist
ancexfr
om t
hepi
vot.

x x

Thet
orquei
sgi
venby (
a)Fx(
b)2Fx(
c)4Fx(
d)2

90.
Expr
essapr
essur
eof75.
0cm ofmer
cur
yinPascal
[g=10ms-2,
densi
tyof
mer y=168kgm-3}
cur ( 02x103Pa(
a)1. 02x104Pa(
b)1. 02x105Pa(
c)1. d)
02x107Pa
1.

91.
Roadsar
ebankedr
oundcurv
es(a)sothatt
hecent
reofgr
av i
tyofthevehicl
e
wil
lbel
ow(b)topr
eventv
ehi
clef
rom ski
ddi
ngofft
heroad(c)toreducethe
 cent
ri
pet
alf
orce.(
d)t
opr
eventt
het
yref
rom wear
ingawayt
oof
ast
.

92.
Atoycarof2.
0kgi
smadet omoveinacir
cul
art
rackofradi
us10.0m.i
fthe
cent
ri
petal
for
ceact
ing800.
0N,cal
cul
atet
heangularv
eloci
tyoft
hecar
.(a)
400.
0rads-1( ads-1(
b)200r c)40.
0rads-1(
d)20.
0rads-1

93.
Ageostati
onarysat
elli
tei
sonewhich--
-(a)mov esatt
hesamespeedast he
speedofrotat
ionoftheeart
h(b)hasi
tsdistancefrom t
heeart
htwicet
he
radi
us(c)movesattwicethespeedoftherotati
onoftheeart
h(d)hasan
orbi
tradi
usequaltotheradi
usoftheeart
h.

94.
Brownianmotionisevidencet
hat(a)matterismadeupofprot
ons(b)
moleculesar
ei nmotion(c)el
ect
ronsareinmot i
onaroundt
henucl
eus(d)
isot
opeshavedi f
fer
entmasses.(a)matterismadeupofpr ot
on(b)
moleculesar
ei nmotion(c)el
ect
ronsareinmot i
onaroundt
henucl
eus(d)
isot
opeshavedi f
fer
entmasses

95.
Thesurfaceofali
quidbehavesasi
fiti
scover
edbyanelast
icski
n.Thi
s
behavi
ouriscal
led--
--(
a)cohesi
on(b)el
ast
ici
ty(
c)sur
faceener
gy(d)sur
face
tensi
on

96.
Asmal l
leadballi
sall
owedt ofal
lthr
oughat al
lcyl
indercont
aini
nglubri
cati
ng
oil
.Theballf
all
sslowl
yasar esultof(a)el
ectr
icf
orceoni t(
b)part
ialef
fectof
ret
ardat
ionoffreebal
l(c)surf
acetensionfor
ce(d)viscousfor
ceonit

97.
Abodywhi chi
sacceler
ati
ngi
sobservedtohaveconst
antspeed.Thi
smeans
thatthebodyi
smovingin….(
a)acir
cle(b)anell
i
pse(c)aparabol
a(d)a
strai
ghtl
ine

98.
IfM1andM2arethemassesoft
wobodi esinspaceseparat
edbyadi
stance,
Rbetweent
hei
rcentr
e,t
hefor
ceofat
tracti
on,Fbetweenthem i
spr
oporti
on
to

M1 2
M1M2 M1R2
a
() R(
b) c
M1M2R() 2 ( d)
M2 R M2

99.
Inahy draul
icpr
ess,
aforceof3.
0Nappl i
edtot
heeff
ortpi
stonofradius
2.0cm ,causesthel
oadpist
onofradius6.
0cm tomovealoadF.calcul
ate
F.(a)9.
0N( b)18.0N(c)27.
0N( d)36.0N

100. Thecoll
isi
onbetweentwomoleculesissai
dtobeel asti
cwhen(a)no
heati
sgener
ated(b)t
heirki
neti
cener
giesareconserved(c)thetwot
wo
molecul
esst
icktoget
her(d)thei
rmoment aarenotconserved
REVI
SIONQUESTI
ON(
HEAT)

1.Thesil
vercosti
nginthei
nsi
deofav acuum f
laskr
educeheatl
ossby(
a)
conduct
ion(b)radi
ati
on(
c)condensati
on(d)conv
ecti
on

erofmass120gat500Ci
2.Wat saddedto200gofwaterat100Candhe
mi
xtur
eiswel
lst
ir
red.Cal
cul
atet
hetemper
atur
eoft
hemi xtur
e.(
negl
ectheat
l
ossest
othesur
roundi a)600C(
ng)( b)400C(
c)250C(
d)100C

3.Cal
cul
ateener
gyr
equi
redv
apor
ise50dofwat
eri
nit
ial
l
yat800C[speci
alheat
capaci
tyofwat 2Jg-1K-1,
er=4. (a)113000J(
b)117200J(
c)234400J(
d)
420000J

4.Whi chofthecorrect
lydef
inesasimplemachine?Adev i
ce( a)t
hatcan
prov i
dedelect
ri
ccurrent(
b)whichcanonlycarrypeopl
ef r
om oneplaceto
anot her(
c)withwhichworkcanbedoneeasily(d)whichchangesthestat
eof
restorofuniform moti
onofanobjectal
ongast rai
ghtli
ne

5. Apl
ati
num r
esi
stancet
her
momet
erhasar
esi
stanceof4Ωat00Cand10Ωat
1000C.assumi
ngar
esi
stancechangesuni
for
mlywi
tht
emper
atur
e,cal
cul
ate
t
heresi
stanceoft
hether
momet
erwhent
het
emper
atur
eis4500C(
a)14.
0Ω
(
b)6.
7Ω( c)3.
2Ω(d)2.7Ω

6.Amet al
rodofl
engt
h100cni
sheatedt
hrough1000c,
cal
cul
atethethe
changeinl
engt
hofther
od[l
engt
hexpansi
vit
yofthemat
eri
aloftherod=3x
10-5K-1](
a)4mm (
b)3mm (
c)2mm (
d)1mm

7.Theheatcapacityofacalori
meteri
stheamountofheatenergyrequi
redto(a)
changethet emperat
ureof1kgofthecalor
imet
erby1K( b)change1kg
massoft hecalori
metertoli
qui
datthesametemperat
ure(c)changet he
temperatureofthecalor
imet
erby1kg(d)meltt
hecalori
meterintoli
quidata
constanttemperatur
e

8.Whichoft hefol
l
owi ngstatementaboutlatentheatofv apor
isati
onincorrect
?
I
t( a)weakensthesdhesi v
ef orcesbetweenmol eculesofaliqui
dandt hose
ofitscontai
ner(b)breaker
scompl et
elyt
hef or
ceofat tr
acti
onbet weenthe
twomol ecul
esofal iqui
d(c)addst otheheatcont entofali
quid(d)incr
eases
thecohesivefor
cesbet weenliquidmolecules

9.Whenthepressur
eofafixedmassofagasisdoubl
edatconst
ant
t
emperatur
e,thevol
umeoft hegasesi
s(a)i
ncr
easedf
ourti
mes(b)doubl
ed
(
c)unchanged(d)hal
ved
 4
10.
Thev
olumeofagi
venmassofani
deal
gasat327Kand9.
52x10 Pai
s40
cm3.cal
cul
atet
hev
olumeoft 034x105Pa(
hegasat273Kand1. a)68.
23
cm3( 91cm3(
b)47. 60cm3(
c)44. 75cm3.
d)30.

11.
Whencompar edwithwat er
,mercur
yispreferr
edasat hermometri
cliqui
d
becauseit(
a)hasahi gherdensi
ty(
b)hasal owerspecifi
cheatcapacit
y(c)
exhi
bitanomalousthermalexpansi
on(d)containmolecul
eswhichhav e
str
ongadhesivefor
ce

12.
Whichofthef
oll
owingval
uesontheabsol
utet
emper
atur
escal
eist
hei
ce
poi
nt?(a)0K(b)32K(c)100K(d)273K

13.
Onacol dday,aconcret
efloorfeel
scoldertothebaref oott
hanamatont he
samef l
oorbecausethe--
-(a)mati sabett
erconduct orheatthanthefoot(b)
matlosesheattothebarefootataf ast
errate(c)matisabet terconduct
orof
heatthanthefl
oor(d)concret
ef l
oorisabetterconductorofheatthanthe
mat

14.
Theter
m Xtri
sthe-
--(
a)fundamentali
nter
val(b)tri
plepoi
ntofwater(c)v
alue
oft
hethermometri
cpropert
yatthermometri
cpr opert
yattemperat
ureT(d)
val
ueofthether
momet r
icproper
ti
esatthetr
iplepointofwater

15.
Seabreezeoccurduringthedaybecause(a)war m ai
rmassmovesfr
om the
seatotheland(b)theseaisabetterconductorofheatt
hanl
and(c)thel
and
hasahigherspecif
icheatcapaci
tythantheland(d)thel
andhasalower
speci
fi
cheatcapacitythanthesea

16.
At hinwal
ledglasscontainerisunli
kelyt
obreakwhenv eryhotwateri
s
pour edi
ntoitbecause(a)thinglassdoesnotexpandfast(b)allpar
tofthe
glassareheatedunifor
ml y(c)theglassdoesnotreachit
smel t
ingpoint
(d)thegl
asscont ai
nercontract

17.
Whichoft
hef
oll
owi
ngst
atement
scanbeexpl
ainedont
hebasi
soft
heki
net
ic
theor
y?

I
. Thesat
urat
ionv
apourpr
essur
eofl
i
qui
dincr
easeswi
thi
ncr
easi
ng
temper
atur
e

I
I. I
cemel
twheni
tabsor
bheat

I
II
. Theboili
ngpoi
ntofal
i
qui
dincr
easeswhent
heext
ernal
pressur
eis
i
ncreased

(
a)IandI
Ionl
y(b)IandI
IIonl
y(c)I
IandI
IIonl
y(d0I
,I
IandI
II

18.t
heequat
ionf
oronemol
eofani
deal
gascanbewr
it
tenas
 RT RT RV RV2
a)
( P= (bP=
) (CP=
) (
d)P=
V V2 T T

18.
Acubemadeofamet alofli
nearexpansi
bil
i
tyiswarmedthr
ougha
temper
atur
eoft.i
fthei
nit
ialvol
umeoft hecubeisV,whati
sthei
ncr
easei
n
vol
umeofthecube?

1 1
a) Vt(
( c)
b) Vt( 2αVt(
d)3αVt
3α 2α

19.
Theabsol
utezer
otemper
atur
eisdef
ineast
het
emper
atur
eatwhi
ch(
a)
t
her
malmot
ioncease(b)t
het
emper
atur
eoft s2730C(
hegasi c)i
cemel
t(d)
t
hevol
umeofarealgasi
smaxi
mum

20.
Dryhy
drogeni
str
appedbypel
l
etofmer
cur
yinauni
for
m capi
l
lar
ytubecl
osed
atoneend.I
fthel
engt
hoft
hecol
umnofhy
drogenat270Ci
s1.
0cm,
atwhat
t
emper
atur
ewi
l
lthel
engt
hbe1.
2cm?( 50C(
a)22. 40C(
b)32. 00C(
c)77. d)
00C
87.

21.
Acli
nicalt
her
mometeri
scharact
eri
sedbyhaving-
--(
a)wider
angeof
temperat
ure(
b)wi
debore(c)l
ongstem (
(d)const
ri
cti
on

22.
Agi
venmassofagasasapr eof80Nm-1atat
essur emper
at eof470C.i
ur f
t
het
emper
atur
eofi
sr o270Cwi
educedt thi
tsv
olumer
emai
ningconst
ant
,the
newpr
essur
eis-
--
-(a)46Nm-1( 0Nm-1(
b)75. 0Nm-1(
c)80. 3Nm-1.
d)85.

23.
Whichoft hefoll
owingisther easonwhyaconcr etefloorfeelscoldertothe
barefeetthanamatont hesamef loorduri
ngrainingseason?( a)mati sa
bett
erconduct orofheatthanf eet( b)matlossesheatt ot hebaref eetata
fast
erratethanconcr et
efloor( c)matl ossesheatt othebar efeetwhi l
e
concret
ef l
oorextractheatfrom t hem (d)concretefloorisabet t
erconductor
ofheatthanmat

24.
Inwhichofthefol
lowi
ngist
heexpansi
onofsoli
dadisadv
antage?(
a)the
fi
tt
ingoftheri
mi nwheel
(b)fi
real
arm(c)t
hethermost
at(d)t
hebalance
wheelofawat ch

25.
Whi chofthefoll
owingbestexplai
nwhyaper sonsuf fer
samor esevereburn
whenhi sskinisexposedtosteam thanwhenboi l
ingwaterispouront ohis
skin(a)steam i
satahi ghert
emper atur
et hanboili
ngwat er(
b)steam possess
higherheatenergyperunitmasst hanboili
ngwat er(c)steam spreadsmore
easilyoverawiderareathanboili
ngwat er(d)
steam penet r
atetheskinmore
deeplythanboili
ngwater.
 26.Whi
choff
oll
owi
ngaboutr
adi
antener
gyi
s/ar
enotcor
rect
?

i
. Radi
antener
gycannott
rav
elt
hroughv
acuum

i
i
. Roughsur
faceemi
tsr
adi
antener
gybet
tert
hansmoot
hsur
faces

i
i
i. Dar
ksur
faceabsor
bar
adi
antheatbet
tert
hanbr
ightsur
face

(
a)Ionl
y(b)I
Ionl
y(b)IandI
I(d)IandI
IIonl
y

27.
0. erat00Ci
5kgofwat scompl
etel
yconv
ert
edt
oiceat00Cbyext
ract
ing
18800Jofheatf
rom i
t.I
fthespeci
fi
cheatcapaci
tyofwat s4200Jkg-1K-1
eri
-
1 -
1
cal
cul
atet
hespeci
fi
clat
entheatoff
usi
onofi
ce(
a)9.
0kJkg (
b)84.
0kJkg
( 0kJkg-1(
c)168. 0kJkg-1.
d)334.

28.
Thetemper
atur
eatwhichwaterv
apourpresenti
nairi
sjustsuff
ici
entto
sat
urat
eisi
scall
ed(a)icepoi
nt(b)boi
l
ingpoint(
c)st
eam point(d)dew
poi
nt

29.
Whichofthesei
nstr
umentnaybeusedformeasuri
ngr
elat
ivehumi
dit
y?(
a)
hydr
ometer(b)bar
ometer(
c)manometer(d)hy
gromet
er

30.
Whichfothesewil
laffectt
hesaturatedv
apourpressur
eofal
i
quid?(a)
temper
atureoftheli
quid(b)humidit
yofair(
c)vol
umeofthevapour(
d)
vol
umeoft heli
quid

ADDI
TIONALEXERCI
SES
MOCKSSCEEXAMI
NATI
ONPHYSI
CS2

OBJECTI
VEANDESSAY

1.Whichofthef
oll
owingi
snotanbasi
cS.
Iuni
t(a)met
re(
b)ki
l
ogr
am (
c)
Newton(d)Ampere
2.Thethi
cknessoft
hecentralport
ionofathi
nconvergi
nglenscanbe
det
erminemostaccurat
elyby(a)metrer
ule(b)Ver
niercal
iper(
c)pai
rof
di
vi
der(d)micr
ometrescrewgauge
3.Whichoft
hefol
l
owingi
sadi spl
acement
?(a)10met
resout
h(b)10met
reper
second(
c)10metr
epersecond(d)sout
h
4.Abodyst
artsfr
om r
estandaccel
erat
esunif
orml
yatarateof5m/s.cal
cul
ate
i
tsvel
oci
tyaft
ermovi
ng90m.( a)18m/s(b)30m/s(c)225m/s(
d)450m/ s
5.Apebbl
eisshotupv er
ti
cal
lyat28m/s.i
gnori
ngairr
esi
stanceandt
aki
nggt
o
2
be9.
8m/ s, t
hepebblewil
lri
setoahei
ghtof--
--(
a)50m (b)40m (
c)
 20 10
m(
d) m
7 7
6.Twoforces10Nand6Nacti nopposit
edirect
iononabodyofmass20kg.
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 m
cal
cul
atetheaccel
erat
ionoft
hebody.(a) ms ( b)ms (c)ms ( 2
d)
10 5 2 s
7.Afor
ceof9nactsalongtheposit
ivex-
axisandaforce4Nact si
nadir
ect
ion
maki
nganangleof600withtheposit
ivex-
axis.Whati
sthesum oft
he
r
esol
vedfor
cesalongthex-
axis?(
a)10N( b)11N( c)12.
5N( d)20N
8.Atraintr
avel
l
ingat30m/ sovercomesaf
ri
cti
onal
for
ceof100Nwhil
e
mov i
ng.Whatisthepoweroftheengi
ne(Ihp=750Watt
ts)(
a)2.
5h.
p(b)0.
4
h.
p( c)0.
25h.p(d)4.
0h.p
9.I
fUisupt
hrustandVisvi
scousf
orcewhent
ermi
nal
speedi
sreachedbya
f
all
i
ngbody,wehave,(a)
mg
V= b)V=mg+U(
( c)mg-V-U=0 (d)V=mg
U
10.
Ablockandtackl
esyst
em off
ivepul
l
eyshaseff
ici
encyof70%.Calcul
atet
he
eff
ortt
hatwil
lberequi
redt
orai
sedaloadof84.
0N( a)0.
24N( b)6.0N(c)
24.
0N( d)58.
8N
11.
Whichofthefol
l
owingisnotanaexampl
eofamachi
ne?(
a)i
ncl
i
nedpl
ane(
b)
lev
er(c)scr
ew(d)hor
izont
alpl
ane
12.
Inamachi nethemechani
caladv
ant
ageisequaltot
hev eloci
tyr
ati
owhen(
a)
load=effort(
b)fr
ict
ioni
nthemachi
neiszero(c)ef
fi
ciencyiszer
o(d)
veloci
tyr
atio=1
13.
Calcul
atet
hef r
equencyofaradi
owav eofwav
elength3m/s.i
fthespeedof
8
allel
ect
romagneti
cwav esi
nfreespacei
s3.0x10 m/ s(
a)1MHz( b)9MHz
(c)100MHz( d)900MHz

14.
Inwhichofthemedi
aisthespeedofsoundgr
eat
est
?( rat00C(
a)ai b)ai
rat
0
100 C( c)wat
er(
d)steel
15.
.whi
choft
hef oll
owingkindsofwavescannotpassthr
oughavacuum?(
a)
radi
owave(b)infr
a-redwaves(c)l
i
ghtwaves(d)soundwaves
16.
Ifanobjecti
sri
ghtatthecentr
eofcurv
atureofaconvergi
ngmirror,
theimage
isfor
medat( a)thepoleofthemi
rror(
b)thefocus(
c)infi
nit
y(d)thecentr
e
ofcurvatur
e
17.
Anobjecti
spl aced30cm fr
om aconvergi
nglens.I
fther
ealimagefor
medis
90cm from teobject
,whati
sthefocall
engthofthel
ens?(a)0cm (
b)20cm
(c)25cm (d)44.0cm
18.
Af i
shis8m bel
owthesurf
aceofapond.I
ftherefr
act
ivei
ndexofwat
eris
4/3,whati
stheappar
entdept
hofthef
ishbelowthesur
faceoft
hepond?(a)
1.33m 9b)1.
50m (c)8.
00m (d)6.
0m
19.
Tot
ali
nter
nalrefl
ect
ionwi
lloccurwhenl
i
ghttrav
elsf
rom (
a)wat
ert
oai
r(b)
wat
ertoglass(c)ai
rtogl
ass(d)airt
owater
20.
Amusi cal noteisdiff
erentfrom anoi
seint hatthe(a)ampli
tudeofthenoi
se
isgreatert hant hatofamusi calnot
e(b)frequencyofamusi calnoteis
regularwhi lethatofanoi seisir
regul
ar(c)wav elengt
hofamusi calnot
eis
longert hant hatofanoi se(d)fr
equencyofanoi seushigherthanthatofa
musi cal note
21.
Thequal
it
yofamusi cal
not
edependson(
a)i
ntensi
ty(
b)f
requency(
c)
har
monics(d)l
oudness
22.
Theinvi
siblepar
toft hespectr
um ofwhitel
i
ghtconsistof(a)i
nfr
a-r
edand
ult
ravi
oletonl
y(b)infra-
red,ul
trav
iol
etandblueonl
y(c)red,or
angeandgreen
only(
d)redandv i
oletonly
23.
Whenwhi t
elight[
assest hr
oughatri
angul
arprism,ther
eisdisper
sion
becauseof(a)dif
fract
ionofli
ght(
b)polar
izat
ion(c)thedi
ffer
enceinspeedof
thecomponentoflight(d)i
nter
fer
enceofli
ghtwav esingl
ass
24.
Theaveragekinet
icener
gyofthemolecul
esofaper f
ectgasisdi
rect
ly
propor
ti
onaltothe(a)pr
essur
eexert
edbyt hegas(b)vol
umeoft hegas
molecul
es(c)Kelvi
ntemperat
ureoft
hegas( d)vol
umeoft hegascontai
ner
25.
Thesensit
ivi
tyofamercuryingl
assthermometercanbeincreasedby(a)
incr
easi
ngthediameterofthebor
e(b)decreasi
ngthesizeofthebulb(c)
reduci
ngthediamet
erofthebore(d)incr
easi
ngthelengthofthebore
26.
Therealandapparentcubicexpansivit
yofal i
qui dinanexpansi
blecontainer
-6 -1 -
6 -1
are3.0x10 K and1. 8x10 K r espect
ively
.Cal cul
atet
hecubi cexpansivi
ty
-7 -1 -
6 -1
ofthematerial
ofthecontainer.(
a)6.0x10 K ( b)1.2x10 K ( c)1.67x10-
6 -
K1(d)1.80x10-6K-1.

27.
Anir
onrodoflength50m andatatemperat
ureof600Ci
sheat edto700C.
cal
cul
atei
tsnewl engt
h(l
i
nearexpansi
vi
tyofir
on=1.2x10-5K-1)
28.
Af i
xedquantit
yofgasi ssubject
edtov ar
iouspr
essur
ePandt he
correspondi
ngv ol
umeVmeasur edatconstantt
emperatur
e.Whi
choft
he
fol
p l
owinggraphsbpestr
epresentthe
presul
ts? p
I I
I I
II
I
V

v v 1
v
v
 (
a)IandI
I(b)i
iandI
II(
c)i
iandI
V(d)I
IIandI
V

29.
Thevol
umeofacer t
ainquanti
tyofgasat270Cis1200cm3.Calcul
atei
t
0 3
vol
umeat127C.ifthepressur
eremainsconstant
.(a)300cm (b)400cm3(
c)
3 3
1000cm (d)1600cm .
30.
Waterinapressurecookerboil
satat emperaturehi
gherthan1000C.thi
s
because(a)heatsuppl
iedisincr
eased(b)rateofheati
ngisreduced(c)
cookermaintai
nsahigherpressure(d)cookerisusedathighal
ti
tude
31.
Thequantit
yofheatener
gyneededtf reezeonekil
ogr
am ofmilkati
ts
freezi
ngpointi
sknownas:(a)heatcapacit
y(b)speci
fi
clat
entheatoff
usi
on
(c)lat
entheatoff
usi
on(d)specif
icheatcapacit
y
32.
When30gofwat erat300Cismixedwit
h12gofhotwat er
,theresul
ti
ng
temperat
ureofthemi xt
urei
s400C.cal
culatethetemper
atureofthehot
0
water
,assumingnol ossofheatt
othesurroundi
ngs.(
a)35C( b)440C( c)
0 0
55C( d)65C
33.
Theheatcapacityofcalori
met eri
stheamountofener gyrequi
redto(a)
changethet emperat
ureof1kgoft hecalor
imet erby1K( b)change1kg
massoft hecalori
metertoliquidatthesamet emper at
ure(c)changethe
temperatureofthecalor
imeterby1K( d)meltthecalori
meterint
oliqui
data
constanttemperatur
e
34.
Amet alal
lofmass1. 5kisheatedfrom 270Ct
o470Ci n4mi nbyaboil
er
rat
ed75W.cal cul
atethespecifi
cheatofthemetal
.negl ectheatl
oss(
a)600
-
1 -1 -
1 -1 -
1 -
1 -
1 -
1
Jkg K ( b)250Jkg K ( c)200Jkg K (d)100Jkg K
35.
Magneti
cf l
uxdensit
yisdef
ineasthe(a)tot
alnumberofmagneti
clineof
for
cesurroundi
ngamagnet( b)numberfmagneticli
nesoffor
ceperunitar
ea
normaltothemagneticf
iel
d(c)str
engthoftemagneticf
iel
dsurr
oundinga
cur
rent
-carry
ingconduct
or(d)magneti
cforceexert
edonaunitmagneticpol
e
36.
Thegravitat
ionalpotenti
alener
gyofabodyofmass5kg,si
tuatedatapoint
withi
ntheEar t
h’sgravit
ati
onalfi
eldi
s3.
25x108J.cal
cul
atethemagnitudeof
4 4
theescapev el
ocityofthebody(a)5.
5x10 m/s(b)1.
12x10 m/ s(
c)6.25x
3 3
10 m/ s(d)3.6x10 m/ s.
37.
Arodi sbr
oughtbearthecapofanegativel
ychargeel
ectr
oscope.Iti
s
observedt
hattheleafoft
heelectr
oscopediver
gencesfart
hershowingthat
therodis(a)posi
ti
vel
ycharged(b)notchar
ged(c)aninsulat
or(d)negat
ivel
y
charged
38.
Thepotent
ialdif
ferenceacr
ossapapral
l
el pl
atecapaci
tori
s500Vwhi let
he
chageoneitherpateis12μC,cal
cul
atethecapacit
anceofthecapaci
tor(
a)
6mF( b)0.
24m F( c)0.6μF(
d)240μF
39.
Theef
fecti
vecapaci
tancebetweenpointXandY 1μ
int
hediagr
am aboveis(a)1.
5μF( b)3.
0μF(c) 2μ
F
θ
2μ
F
X F Y
3μ
F
 4.
0μF(
d)8.
0μF
40.
Whichofthefol
lowi
ngmat eri
alsi
stdepol
ari
seri
nadryLecl
anchecellcel
l?(
a)
apasteofcoppersul
phate(b)Granul
esofmagnesi
um (
c)powderedcarbon
(d)ammonium chl
ori
dejel
ly
41.
Inthediagram,thegalv
anometeri
ndi
cat
eanul
ldef
lect
ion.What X
isthepotenti
aldif
fer
encebet
weenXandY?(a)0.
0V( b)1.5V(c) 2
4Ω
2.0V(d)3.0V Ω

42.
Awi reoflength5m andcr oss-
sect
ionalarea4.0x10-
8m2has G

ar esi
stanceof10Ω.Cal cul
atetheconductiv
ityoft
hewire.(
a) 3
7 -1 -1 7 -
1 -1 7 -
1 -1 RΩ
1.25x10 Ω m ( b)2.
5x10 Ω m ( c)5.0x10 Ω m ( d)8.0x Ω
7 -
1 - 1
10 Ω m . Y

43.
InanR_L_Ccir
cuit
,powerismai
nlydissi
patedbythe(
a)i
nduct
ivepar
ts(
b)
resi
sti
vepar
ts(c)capaci
ti
vepar
ts(d)react
ivepar
ts
44. Thedi agram bel
owillustr
atesthe
10 2Ω conversionofagal vanometerofr esi
stance
10
2Ωt oanammet er.Thegalvanomet ergives
afullscaleforacurrentof10mA.Cal culate
2 -
2
thevalueofR.( a)2.0x10 Ω( b)2.0x10 Ω
-
1 -
3
RΩ (c)2.0x10 Ω( d)2.0x10 Ω

45.
Themai nf unct
ionofthecommut at
orinasimpleDCmot ori
sto(a)incr
ease
thefl
uxlinkingthearmaturewindi
ngs(b)maintai
nadir
ectcurr
entinthe
armatur
e( c)prov i
deuni
form magneti
cfi
eldaroundt
hearmature(d)rev
erse
thedi
rectionoft hecur
rentint
hearmature
46.
Whathappenswhenexci
tedel
ectr
onsinanatom ret
urnt
olowerener
gylev
el?
(a)t
heyabsorbphot
ons(
b)theyemitpr
otons(c)t
heyemitphot
ons(d)t
hey
absorbneut
rons

47.
Apr otonofmass1. 6726x10-27kgfusedwithaneutr
onofmass1. 67x10-27
kgtof orm deuter
onofmass3. 3442x10-27kg.cal
cul
atetheenergyduet othe
8 14 14
nuclearfusionprocess(c=3.0x10 m/ s)(
a)2.52x10 J( b)8.4x10 J( c)
-13 -
21
2.52x10 J( d)1.8x10 J
48.
Whatisthedecayconstantofar adioact
iveelementwhosehal
fli
fei
s3s(
a)
-
1 -
1 -
1 -
1
0.132s (b)0231s (c)0347s ( d)0693s .
49.
Whi choft
hefol
l
owi
ngmater
ial
sisusedtocontr
olt
heneut
ronproduct
ion
reactor
?(a)bor
onr
ods(
b)concret
eshiel
d(c)gr
aphi
ter
ods(d)urani
um rods
50.
Product
ionofx-
rayi
nanx-raytubebegi
nswith(a)phot
oel
ect
ri
cemi
ssi
on(
b)
coll
i
sionofel
ect
rons(c)
)ther
mi oni
cemissi
on(d)fi
eldemi
ssi
on
ESSAY

ANSWERANYFI
VEQUESTI
ONFROM THI
SPART

1.Expl
aint
her
iseofwar
eri
nagal
sscapai
l
lar
ytubeusi
ngt
heki
net
ict
heor
y
2.(
i)def
ineel
ast
icconst
antofaspr
ing
(
ii
)aspri
ngoff
orceconst
ant5Nm-1i
s15cm long.Whenafor
ceisappl
i
edt
o
i
t,i
tst
ret
chest
o16.2cm.fi
ndthewor
kdonei
nstretchi
ngt
hespri
ng

3.(
i)Def
inet
heel
ect
rochemi
cal
equi
val
entofanel
ement
(i
i)whenacurrentof1Ai spassedthroughav ol
tmeterfor2s,
4.4x10-4gof
copperisdeposi
tedinthevolt
ameter.Calcul
atethemassofcopperthatwi
l
l
bedepositedi
nthev ol
tameteri
fcurrentof2Si spassedthr
oughfor14
mi nut
es.

4. Abal
lthr
ownv ert
ical
l
yupwardr
eachesamaxi
mum hei
ghtof50m abov
ethe
lev
elofpr
ojecti
on.cal
cul
atet
he(i
)t
imetor
eachthemaxi
mum hei
ghtand(i
i
)
speedofthethr
ow.
5. St
atet
hreeexampl
est
oil
l
ust
rat
etheef
fectofsur
facet
ensi
on
6.(
i)expl
ainpl
anepol
ari
zedl
i
ght
(
ii
)gi
vet
wousesofpl
anepol
ari
zedl
i
ght

7.(
a)st
atet
heHei
ser
ber
gPr
inci
ple
(
b)Menti
ontwophenomenat
hatbeexpl
ainedi
nter
m oft
hepar
ti
cul
ate
nat
ureofl
ight
8.(
a)Whati
smeantbut
hewav
e–par
ti
cledual
i
tyofl
i
ght
?
(
c)Menti
ononephysi
cal
phenomenonineachcase,
thatcanbeexpl
aini
n
t
erm oft
hewaveandpar
ticl
enat
ureofli
ght
9.(
a)st
ater
woappl
i
cat
ionofel
ect
ri
cal
conduct
iont
hroughgases
(b)st
atetwof
act
orsonwhi
cht
hecol
ourofl
i
ghtf
rom af
luor
escentt
ube
depends

10.
(a)t
hehori
zontal
rangeR,
ofaproj
ect
il
eisgi
venbyt
heexpr
essi
on
U2si
n2θ
R= .St
aethesymbol
u,gandӨrepr
esent
g
(b)aproj
ect
il
ehasarangeof100m whentheangl
eofpr
oject
ioni
s200.
Calcul
atet
heini
ti
alv
eloci
tyoft
hepr
oject
il
e.

PART2

Answert
hreequest
ionsi
nthi
spar
ts
11.(
a)Def
ine
i
. Ki
net
icener
gy
i
i
. For
ce
(
b)abull
etofmass0.05kgandt
ravel
li
ngataspeedof400m/
/si
sbr
ought
t
orestbyawall
withanaver
ageresi
sti
vef
orceof1000N

i
.cal
cul
atet
heki
net
icener
gyoft
hebul
l
etbef
orei
twashi
tthewal
l

calcul
atet
hedi
stancet
hebul
l
etpenet
rat
eint
othewal
lbef
orei
tscomest
o
rest

(c)(
i)def
inecentr
eoofgr
avi
tyandst
atet
hecondi
ti
onsf
orequi
l
ibr
ium of
copl
anarforces

(i
i)aunif
orm metrer
uleofmass110gisbal
anceatxcm markwhenaassof
60gi shungat10cm mark.Cal
cul
atet
hebalancepoi
ntxandther
eact
ionat
theturni
ngpoint
.

12.(
a)St
atet
wodi
ff
erencebet
weenboi
l
ingandev
apor
ati
on
(
b)Useki
net
ict
heor
yofmat
tert
oexpl
ainwhyev
apor
ati
oncausescool
i
ng

St
atet
wof
act
orswhi
chaf
fectt
he

i
. Boi
l
ingpoi
ntofal
i
qui
d
i
i
. Rat
eofev
apor
ati
onofal
i
qui
d
(
d)Aheati
ngcoilofresi
stance20Ωconnectedt oa220Vsour cei
susdoboil
acert
ainquanti
tyofwaterofheatcapacit
y100Jkg- 1K-
1for2min.ft
he
i
nit
ial
temperatureofthewateri
s400C, calcul
atet
hemassoft hewat
eri
n
t
hecontainer
.(SHCofwat er4200Jkg-1K-1)
13.
(a)Descr
ibewiththeaidofadiagram anexperi
mentt
oshowt
hatsound
needsamat er
ialmedium f
orit
st r
ansmission
(b)St
atethr
eechar
act
eri
sti
csofsoundandment
ionhef
act
oronwhi
cheach
depends

(
c)(
i)Whati
sresonance?

(i
i)Anashipapproachedacliff
,it
ssir
enissoundedandtheechoisheardin
theshi
pafter12s.2.1mi nl
aterthesi
renwassoundagainandtheechowas
heard8slater.I
fthespeedofsoundinairi
s340m/ s,cal
cul
atethevel
ocit
yat
whichtheshipwasapproachingthecli
ff
.

14.
(a)(
i)st
atet
hel
awsofel
ect
romagnet
ici
nduct
ion
 (i
i)Expl
ainhowoneoft
hel
awsi
l
lust
rat
est
hepr
inci
pleofconser
vat
ionof
energy

(
b)St
atet
hreef
act
orsonwhi
cht
hei
nducedemfi
naconduct
ordepends

(
c)Achar 6x10-19Cent
geof1. er
samagnet i
cfieldoffl
uxdensity2Twi t
ha
7
v
eloci
tyof3x10 m/si
nadi rect
ionatr
ightangletothefi
eld.Calcul
atethe
f
orceonthechar
ge.

15.
(a)(
i)Expl
ainphot
oel
ect
ri
cef
fect
.
(i
i
)Wi
tht
heaidofal
abel
l
eddi
agr
am expl
aint
hemodeofoper
ati
onofa
si
mpl
ephot
ocel
l

(b)Li
ghti
ffr
equency7.0x1014Hzisinci
dentonametal
onametalsur
face.
Themaximum energyoft
hephotoel
ectr
onis2.8x10-
19J.cal
cul
atet
he

i
.wor
kfunct
ionoft
hemet
al

i
i
.st
oppi
ngpot
ent
ial
fort
hoseel
ect
rons

(
c)stat
etwo(
i)post
ulat
eofBohr
’smodel
oft
heat
om (
ii
)li
mit
ati
onsoft
he
model.
.